E pili ana i ke kumu a me ke ʻano o kona inoa, hōʻike nā mea āpau ʻo Querétaro kahi huaʻōlelo i loaʻa mai ka ʻōlelo Purépecha a me ke ʻano "pāʻani kinipōpō" (e like me Tlachco ma Nahuatl a me Nda-maxeien Otomí).
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Querétaro ka ʻāina o ka Otomi, akā i ka ʻike ʻana i ka naʻi aupuni o Mexico-Tenochtitlan, ua hoʻoholo nā hui like ʻole i noho i ia wahi e haʻalele iā ia e komo i nā ʻāina ʻākau, i mea e pakele ai nā haku hou. Ua loli maoli ko lākou ola, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i waiho wale i kā lākou waiwai a me nā mea pono, akā hāʻawi pū lākou i ko lākou ola sedentary e lilo i poʻe ʻimi holoholona, e like me nā Chichimecas. E pili ana i ke kumu a me ke ʻano o kona inoa, hōʻike nā mea āpau ʻo Querétaro kahi huaʻōlelo i hele mai mai ka ʻōlelo Purépecha a me ke ʻano o "pāʻani kinipōpō" (e like me Tlachco i Nahuatl a me Nda-maxeien Otomí). ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Querétaro ka ʻāina o ka Otomi, akā i ka ʻike ʻana i ka naʻi aupuni o Mexico-Tenochtitlan, ua hoʻoholo nā hui like ʻole i noho i ia wahi e haʻalele iā ia e komo i nā ʻāina ʻākau, i mea e pakele ai nā haku hou. Ua loli maoli ko lākou ola, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i waiho wale i kā lākou waiwai a me nā mea pono, akā hāʻawi pū lākou i ko lākou ola sedentary e lilo i poʻe ʻimi holoholona, e like me nā Chichimecas.
Aia ke kūlanakauhale o Querétaro i kēia manawa ma kahi puʻu e kū ana ma ka puka o kahi awāwa liʻiliʻi, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1 830 mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai. He akahai ke aniau a ma ka laulaha ua kaulike ka ua i nā manawa āpau o ka makahiki. Aia nā wahi o ke kūlanakauhale i kahi panorama semi-wao nahele, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai nā mea kanu e ka cacti o nā ʻano laha like ʻole. Aia kona heluna kānaka ma waena o 250 a me 300,000 mau kānaka, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma kahi o 30 km2. ʻO nā hana waiwai nui ka ʻoihana, ka mahiʻai, a me ke kālepa.
MOOLELO
ʻO ka mea lanakila Sepania mua i hōʻea i kēia awāwa i 1531 ʻo Hernán Pérez de Bocanegra a hana ʻo ia pēlā me kahi hui ʻōiwi o Purépecha a me Otomí mai Acámbaro, a ua hoʻoholo lākou e loaʻa kahi kūlanakauhale.
Ma muli o kahi hakakā ma waena o Pames a me nā Paniolo (me kā lākou mau mea kōkua), ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Conín, kahi Otomí Pochteca kahiko, i Kristiano a ua bapetizo ʻia me ka inoa Sepania ʻo Hernando de Tapia.
ʻĀ, ʻo Don Hernando de Tapia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kaona mua o Querétaro i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ka Crown (1538), akā ma muli o nā kūlana o ka ʻāina, ma hope, ma 1550, ua neʻe ka lehulehu i kahi o kāna kikowaena nani i kēia lā. mōʻaukala. No Juan Sánchez de Alanís ka papa kuhikuhi nui o ka heluna kanaka.
Me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua lilo ʻo Querétaro i noho o kahi nui o nā ʻaha kūkā a me nā haukapila, i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā manawa like ʻole a me nā ʻaoʻao hoʻomana ʻokoʻa. Aia kekahi mau Franciscans, Jesuits, Augustinians, Dominicans, Discalced Carmelites, a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kekahi o nā hale haipule nui loa i kēia kūlanakauhale, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka kenekulia 16, ʻo ia ka hale ʻaha ʻo Santa Cruz, nona ka manaʻo e paipai i ka hoʻomana o ke Keʻa Hemolele o ka Naʻi Aupuni. Eia nō naʻe, no ka manawa lōʻihi e kūkulu ʻia ana kēia hale a ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāhiku i hoʻopau ʻia (ka luakini a me ka hale ʻaha. I ka hopena, ua haʻalele nā mikionali hanohano i catechized ma ka ʻākau a me ka hema o ke aupuni o New Spain mai kēia wahi: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Alta California, Guatemala, a me Nicaragua. ʻO kekahi hale o ka nani nui a me ka mea nui ka Royal Convent o Santa Clara, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāhiku haneli (1607) na Don Diego Tapia (ke keiki a Conín), i hiki i kāna kaikamahine ke hoʻokō i kāna hana haipule.
ʻAʻole like me nā kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o New Spain, ua ulu nui ka ʻoihana Querétaro mai ka ʻumikūmāhiku kenekulia, kahi manawa i hana ʻia ai nā hoʻopukapuka nui e kūkulu hou i nā hale o ke kenekulia i hala, ka mea i hoʻomaka e ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka poʻe holomua. . Mai ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāhiku, ua noi ka Queretans i ke poʻo inoa o ke kūlanakauhale no ko lākou lehulehu, akā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ka Mōʻī Sepania (Felipe V) i ka ʻae a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāwalu (1712), i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia ai iā ia ka inoa ʻo Very Noble a me Very Kūlanakauhale kūpaʻa o Santiago de Querétaro.
