I ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke kālepa pololei ma waena o Manila a me New Spain ma 1573, ma o ka Nao de Kina, ua hoʻomaka ka hōʻea ʻana o nā mea waiwai he nui mai ka Hikina i ko mākou ʻāina - me ka hoʻohui pū i nā mea ʻala waiwai - e like me nā mea nani, nā mea pā, a pēlā aku. nā lacquers, ka pepa paʻi lima pena ʻia, ka lole ʻelepani, nā lako pono, nā mea pāʻani a me nā ʻano silika a me nā pulupulu āpau, nā mea āpau āpau i hopu ʻia no ko lākou hōʻikeʻike a me nā mea maʻamau. Kū aʻe kekahi o lākou ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe: ka porcelain Pake nani.
ʻO nā porselana mua i hōʻea i Nu Sepania he uliuli a keʻokeʻo me nā mea hoʻonani a me nā kinona i hikina. Eia nō naʻe, mai ka kenekulia 18 a ʻoi aku, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana polychrome i kēia ʻoihana, i waena o lākou nā kaila i kēia lā a mākou i ʻike ai ʻo Porcelana de Compañía de Indias, ka mea i lawe ʻia kona inoa mai nā East India Company –European maritime hui– ʻo ia nā mua e lawe aku a kūʻai aku iā ia ma ʻEulopa ma o kahi ʻōnaehana laʻana.
ʻO ka kikoʻī o kēia porcelain ke waiho nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kona mau kinona i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā keramika Komohana a me nā mea hana gula a me nā mea hoʻonaninani e kāwili ʻia me nā kumu Kina a me ke Komohana, no ka mea, hana ʻia ia, hana ʻia a hoʻonani ʻia hoʻi e hoʻopiha i ka ʻono o ko ʻEulopa makemake. a me ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka Hui Porcelain o nā Indies i hana ʻia i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jingdezhen, ʻo ia ke kikowaena nui o ka ceramic ma Kina; mai laila, lawe ʻia i Canton, kahi i hoʻohuli ʻia ai nā ʻano ʻāpana i nā hale hōʻikeʻike i loaʻa nā porseka i keʻokeʻo, a i hoʻonani hapa ʻia paha, no laila ua hoʻohui ʻia nā pale a i ʻole nā hua mua o nā mea nona ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hiki mai nā kauoha. .
Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia nā ʻoihana hoʻouna i loko o kā lākou hale waihona waiwai i nā haneli mau ʻāpana i kāhiko ʻia me nā hoʻolālā maʻamau, e wehewehe nei i ke kumu e ʻike pinepine ai mākou i nā hoʻohālikelike like i nā hōʻiliʻili Mekiko a me nā haole.
Ma waenakonu o ke kenekulia 18 i ka wā i ukali ai nā elite Sepania Hou i ke ʻano i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻono o ʻEulopa e kiʻi i kēia porcelain a hoʻomaka i kā lākou mau kauoha, akā ma o kahi ala ʻē aʻe mai nā ʻoihana o nā Indies. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi hui kai moana a New Sepania i Canton, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Compañía de Indias Porcelain ma o ka hana ʻana a nā mākaʻi ʻoihana Sepania hou - hoʻokumu ʻia ma Manila - a i ʻole nā hoa Pilipino, ka mea i noi nā ʻāpana porcelain like ʻole i kau ʻia ma luna o nā kālepa Kina i hōʻea i kēlā awa.
Ma hope, ke mākaukau nā kauoha, hoʻouna ʻia lākou i ke kapakai ʻo Nu Sepania. Ma aneʻi, ua loaʻa nā mea kalepa nui i nā mea kūʻai aku a mālama lākou i kāna ʻoihana, ma ke kūʻai aku ʻana iā ia i nā hale kūʻai a i ʻole ka hāʻawi ʻana iā ia ma o nā hale kalepa i hoʻouna iā lākou i kēlā me kēia kanaka a i ʻole nā keʻena i hoʻouna e hana i kā lākou pākaukau ma ke noi kūikawā.
Ua hele mai kekahi mau porcelain me he mau makana. ʻO nā pā, nā pā, nā lawens, nā kīʻaha, nā hue, nā kīʻaha, nā kīʻaha, nā mea humuhumu a me nā spittoons, kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, i makemake ʻia no ka papa ʻaina, ka lua a me kekahi manawa, no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana, kahi a nā Kina e pono ai e hoʻopili mai kā lākou nā hoʻolālā kuʻuna e kū i ke koi no ka porcelain i ke Komohana.
