ʻO ka hale ʻeka ʻo Tecali, kahi kūlanakauhale ma Puebla, kahi laʻana o ka hale Convent e hōʻike ana i ka laulima o kēia ʻano ʻonika no ke kūkulu ʻana.
ʻO Tecali, ʻano ʻonika
No Tecali mai ka huaʻōlelo Nahuatl tecalli (mai tetl, pōhaku, a me calli, hale), no laila hiki ke unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he "hale pōhaku", ʻoiai ʻaʻole pili kēia wehewehe i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo tecali, onika a i ʻole poblano alabaster, kahi pōhaku metamorphic i hoʻohana ākea ʻia i nā kūkulu ʻO nā Mexican mai ke kenekulia 16, me ka tezontle a me nā keiki.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hua ʻōlelo Nahuatl no kēia ʻano onika, ua hoʻomau ka huaʻōlelo tecali i ke kahua o kēia pōhaku ma ia wahi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Tecali i ka hana ʻana i nā pā no nā kuahu a me nā puka aniani, ʻoiai e ʻokiʻoki ʻia i mau pale lahilahi, kahi mea pani pani hakahaka no ke aniani no kona transparency. ʻO nā huina melemele i hoʻolālā ʻia i loko o nā hale pule i hana i kahi lewa kūikawā i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻōlinolino o nā kuahu, ua uhi ʻia ka pālaki i kahi wahi honua a lani aku hoʻi, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke manaʻo he hapa o ka nui akua. Hoʻomaopopo maopopo ʻia kēia hopena e ka poʻe loea a me nā mea pena kiʻi, e like me Mathías Goeritz ke hoʻolālā nei i nā aniani aniani o nā hale pule o Mexico a me Cuernavaca. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia lā tecali no ka hoʻonaninani a me nā mea pono, e like me ka polina a me nā kinona wai laʻa i ka parish o kēia manawa a i ʻole nā punawai, nā kiʻi a me nā kāhiko i hana ʻia e nā mea hana lima kūloko.
E like me ka nui o ko mākou mau kaona, he kūlana haʻahaʻa ko Tecali kahi e kū ai ka hale pālisa a he aha ka hale ʻaha Franciscan e hoʻokau nei i nā wā kolone. I kēia lā aia i loko o nā ʻōpala a, no laila, mahalo mākou i kona hanohano a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kōkua i ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻokalakupua e hoʻopuni ana i kēlā wahi.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā Convent
ʻO ka hale kuhikuhipuʻuone kahi wahi no ka ʻeuanelio a me ka hoʻomana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻaha kūkā i kūkulu ʻia e Franciscans, Dominicans a me Augustinians i hoʻomau i kahi moʻomeheu monastic ʻEulopa, kahi i kūlike i nā koi i hoʻokau ʻia e ka naʻi aupuni, nāna i hoʻopili i kāna ʻano kumu. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hale ʻāpana o Sepania Hou ʻaʻole i ukali i kahi hoʻohālikelike i lawe ʻia mai Sepania. I ka manawa mua he hoʻokumu palena manawa ia a hoʻonohonoho liʻiliʻi ʻia i kahi ʻano hoʻolālā e kūpono i nā kūlana kūloko, a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona i hana hou ʻia i ka hapa nui o kēia mau kūkulu: kahi atrium nui me nā hale pule e kau ana i kona mau kihi, ka hale pule hāmama ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. o ka hale pule a me nā lumi Convent i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a puni kahi hale lole, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka hale pule.
