Ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Chihuahua, ma ke kapa komohana o ka muliwai ʻo Casas Grandes, ma ka hema o ke kaona nona ka inoa hoʻokahi, ʻo ia kahi noho ma mua o ka Hispanic i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo Sepania ma ke ʻano he "kūlanakauhale nui [me] nā hale i kūkulu ʻia e ka poʻe kahiko. Roma ... "E ʻike!
Ma mua o kēia manawa, he ʻāina ʻike ʻole ʻia ka Mekiko komohana ʻākau no nā anthropologists a me nā archaeologists, a aia paha ʻaʻole kahi wahi ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ākea o nā wao nahele, nā awāwa, a me nā mauna e Paquimé me nā wahi lehulehu ʻē aʻe i ka hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e like me Chaco a me Aztec ma New Mexico, Mesa Verde ma ka hema o Colorado, a me Snaketown ma ka hema hikina o ʻAlikona. moʻomeheu a Paul Kirchhoff i bapetizo ai ma ke ʻano he Oasisamerica.
Ma kahi o 1958, ua hana ʻia ka noiʻi e Kauka Charles Di Peso, me ke kākoʻo o ka Amerind Foundation, i hiki ke hoʻokumu i kahi papa manawa no nā wahi, i ʻekolu mau wā maʻamau: ka wā Kahiko (10,000 BC-1060 AD); ka wā waena (1060-1475), a me ke au Late (1475-1821).
I ka ʻāina, he wā lōʻihi ka wā kahiko o ka ulu moʻomeheu. ʻO kēia ka manawa o ka ʻimi holoholona a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ka mea i mālama i nā kāne e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai ma o kēia expanses ākea ma kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki, a hiki i ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea kanu mua, a puni ka makahiki 1000 ma mua o ko mākou au. Ma hope, ma muli o kahi kuʻuna o ka honua honua i kūkulu ʻia ma komohana komohana o Mexico a me ke komohana hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ala ʻo Paquimé, me nā kauhale liʻiliʻi o ʻelima a ʻoi aku o nā hale semi-underground a me kahi hale nui, kahi i mālama ʻia a puni. o nā lānai a me nā kūka. ʻO kēia nā manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā pūpū a me nā turquoise a nā mea kālepa mai nā kapakai o ka Moana Pākīpika a mai nā mines o ka hema o Nū Mekiko. Nā manawa i hānau ʻia ka hoʻomana o Tezcatlipoca ma Mesoamerica.
Ma hope, i ke kakahiaka nui loa i ka wā waena, kahi hui o nā alakaʻi i lilo i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻokele wai, a ʻo nā mea i pili ma o nā kuʻikahi a me nā pilina o ka male ʻana me nā kāhuna nui, ua hoʻoholo e hoʻokumu i kahi wahi maʻamau i ka manawa like E lilo ana ka mea ʻono i ke kikowaena o ka mana o ka ʻōnaehana āpana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai ka mea i hoʻohuli i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, a i ke kaʻina hana i lawe ʻia ma kahi o ʻekolu haneli mau makahiki, ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana pili pono loa o ka hoʻonohonoho kaiāulu ma ka ʻākau komohana o Mexico, a hiolo hoʻi.
Hoʻohui ʻo Paquimé i nā mea o nā moʻomeheu ʻākau (e laʻa me ka Hohokam, ka Anazasi a me ka Mogollón) i kona ola i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻolālā honua, nā puka palette a me ka hoʻomana o nā manu, me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā mea o nā moʻomeheu hema, ʻo ia hoʻi nā Toltecs o Quetzalcóatl, e like me ka pāʻani kinipōpō.
ʻO kā Paquimé aupuni nui i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i hāʻawi ʻia e kona kaiapuni. No laila, ua loaʻa ka paʻakai mai nā wahi o ka wao akua ʻo Samalayuca dune, ʻo ia ka palena o ka mana i ka hikina; mai ke komohana, mai nā kapakai o ka Moana Pākīpika, i hōʻea mai ka pūpū no ke kālepa; ma ka ʻĀkau nā mina keleawe o ka moku ʻo Gila, a ma ka hema ka muliwai ʻo Papigochi. No laila, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo Paquimé, ka mea ma ka ʻōlelo Nahuatl ʻo ia hoʻi "Nā Hale Nui", pili ia i ke kūlanakauhale a me kāna wahi moʻomeheu kikoʻī, no laila e hoʻopili pū ana i nā kiʻi pena o nā ana kupaianaha o ka wahi Samalayuca, kahi e hōʻike ai i nā kiʻi mua o ka manaʻo ʻAmelika. , ke awāwa i noho ʻia e ka ʻāpana archaeological a me nā ana me nā hale i nā kuahiwi, nā hōʻailona nui o ke alo o ke kanaka i kēia mau wahi e ʻenemi mau nei i kēia lā.
