ʻO Veracruz, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke awa o nā hālāwai nostalgic a me ke kapikala o kahi mokuʻāina exuberant kūlohelohe, ua haʻaheo mau iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he kapikala mele o Mekiko. ʻO ia nā mea āpau mai ka puʻuhonua o nā mea hoʻokani pila Kuba he nui - i waena o lākou ʻo Celia Cruz, Beny Moré a me Pérez Prado-, i kahi e ku punahele ai nā luina Lūkini a me kahi wahi obligatory no kēlā me kēia Mekiko e makemake nei e hoʻi i ka home luhi.
Kupaianaha ke ola ʻana o nā mele kuʻuna maikaʻi ma aneʻi; ʻO nā makahiki lōʻihi o ka hoʻokūkū me nā orchestras hulahula nui, marimbas alanui a me mariachis, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa i ka marginalizing o nā hui jarocho keiki kāne. Kani like ʻo La Bamba i hoʻomaka i ka kenekulia 18 mau, ka mea nona ka ikehu e pau i ka hopena i nā lola a me nā alakaʻi o Hollywood o kēia wā.
ʻO nā kanaha a me nā kanalima i manaʻo ʻia he makahiki gula o ke keiki jarocho, kahi manawa i hele mai nā mea hoʻokani mele maikaʻi loa i Mexico, mai ka ʻaoʻao mamao loa o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Veracruz, e lilo i mau hōkū o celluloid a me vinyl, i nā mea hoʻolaha lekiō a Nā mākēneki o nā kūlana hanohano ma Latin America. I loko nō o ka holomua o ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mekiko a me nā ʻano nohona hou, ʻaʻole pio ke ʻono o ke mele e hoʻi hou ana i nā hulahula a me nā hoʻolauleʻa o ke kaona.
Me ka hōʻea ʻana o kahi hanauna hoʻopoina hou, ua pau ke keiki jarocho boom. He nui nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Nicolás Sosa a me Pino Silva i hoʻi i Veracruz; ua noho kekahi ma Mexico City, e make me ka kaulana ʻole a me ka waiwai ʻole, e like me ka hihia me ka mea noi nui ʻo Lino Chávez. ʻO ka kūleʻa nui o ke keiki jarocho e kūlike i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kāna mōʻaukala. ʻO ka piko o ke kūleʻa wale nō i kau i kekahi mau mea, ʻo Chávez, Sosa, nā mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Andrés Huesca a me Carlos Baradas a me nā kaikuaʻana Rosas; I nā makahiki 1950, ʻo nā alanui o Mekiko kahi hōʻike o kahi nui o nā jarochos soneros nona ka puka i wehe ʻole ʻia ma mua o ka cantina.
I kēia lā, ʻoiai paʻakikī i kekahi mea hoʻokani pila taleni mai ke keiki jarocho e lilo i hōkū, he ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia ʻaʻohe hemahema o ka hana i nā kaola a me nā hale ʻaina ma ke awa a me ke kahakai, a i ʻole e hoʻolauna i nā ʻaoʻao a puni ka ʻāina.
Ma ka hema o Veracruz, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka moʻomeheu ʻōiwi i ke kū ʻana o ke awa o ʻApelika ikaika a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka mokuʻāina, e hoʻokani mau ʻia ana nā sone jarochos i loko o nā fandangos, ka hoʻolauleʻa jarocha kaulana, kahi e hoʻololi ai nā kāne ma ka papa lāʻau, me ka hoʻohui pū ʻo kāna pākuʻi ʻana i ka hahi ʻana i kahi papa hou i nā mele paʻa i hana ʻia e nā kime.
NA MELE ME KA MOOLELO
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala, ʻaʻohe paio a ke keiki jarocho a hoʻolauleʻa ʻia nā fandangueros a puni ka mokuʻāina. Ma hope mai, i ka wā o ka hula no ka hula hulahula ʻana i loko o ke awa me nā danzones a me nā guarachas mai Cuba a me nā polkas a me nā waltze o ka ʻākau, ua hoʻololi nā soneros i kā lākou mau lira a me nā kime i ka repertoire hou, a ua hoʻohui i nā mea kani e like me ka violin. Hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Pino Silva, i ka makahiki 1940, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia e pāʻani i ke awa, ʻaʻole lohe ʻia nā kani a hiki i ke ao ʻana, i ka wā a ka poʻe, ʻae, ua wehe i ko lākou ʻuhane.