ʻO Santiago de Tecali
ʻO kekahi o kēia mau hui ʻo ia ʻo Santiago de Tecali. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe Franciscans e hana ma laila ma 1554 ma kahi hale i hala aku nei, ʻoiai ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka makahiki 1569, ma muli o ke kōkua pōhaku me nā huapalapala ʻEulopa a me nā ʻōiwi ma ke kihi ʻākau hikina o ka halepule. ʻO ka hana kūkulu o ka paʻakikī i hana ʻia ma waena o 1570 a me 1580. Wahi a ka Tecali Geographic Relation, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e Father Ponce ma 1585, ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia kia hoʻomanaʻo ma Sepatemaba 7, 1579 a he kahu hale haʻahaʻa, luna kiʻekiʻe, nā hale a me kahi hale pule. "kālepa maikaʻi loa." Hōʻike ʻia kēia kālepa maikaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻonaninani ʻana o ka paʻakikī āpau a ʻoi loa hoʻi i ka hale pule: he luakini ia me ʻekolu mau nawa (basilical), kahi ʻano e ʻokoʻa ia mai ka hapa nui o nā wā o ia manawa, ukali lākou i ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka moku hoʻokahi. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻāpana hoʻokalakupua i mālama ʻia ʻaneʻane paʻa; ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ia i ka hale convent i wāwahi ʻia a me ka arcade chapel ākea i kau ʻia ma luna o ka honua ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka halepule.
Hōʻike ka uhi i ka mahalo hohonu. Hōʻike ia i kahi hoʻolālā noʻonoʻo, hoʻolālā a akahele hoʻi i kāna kūlike; Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻike o ka mea kūkulu hale i nā canons o ke kaha kiʻi ʻana o nā hale mai nā kuʻina mele kahiko o Vitruvius a i ʻole Serlio. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia hoʻolālā iā Claudio de Areiniega, ka mea kālai o ke kuhina nui ʻo Don Luis de Velasco, nāna i hoʻolālā i ka papahana o ka Hale Pule Nui o Mekiko. Hāʻawi ke ʻano Mannerist o ka uhi iā ia i kahi kūlike kuʻikuʻi, kūkulu ʻia e pili ana i nā mea like me ka simetretrical. ʻO ka puka komo i ka piko waena, i hana ʻia e ka piʻo semicircular, he moʻo maʻalahi a me kahi kaʻina mele o nā pyramidal a i ʻole nā daimana, a me nā scallops a i ʻole nā pūpū e pili ana i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana o ka luakini: Santiago apóstol. Ma nā mea komo i loko ka hana hou o nā helu daimana e hana hou ʻia. Kuhi ʻia ke kī waena e kahi corbel a i loko o nā spandrels aia nō kekahi o ka pena me nā ʻānela ʻelua e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā kaula e "paʻa" ana i ka corbel. I loko o ka pōʻaiapili euanelio, nā ʻānela ma nā puka o ke komo ʻana i nā hale pule nā alakaʻi a me nā mea hoʻomaka o ke ola Karistiano; Kau ʻia lākou ma ka puka, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka haʻi ʻana a i ʻole ka Palapala Hemolele Hemolele, a me kāna huaʻōlelo e wehe ai ka puka i nā Karistiano hou, e kiʻi ai i ka ʻike o ke Akua.
Loaʻa iā ia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua mau kolamu me ʻelua mau niche i pani ʻia me kahi pū, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻehā: Saint Peter a me Saint Paul, nā mea hoʻokumu o ka Halepule, Saint John a me ka mea kōkua o ia wahi, Saint James. Kākoʻo nā kolamu i kahi cornice i kāwili ʻia me ka pediment triangular a me nā puʻupuʻu ʻehā. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea hoʻolālā i ka uhi i kāna ʻano ʻano, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo Renaissance purist. Hele pū ʻia kēia puka me nā puka komo i nā alaloa, a me ka semicircular a me ka hōʻailona ʻana i nā lehu a me nā voussoirs me nā lua, e like me ke ʻano o nā hale aliʻi ʻo Florentine Renaissance. Ua kau ʻia ka seti e ka frontispiece a i ʻole ka pinion paheʻe e pili ʻia e nā pou, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pale emepaea o Sepania. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao e kū nei ka hale kia bele e kau ʻia e ke kapikala; aia paha he hale kiaʻi like ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka façade, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kahi kahua e kū nei a ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā huaʻōlelo haku mele, e hoʻokō i ka symmetry o ka huina āpau.