No ka mākeke ʻo New Spain, hana ʻia nā mea e like me mancerinas - hoʻohana ʻia me kahi kīʻaha e inu ai i ka kokoleka kaulana - a me kahi papa o nā lawelawe papaʻaina, nona ka mea hoʻonaninani nui o ka ʻohana a i ʻole nā pale institusional i waenakonu o nā ʻāpana. na lākou nō i kūkulu.
Pēlā ka hihia o ka Polokalamu Hoʻolaha Kaulana i loaʻa kahi hoʻomanaʻo ma mua o kahi hana utilitarian a kauoha ʻia mai Kina e hāʻawi ʻia i waena o nā kāne kaulana o ke kaona i mea hoʻomanaʻo no ka hoʻolaha ʻana iā Carlos IV i ka noho aliʻi o Sepania. No laila, ʻo nā ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina o Mekiko, Puebla de los Angeles, Valladolid (i kēia lā ʻo Morelia), San Miguel El Grande (i kēia lā ʻo Allende), ke Consulate o Mekiko, ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Aliʻi a me ke Kulanui Aliʻi a ʻo Pontifical i kauoha ʻia e pāʻani i kēia mau pāʻani ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana. ʻoi aku o nā hoʻolauleʻa momona o kēlā kaiāulu baroque.
ʻO nā pale i hōʻike ʻia i loko o lākou i lawe ʻia mai nā hoʻolālā no nā mekala hoʻomanaʻo e ka mea kākau kaulana ʻo Gerónimo Antonio Gil, ʻo Senior Carver o ka Royal Mint a me ka luna mua o ka Royal Academy o San Carlos, nāna i hana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā mekala. ma waena o 1789 a me 1791 no kekahi mau ʻaha, nā ʻaha kūkā a me nā keʻena o ke kaona, kahi mea hoʻomanaʻo hoʻi o ka hanana. Kupaianaha ka kūpaʻa a nā Kina i kope ai i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, no ka mea ua hana hou lākou i ka pūlima a Gil ma nā pale e hoʻonaninani ana i nā mea.
Ma Mekiko i kēia lā e ola ana kekahi o kēia mau porcelains, ma nā hōʻuluʻulu pilikino a me nā hale hōʻikeʻike, e like me ka National Museum of the Viceroyalty a i ʻole ʻo Franz Mayer e hōʻike nei he ʻeono mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o nā kīʻaha i ko lākou manawa he ʻāpana o ka Papa Meaʻai. o ka Hoʻolaha. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana mai kahi palaki maʻamau i hopena i kahi ʻano e like me ka ʻalani ʻalani; Eia naʻe, mahalo mākou iā lākou i ka mālama e delineate a hiki i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi loa i ka enamelling.
Ua hana ʻia kēia mau enamel me nā oxide metallic o nā kala āpau, ʻoiai ʻo ka polū, ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻulaʻula a me ke gula. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana i kāhiko ʻia me kahi kāʻei kala, kahi ʻālohilohi gula a me kahi palena i ʻike ʻia ʻo "Punta de Lanza", ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi kahakaha a i ʻole ka wehewehe ʻana o ka fleur de lis a me ia pū me ke ʻano. ʻāwīwī e hōʻike ana he Hui Porcelain ia o nā Indies.
I ka manawa i loaʻa i ka poʻe koʻikoʻi ka nohona waiwai, ʻano ʻokoʻa a pīhoihoi hoʻi e pili ana i nā ʻahaʻaina a me nā ʻākoakoa a ma kahi e hōʻike ākea ʻia ai ka waiwai, ma nā lole a me nā hale, ua noho kēia porcelain i wahi koʻikoʻi ma ka trousseau. o nā hale aliʻi a me nā hale nui, e kaʻana like ana i ka wahi me nā mea ʻoki kālā kālā Mekiko, nā aniani Bohemian a me ka lilina pākaukau me ka lace Flanders.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hōʻole ka hana ʻana o Porcelain de Compania de Indias i ka wā e hoʻokō pono ai ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ka hana o ka porcelain - ka mea maikaʻi loa o nā keramika - akā ʻoiaʻiʻo he ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hana ʻia kēia ʻāpana puʻupuʻu mai Kina i ka ʻono o ʻO ke kaiāulu Mekiko i kēlā manawa a ʻike ʻia kēia i ka hana kūloko o nā keramika, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Talavera Puebla, ma kona ʻano a me nā kumu hoʻonaninani.
Puna: Mekiko i ka Manawa Helu 25 Iulai / ʻAukake 1998