Ua like kekahi mea e like me Nicolás Sosa. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa a aʻo ponoʻī ʻo ia i ka lira, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo ia ma ka puka o kona hale i ʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka poʻe i puni i nā makika, a ke hana nei ʻo ia i kahi ola e pāʻani ana i nā waltze a me nā danzones. I kekahi lā, iā ia i manaʻo ai e hoʻokani i kekahi kani o ka "pilón" ma ka nani ma Alvarado, ua kono aku kahi kāne mai ke kapitala iā ia i Mexico City, e noi ana e huakaʻi ʻo ia i Malaki o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka mamao o ka lā kono ua hoʻonāukiuki i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o Nicolás. Eia naʻe, ma hope koke iho, ua haʻi lākou iā ia ua haʻalele kēlā kāne iā ia i ke kālā no kāna huakaʻi i Mekiko. "Ma Mei 10, 1937 a ia lā wau i hopu ai i ke kaʻaahi mai ʻaneʻi, me ka ʻike ʻole i kāna mea e hana nei," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Sosa, ma kahi o 60 mau makahiki ma hope.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kāna mea kōkua ʻo Baqueiro Foster, kahi haku mele kaulana, mea hana, a ʻepekema mele, a me kahi mea hoʻokipa maikaʻi loa: Noho ʻo Sosa no ʻekolu mau mahina ma kona home ma hope o ka National Palace. Ua kākau hou ʻo Baqueiro i ke mele a ke kamaʻāina Veracruz i komo ai mai kona wā kamaliʻi a ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻaʻohe mea hoihoi. Ma hope ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kēlā mau palapala kope i kāna hana me ka Jalapa Symphony Orchestra a paipai iā Sosa a me kāna hui e hana, i mau manawa, i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a Baqueiro, hoʻi ʻo Sosa i ke kapitala ma 1940, kahi i noho ai ʻo ia no kanakolu mau makahiki. I kēlā manawa ua komo ʻo ia i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me ka lekiō, a pēlā pū me ka pāʻani ʻana i nā kinipōpō like ʻole. ʻO Andrés Huesca kāna mea hoʻokūkū nui nāna i hoʻopau i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka kaulana a me ka waiwai nui aʻe ma mua o Sosa ma muli o kāna kaila sophisticated o ka unuhi ʻana i ke keiki kumu a Don Nicolás i kūpaʻa mau ai.
E like me ka hapanui o nā soneros, hānau ʻia ʻo Huesca i loko o kahi ʻohana mahiʻai. ʻo kāna intuition e paipai i ke keikikāne jarocho alakaʻi iā ia e hoʻolauna i nā hoʻololi nui: kahi lira nui e pāʻani i ke kū ʻana a me nā haku mele hou me nā wahi liʻiliʻi no ka improvisation vocal a i ʻole nā soloist instrumental, ʻoiai e paʻa ana i ka ʻono jarocho, ʻoi aku ka "catchy".
Ma ka laulā, nā mea hoʻokani pila i komo i ke kapitala, i loko o nā makahiki he iwakālua o ka lele ʻana o Jarocho, hoʻololi iki i kahi kaila ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lehulehu i nā kikowaena kaona. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua kūpono kēia wikiwiki aʻe i ka mea hoʻokani pila, keu hoʻi i nā hale ʻaina, kahi i kuʻi ai ka mea kūʻai aku e ka ʻāpana. No laila, hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia kahi keikikāne i hala he ʻumikūmālima mau minuke ma Veracruz i loko o ʻekolu, ke hiki i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi hanana i kahi kūlanakauhale ma Mexico City.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea mele Jarocho e unuhi i kēia kaila o kēia au koe wale no Graciana Silva, kekahi o nā mea pena kiʻi kaulana i kēia lā. ʻO Graciana kahi mea hoʻokani pila maikaʻi loa a mai Jarocha a unuhi i nā sones e ukali nei i nā ala kahiko me kahi kaila i ʻoi aku ma mua o ko Huesca. Ua wehewehe ʻia paha kēia no ka mea, ʻokoʻa ka hapa nui o kāna mau hoapili a me nā kamaʻāina, ʻaʻole haʻalele ʻo Graciana iā Veracruz. ʻOi aku ka lohi o kāna hoʻokō ʻana, a me ka manaʻo nui hoʻi, me nā hanana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻopili ʻana ma mua o nā mana hou. ʻO La Negra Graciana, e like me kona ʻike ma laila, pāʻani ke aʻo mai ke kumu kahiko i hele i ka muliwai e hoʻomaka i kona kaikunāne ʻo Pino ma ka lira. ʻOiai ʻo ia, e like me kā Graciana i ʻōlelo ai, "makapō i nā maka ʻelua", ua ʻike ʻo Don Rodrigo ʻo ia ke kaikamahine, e kiaʻi pono ana iā ia mai kahi kihi o ka lumi, e lilo i mea hoʻokani pila nui loa na ka mele mele kaulana.