Ma loko o ka hale pule, ʻoi aku ka laulā a ʻoi aku o ka piko waena, ʻoiai ia ka hale o ke kuahu nui a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao e nā moʻo semicircular ʻelua e holo holoʻokoʻa i ke kūkulu holoʻokoʻa a kākoʻo ʻia e nā kolamu laumania me nā poʻo nui. Tuscan. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka pā i ka pena mural. ʻO nā ʻōuli o ke kala i mahalo nui ʻia i loko o kahi hale pule niche i ka undergrowth, kahi e mālama ai i kahi ʻāpana o ka palena a i ʻole wehe i nā anela a me nā lau, i kaupalena ʻia e nā kaula Franciscan ʻelua i ʻulaʻula. Ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka niche ua pena ʻia ka lani polū me nā hōkū, ka mea like a mākou e ʻike ai ma ka puka komo o ka puka ʻākau o ka luakini. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pena mural o ka hale konikona, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka sacristy, kahi i pena ʻia ai ka ʻeke lepo e like me nā tile i kapa ʻia he napkin a i ʻole me nā triangles diagonal, a me nā kumu pua ma nā puka aniani. ʻO nā koena o nā lumi, koe wale nā ʻōpala i kono mai iā mākou e noʻonoʻo pehea lākou e hiki ai, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai kahi mele i ka pā, ma ke ʻano he malihini i kahi i ʻōlelo ai.
I loko o ka pilina Geographic i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei o Tecali e kuhikuhi pū ʻia ana he hale lāʻau ko ka hale pule ma lalo o kahi kaupaku me nā tile, kahi hale i maʻa mau i kēlā wā kolone mua. Ma Mekiko he mau laʻana kā mākou o kēia mau alfarjes lāʻau kupaianaha a ʻo Tecali kekahi o lākou, inā ʻaʻole ia ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia e kahi pūkaua i kapa ʻia ʻo Calixto Mendoza nāna i kūkulu i kahi pā kau ma laila i 1920. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻolako kēia wahi ākea kahi ʻano leʻaleʻa o ka maluhia a me ka maluhia, a kono i nā malihini a me nā kamaʻāina e hele mai i ia mea i ko lākou manawa kaʻawale e hauʻoli ai me ko lākou ʻohana a i ʻole nā mea aloha i ka lau nahele maikaʻi loa i kēia manawa ka papahele o ka luakini, ma lalo o ka lā Puebla mālamalama.
Ma ke kua i hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka presbytery me kahi pio nui i kākoʻo ʻia e nā corbels huinahalike a hoʻomālamalama ʻia e nā daimana a i ʻole nā helu pyramidal e like me nā mea ma ka uhi, e hana ana i nā leka hoʻonaninani maikaʻi. I loko o ka waihona i hana i ka piʻo aia kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā caisson polygonal i pena ʻia i ka polū a me ka ʻulaʻula, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka hoʻonaninani o ke kaupaku lāʻau. Ua hoʻololi paha kēia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17, ke pili ʻia kahi kuahu kuʻi nui i ka kaila baroque stipe, i uhi ʻia i ke kiʻi pena mural kumu, kahi ʻāpana wale nō o Calvary i koe. Ma ka paia hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kekahi mau kākoʻo lāʻau i kākoʻo i ke kuahu gula.
ʻO ke kumu o ke kuahu i mālama ʻia ke nānā pono ʻole ʻia a mālama ʻole ʻia, akā loaʻa iā ia kahi kaʻao mele kaulana pohihihi, e like me kā Don Ramiro, kamaʻāina o ia wahi. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia e hūnā ʻia ka puka komo o kekahi mau tunnels e kamaʻilio pū me ka hale ʻenemi kokoke o Tepeaca, kahi i hele malū ai nā poʻe pule a kahi i mālama ai lākou i ka pahu me nā ʻāpana waiwai o ka trousseau o ka hale pule, i "nalo" ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana. o kahi, i ka makahiki kanaono.
Ma luna aʻe o ka puka komo ka hui hīmeni, i kākoʻo ʻia e ʻekolu mau kūlou hoʻohaʻahaʻa i hui ʻia me nā pio lōkihi o nā piko, e loaʻa ana i nā pūʻulu kahakaha kupaianaha. Pane kēia wahi i ka loina Sepania o ka hopena o ke kenekulia 15, i lawe ʻia i loko o nā hale pule conventual o New Spain.