Ma waena o nā hana ʻenehana i hōʻailona i ke kaʻina hana evolution o Paquimé ʻike mākou i ka hoʻokele o kahi ʻōnaehana hydraulic. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho o nā ʻauwai i hāʻawi i ka wai e holo ana i ke kūlanakauhale Hepanpanic o Paquimé i hoʻomaka i ka pūnāwai i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Ojo Vareleño, aia ma ʻelima mau mile ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ke kūlanakauhale. Lawe ʻia ka wai ma nā auwai, nā auwai, nā alahaka, a me nā keke. ʻOiai ma ke kūlanakauhale ponoʻī aia kekahi luawai lalo, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka poʻe kamaʻāina ka wai i nā manawa o ka hoʻopuni.
I ka wā o Francisco de Ibarra e ʻimi ai i ke awāwa ʻo Casas Grandes ma 1560, ua kākau kāna mea kākau moʻolelo: "ua loaʻa iā mākou nā ala pākea", a mai ia manawa he nui nā mea kākau moʻolelo, nā mea huakaʻi a me nā mea noiʻi i hōʻoia i ke ola o nā ala aliʻi e hele i nā kuahiwi o ka Sierra Madre de Chihuahua a mai Sonora, hoʻohui wale aku i nā lehulehu o ka ʻōnaehana āpana akā i ke komohana hoʻi me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe ʻākau. Pēlā nō, aia nā hōʻike o kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio lōʻihi lōʻihi ma nā piko mauna kiʻekiʻe loa; ʻO kēia nā kūkulu pōʻai a i ʻole me kahi hoʻolālā kūlike ʻole, pili pili spatially, kahi i kōkua i ke kamaʻilio e nā aniani a i ʻole nā smokestacks. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Paquimé ka mea nui loa o kēia mau kūkulu ʻana, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Cerro Moctezuma.
I ka manaʻo o nā mea kālaiʻike nāna i hoʻolālā a hoʻolālā i ke kūlanakauhale, aia mau ka manaʻo o ka hana a me ke kaiapuni i hoʻoholo ʻia. Ua māʻona ke kūlanakauhale i nā koi he nui o kona mau kamaʻāina, e like me ka noho ʻana, ka hoʻomākaukau meaʻai, ka mālama ʻana, ka hoʻokipa ʻana, ka leʻaleʻa, nā hale hana, nā māla macaw a me nā hale o nā kahuna, nā mea hoʻōla, nā mezcaleros, nā mea kālepa, nā mea pāʻani. kinipōpō, nā koa a me nā alakaʻi a me nā aliʻi.
Ua kākau ʻia ʻo Paquimé ma ka papa inoa hoʻoilina o ka honua ʻo UNESCO no ka mea, ʻo kona kuhikuhipuʻuone honua kahi hōʻailona wā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana kūkulu o kēia ʻano kuhina kū hoʻokahi. ʻO nā hale noho a me nā hakahaka i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna aʻe nei, ua hana ʻia me kahi ʻenehana kūkulu i hoʻohana i ka pālolo kuʻi ʻia, ninini ʻia i loko o nā moʻo lāʻau a kau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lālani, ma luna o kekahi, a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kauka Di Peso ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kūlanakauhale e noho ma kahi o 2,242 mau kānaka i ka nui o nā lumi he 1,780, i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i mau hui ʻohana, e like me nā keʻena. Hoʻopili ʻia e nā alaloa, e hana ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hui kaiaulu ma waena o ke kūlanakauhale, kūʻokoʻa kēia mau hui i kēlā me kēia, ʻoiai nā lumi ma lalo o ka hale like. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua māhuahua ka lehulehu a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā wahi i lehulehu i hale; a ua pani ʻia kekahi mau alaloa e hoʻolilo iā lākou i lumi moe.
Ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi mau anakuhi i nā wā mua o ka wā waena a ua hoʻololi nui ʻia ma hope. Pēlā ka hihia o ka mokuna ʻeono, kahi hui ʻohana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka plaza waena, i hoʻomaka ma ke ʻano he hui liʻiliʻi o nā keʻena kūʻokoʻa a ma hope ua hoʻopili ʻia i ka Casa del Pozo.
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo La Casa del Pozo no ka luawai o lalo, ʻo ia wale nō ma ke kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa. Hiki paha ke hoʻokipa ʻia kēia wahi i 792 poʻe i loko o nā lumi he 330. ʻO kēia hale o nā lumi, hale waiho lāʻau, nā patio a me nā pā i pani ʻia ka helu nui loa o nā mea archaeological i loea i ka elaboration o nā ʻāpana shell. Aia i loko o kona hale waiho kālā he miliona o nā ʻāpana kai o kanaono a me keu kanaono mau ʻano ʻokoʻa, mai nā kapakai o ke awāwa ʻo Kaleponi, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi puʻupuʻu rhyolite, turquoise, paʻakai, selenite a me keleawe, a me kahi seti o kanalima moku mai ka Moku ʻo Gila, New Mexico.
Hōʻike kēia hui ʻohana i ka hōʻike maopopo o ke kauā, ʻoiai ma loko o kekahi o kona keʻena i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā hale ukana, ua ʻike ʻia kahi puka kū i pili i kahi lumi i hiolo, ʻaʻole i hiki aku kona kiʻekiʻe i hoʻokahi mika, i piha nā ʻāpana o nā pūpū a me nā koena o kahi kanaka i loko, i kahi noho, ʻo ia paha e hana ana i nā ʻāpana i ka manawa o ka hāʻule.
Ma ka hema o ka Casa de la Noria ka Casa de los Cranios, no laila i kapa ʻia no ka mea i loko o kekahi o kona mau lumi i loaʻa ai kahi pūnaewele i hana ʻia me nā iwi poʻo kanaka. ʻO kekahi ʻohana ʻohana pae pae liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ka hale o ka poʻe make, i noho ʻia e nā kānaka he ʻumikūmākolu. Hōʻike nā hōʻike archaeological he loea kēia mau kānaka i nā hana make, ʻoiai he nui nā kanu kupapaʻu hoʻokahi a nui hoʻi i loko o ko lākou mau lumi. Loaʻa nā mōhai me nā pahu keramika a me nā mea archaeological ʻē aʻe e like me nā fetishes, ua pili kēia mau kanu kanu i nā hana i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā macaws mahalo ʻia.
ʻO ka Casa de los Hornos, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kūlanakauhale, kahi hui o nā lumi lumi he ʻumikūmākahi. Ma muli o nā hōʻike archaeological i loaʻa ma ia wahi, ʻike ʻia ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kona poʻe i ka hana ʻana i ka nui o ka inu agave, i kapa ʻia ʻo "sotol", i hoʻopau ʻia i nā ʻāpana mahiʻai. Hoʻopuni ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia e ʻehā mau ʻohana conical i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka lepo i hoʻohana ʻia e puhi i nā poʻo o nā agaves.
ʻO ka Casa de las Guacamayas paha kahi noho o ka mea a ka Makua Sahagún i kapa aku ai he "poʻe kālepa hulu", i hoʻolaʻa ʻia ma Paquimé no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā macaws. Aia ma ke kikowaena wahi i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, pili pono nā puka komo nui i ka square square. I loko o kēia hale liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi lumi hale hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā niches a i ʻole nā mea huki kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā holoholona.
Hōʻike ka Mound of the Bird i ke ala e kūkulu ai i nā hale me nā mea kanu kūkulu e like me nā manu a me nā nahesa, e like me ka hihia me ka Mound of the Serpent, kahi hanana kū hoʻokahi i ʻAmelika. Me he manu poʻo poʻo ʻole ka Manu Mound, a hoʻohālike kona mau ʻanuʻu i kona mau wāwae.
Aia i loko o ke kūlanakauhale nā hale ʻē aʻe, e like me ka pā komo hema, ka pā kinipōpō a me ka hale o ke Akua, nā hale austere a pau loa i kūkulu ʻia me kahi ʻano haipule, ʻo ia ke kiʻina e hoʻokipa ai i ka poʻe huakaʻi i hele mai ka hema.