ʻO ko Graciana leo a me kāna ʻano pāʻani, "kahiko", ua loaʻa ka manaʻo o ka mea loea mele a me ka mea hana ʻo Eduardo Llerenas, ka mea i lohe iā ia e pāʻani ana i ka pā i nā puka o Veracruz. Ua hui lāua e hana i kahi hoʻopaʻa leo nui me Graciana, e pāʻani pākahi ana, a hele pū ʻia me kona kaikaina ʻo Pino Silva ma ka jarana a me kona kaikoʻeke ʻo María Elena Hurtado ma kahi lira ʻelua. ʻO ka hopena hopena, i hana ʻia e Llerenas, hopu ʻia ka manaʻo o kekahi mau mea hana ʻEulopa, nāna i hoʻolimalima iā ia no kahi huakaʻi kiʻi mua loa ma Holland, Pelekiuma a me ʻEnelani.
ʻAʻole ʻo Graciana ka mea pena kiʻi wale i makemake e pāʻani hoʻokahi. Ua ola ʻo Daniel Cabrera i kona mau makahiki i hala iho nei e hāpai ana i kāna mele mele a mele ʻana i nā leo kahiko ma loko o Boca del Río. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Llerenas iā 21 o kēia mau mea hoʻokani mele nona, i hoʻoulu ʻia i loko o kahi melankoli maʻamau i loko o ka hauʻoli o Jarocha. Ua make ʻo Cabrera ma 1993, ma mua iki o ka hiki ʻana i hoʻokahi haneli o kona mau makahiki. Minamina, koe kekahi mau mea pena kiʻi i koe me ia ʻano papa hana. ʻO ke kālepa ʻana o ke keiki jarocho e hoʻokau i nā mea hoʻokani mele o ka cantina e hoʻopili i nā boleros, rancheras, cumbias a me nā kūleʻa kūleʻa i kēlā me kēia manawa i kā lākou repertoire.
ʻOiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka repertoire ʻo Jarocho, he mea nui ka cantinas no ka mele kuʻuna. ʻOiai makemake nā mea kūʻai aku i kahi kani ola maikaʻi i ka mea a ka jukebox a i ʻole ke wikiō e hāʻawi ai, hiki i nā mea hoʻokani pila ke loaʻa kālā no ka noho ʻana. Eia kekahi, i ka manaʻo o René Rosas, he mea hoʻokani pila mai Jarocho aku, lilo ka canteen i kahi ʻano hana. Wahi a ia, ʻo kāna mau makahiki o ka hana ʻana ma kēia mau wahi ka mea hoʻonāukiuki loa, no ka mea, i mea e ola ai, pono i kāna ensemble e lawelawe i kahi repertoire nunui. I loko o kēlā manawa, ʻo ka hui Tlalixcoyan, ʻoiai ʻo René Rosas a me kona mau hoahānau i kapa ʻia, hana i kā lākou album mua, ma hope o kekahi mau pule o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lumi hope o ka Luakini o Diana, kahi cantina ma Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl.
Ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ka hale ʻo Tlalixcoyan, i kahi manawa pōkole, e nā mea nona kahi hale ʻaina nani. Ma laila lākou i ʻike ʻia ai e Amalia Hernández, alakaʻi o ka National Folkloric Ballet o Mekiko, ka mea, me ka ʻike noʻeau loea, i hui pū me nā kaikuaʻana ʻo Rosas ma kāna Ballet. Mai kēia manawa, no nā kaikunāne Rosas, ua hōʻike ka Ballet i kahi uku hoihoi a palekana hoʻi a me ka manawa kūpono e huakaʻi a puni ka honua (i ka hui o 104 mau hoa hana), i ka pānaʻi no ke komo ʻana i loko o kahi ʻano coma mele ma muli o ka hana hou. o kahi papa repertoire liʻiliʻi, i kēlā me kēia pō ma hope o kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Aia ka nani o ke keikikāne jarocho i ka hana manawaleʻa o kēlā me kēia hana. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea i kēia manawa ʻo ka puke mele jarocho pinepine pinepine ʻia ma kahi o kanakolu mau leo wale nō, ke hoʻokani ʻia kekahi o lākou e hopena mau ia i nā hua nui a me nā kumu i ka lira, nā pane i hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā noi a hana koke ʻia nā paukū. maʻamau me kahi kaha hoʻomākeʻaka ikaika.