Nā kikoʻī o ke kumu medieval
Ma Tecali ʻike pū mākou i kekahi mau hopena o ka medieval origin: ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia he ʻanuʻu poepoe, he mau ala ololi i loko o kekahi mau paia a i kekahi mau hihia i ʻae ʻia e holo ma waho o ka hale. Ua hoʻohana maoli kēia mau alaloa no ka mālama ʻana i ke alo, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana i ka medieval Europe no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe puka aniani. Ma Nani Sepania ʻaʻohe puka aniani aniani, akā ʻo nā lole a i ʻole nā pepa i hoʻomāwili ʻia i ʻōwili ʻia a i ʻole pālahalaha ʻia e kaohi ai i ka ea a me nā kukui, ʻoiai ma aneʻi paha i pani ʻia kekahi o nā puka aniani me nā pale tecali ʻO kekahi o kēia mau ala hele i loko o nā paia nā puka aniani e kamaʻilio i ka hale pule me ke kahu lole a lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he confionals, kahi i kali ai ke kahuna ma ka hale konikona a hoʻokokoke ka mea mihi mai ka hale. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia ʻano confession i ka hoʻohana ʻia ma hope o ka Council of Trent (1545-1563), nāna i hoʻokumu i kēia mau mea i loko o ka luakini, no laila he mau hiʻohiʻona ko mākou ma Mekiko.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā kiʻi gula a me polychrome i kālai ʻia i ka halepule o ka hale pule ʻo Tecali, akā ua ola ʻelua: ʻo ka mea nui a me kahi ʻaoʻao e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ka parish o kēia manawa, a me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana gula ʻē aʻe, i hana maoli ʻia no ka luakini hou. . ʻO ka mea ma ke kuahu nui e hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Santiago ka lunaʻōlelo, ka luna o Tecali, pena ʻia i ka aila ma ka canvas waena. Hoʻohana ia i nā pilaster stipe, i ʻike ʻia ma Mekiko me churriguerescas, i hoʻolauna ʻia i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāhiku, me nā kiʻi pena o ka poʻe haipule, i waena o kahi mea hoʻonaninani e hoʻonui ana i kona ʻano baroque. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia kuahu e pono ai e hoʻokō koke ʻia ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻia ʻana o ka hale pule i ka makahiki 1728, ke pau ka hana ʻana o ka pālū o kēia manawa a neʻe ʻia nā mea e noho nei i ka hale pule kahiko.
Aia a ke hoʻohana ʻia nei i nā lua wai nui ʻelua e ʻohiʻohi a mālama i ka wai ua ma o ka ʻōnaehana o nā kahawai lalo e hopu i ka wai ola a loaʻa i ke kau maloʻo. ʻO ka antecedent pre-Hispanic o kēia mau lua wai ʻo ia nā jagüeyes, ka mea i hoʻomaikaʻi ai nā poʻe māleʻele i ka uhi ʻana iā lākou me ka pōhaku. Ma Tecali he ʻelua mau pahu wai: uhi ʻia kekahi no ka wai inu - ma hope o ka hale pule - a ʻo kekahi no ka hānai ʻana a me ka mahi ʻana iʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui a ʻoi aku ka nui.
ʻO ka kipa iā Tecali kahi hālāwai me nehinei, kahi hoʻomaha iki i ka nohona nui o kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻomaopopo ia iā mākou ma Mexico he nui nā wahi hoihoi; No mākou lākou a he waiwai e ʻike.
Inā ʻoe e hele i TECALI
He kūlanakauhale ʻo Tecali de Herrera ma kahi o 42 km mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Puebla, ma ke alaloa pekelala no. 150 e hele ana mai Tehuacán a i Tepeaca, kahi e lawe ai i ka ʻaoʻao ma laila. Ua kapa ʻia ia i mea e hoʻohanohano ai i ke kolonela ʻAmelona Ambrosio de Herrera.