Ma hope o ʻumikūmākolu mau makahiki, ua haʻalele ʻo René Rosas i ka Folkloric Ballet e pāʻani i nā ensemble nui. I kēia manawa ʻo René, me kona kaikaina ka mea mele ʻo Rafael Rosas, ka mea hoʻokani pila nui ʻo Gregoriano Zamudio lāua ʻo Cresencio "Chencho" Cruz, ke ace o ka noi, e hoʻokani nei no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi ma nā hōkele ʻo Cancun. ʻO kā lākou kaila sophisticated a me nā harmonies maikaʻi loa ma ke kika e hōʻike i ka haʻalele nui a lākou e mālama ai i kā lākou aʻa kumu. Eia naʻe, ʻo nā improvisations ma ka lira a me nā pane huhū huhū o ka Requinto, hōʻike i kona koko jarocha sonera koko ʻole. ʻO Rafael Rosas, ma hope o 30 mau makahiki me ka Ballet, ʻaʻole i nalowale kāna leo uʻi a me ka horny a i ʻole ka papa hana kahiko o kona mau makahiki ʻōpio.
Ma ke kau waena o 1970, haʻalele ʻo René i ka Ballet e pāʻani me Lino Chávez ʻoiai, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia e nā Jarocho Requintistas, ʻo ia paha ka ʻoi loa.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Chávez ma Tierra Blanca a neʻe i ke kapitala i nā makahiki he kanaono. Ma laila, e ukali nei i nā kapuwaʻi o Huesca a me Sosa, ua hana ʻo ia i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, lekiō a me nā hoʻopaʻa leo. ʻO ia kekahi o nā hui jarochos nui ʻekolu: Los Costeños, Tierra Blanca a me Conjunto Medellín.
Ua make ʻilihune ʻo Lino Chávez i ka makahiki 1994, akā he hōʻailona ia no ka hanauna o Veracruz soneros, ka poʻe i hoʻolohe i kāna papahana i ko lākou wā ʻōpio. Ma waena o kēia mau soneros, kū i waho ka Conjunto de Cosamaloapan, i kēia manawa ka hōkū o nā hula o ke kaona hale kō. Kau ʻia e Juan Vergara, hoʻokani ʻo ia i kahi mana hoihoi o Son La Iguana, kahi e hōʻike maopopo ai ke mele a me ka leo i nā aʻa ʻApelika o kēia mele.
OLA KE KEIKI JAROCHO
ʻOiai ʻo nā soneros maikaʻi o kēia wā, e like me Juan Vergara a me Graciana Silva ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e hāʻule ana ke keiki ʻo Jarocho. Nui nā helu mele ʻōpio e makemake i ke keiki kāne ma mua o ka cumbia, merengue i ka marimba. ʻAneʻane lākou a pau e hele mai mai nā mahiā a i ʻole nā kauhale lawaiʻa o Veracruz. ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa kaulana ʻo Gilberto Gutiérrez, ka mea hui pū o ka hui Mono Blanco. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Gilberto ma Tres Zapotes, kahi kaona i hana i nā mea hoʻokani pila ʻoi loa, ʻoiai ʻo ia a me kona ʻohana he ʻāina ʻona. ʻO ke kupuna kāne o Gilberto ka mea nona ka gramophone mua ma ke kaona a no laila lawe mai i nā polka a me nā waltze iā Tres Zapotes, me ka waiho ʻana i nā moʻopuna me ka hana nui o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kahi a lākou e pono ai nona.
I loko o nā hui Veracruz a pau i kēia manawa, ʻo Mono Blanco kekahi o nā mele wiwo ʻole, e hoʻolauna nei i kekahi mau mea kani i ke keiki jarocho a e hana ana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me nā mea hoʻokani Cuban a me Senegalese e hana i kahi kani ʻano ʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka holomua ʻoihana ʻoi loa me nā unuhi kuʻuna o nā kani jarochos kahiko, e ʻōlelo nui nei e pili ana i ka ʻono a ka lehulehu i kēia mele.
ʻAʻole ʻo Gutiérrez ka mea mua e hāʻawi i ke keiki ʻo Jarocho i kahi ʻono kūloko. Ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā 1940 a me 1950, ua huakaʻi nā mea mele Mekiko he nui i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻo kekahi o nā kani jarocho kahiko i hoʻouka kaua i nā hale o nā miliona o ʻAmelika: ʻo La Bamba, me nā mana na Trini López lāua ʻo Richie Valens.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, hiki ke lohe ʻia ʻo La Bamba i kahi ala kumu, i ka leo o Negra Graciana a i ka mana o kekahi mau pūʻulu mai ka hema o ka mokuʻāina. Hōʻike ia ʻano hana i ka ʻuhane o kahi mele, e like me ka iguana agile a hanohano hoʻi, hiki ke alo i nā pilikia he nui, akā hōʻole maoli ʻole e make.