ʻO ka waiwai nui a me ka waiwai moʻomeheu i loaʻa i kēia kūlanakauhale i ʻike ʻia i loko o kāna hale haipule a me nā civic maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā hana hoʻokele waiwai nui o Querétaro, ma nā wahi kaiāulu, ka hana mahiʻai a me ka hānai ʻana o nā holoholona nui a liʻiliʻi, a ma nā kaona i ka hana ʻana i nā lole maikaʻi a me nā hana kalepa ikaika. ʻO Querétaro lāua ʻo San Miguel el Grande i kēlā manawa nā kikowaena nui o ka hana lole; Ma laila, ʻaʻole wale nā lole o nā mea miners a me nā mahiʻai o Guanajuato o ka wā viceregal i hana ʻia, akā ʻo nā lole lole maikaʻi maikaʻi i loaʻa ka mākeke ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o New Spain.
A inā ʻaʻole lawa kēia, ʻo Querétaro ka manawa mau o nā hanana like ʻole i hala i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻāina. I loko o nā makahiki mua o ke Kenekulia XIX, i kēia kūlanakauhale ua mālama ʻia nā hālāwai a i ʻole nā ʻākoakoa i hoʻomaka i ke kaua o ke Kuokoa o Sepania. ʻO kekahi o nā mea i komo nui i kēia mau hālāwai, ʻo ia ke kāpena o nā Dragons o ka Mōʻīwahine Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, kahi hoa aloha o ka corregidora Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. I ka hopena, e lilo lākou i protagonists o ka neʻe kaua o 1810.
E like me ka ʻike i nā poʻe āpau, i ka pō o Kepakemapa 15, 1810, ua hoʻolaha aku ka Corregidora iā Kāpena Allende ua ʻike ʻia ke kipi ʻo Querétaro e ke aupuni viceregal, ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka neʻe kūʻokoʻa ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. . ʻO ke kiaʻāina o Querétaro, ʻo Mr. Ignacio Pérez, ka mea i huakaʻi i San Miguel el Grande e hoʻomaʻamaʻa aku iā Allende, akā i kona loaʻa ʻole ʻana iā ia, ua neʻe ʻo ia i ka hui o Kāpena Juan Aldama i ka Hui o Dolores (i kēia lā ʻo Dolores Hidalgo), kahi o Allende lāua ʻo Hidalgo. ka mea i hoʻoholo e hoʻomaka i ka neʻe kaua i ke kakahiaka nui o Sepatemaba 16.
I ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ke kaua a ma muli o nā hōʻike i loaʻa i ka makaʻāinana o ka makaʻu o ka poʻe Queretans, noho ke kūlanakauhale i ka lima o nā aliʻi, a ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka 1821 ke hiki i ka pūʻali koa kūʻokoʻa alakaʻi ʻia e General Agustín de Iturbide ke lawe. . I ka makahiki 1824 ua kūkala ʻia ka panalāʻau o ka Querétaro kahiko kekahi o nā mokuʻāina e hoʻokumu i ka Repubalika hou o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā makahiki mua o ka Repubalika. Kūleʻa ʻole nā aupuni Mekiko mua a no laila nui nā pilikia politika i kū i nā mea like ʻole, e like me Querétaro, ka mea pili i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mexico, ʻike pinepine i nā hanana kolohe.
Ma hope, i ka 1848, ʻo Querétaro ke kahua o ke kuʻikahi kuikahi i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻia ʻana o ko mākou ʻāina e kēlā lāhui. He hale keaka nui nō ia o nā hanana i ka wā o ka hana a Palani a me ke aupuni o Maximilian. ʻO kēia kūlanakauhale ke kahakaha hope loa a ka pūʻali koa repubalika e hoʻokahuli ai i ka imperialism.
Ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki e hala i ke kūlanakauhale e hoʻomaka hou i ka hana hou ʻana i kahi moʻo o nā hale i haʻalele ʻia i ka wā o nā hoʻokūkū paʻakikī ma waena o nā conservatives a me nā liberal. E like me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe he nui i ka ʻāina, ua hōʻike ka Porfiriato i kahi manawa o ka rebound no Querétaro e pili ana i nā hana kuʻuna a me nā kūlanakauhale. a laila kūkulu ʻia nā pā, nā mākeke, nā hale hanohano, a pēlā aku.
Eia hou, ma muli o ka neʻe kaua o 1910, ua ʻike ʻo Querétaro i nā hanana nui i ka moʻolelo o Mekiko. No nā kumu palekana, ma Pepeluali 2, 1916, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Don Venusiano Carranza i kēia kūlanakauhale i ka noho o nā mana panalāʻau o ka Repubalika. Hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻekolu mau lā ma hope mai, ʻo ka Theatre o ka Repubalika ka wahi i hoʻolaha ʻia ai ke Kumukānāwai Kālaiʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi palapala e hoʻomau nei i kēia manawa i ke ola o nā kamaʻāina Mexico āpau.
NA KUMU NUI O KA PONO ANA MA KA WALK
Hiki ke hana i ka hele wāwae ma waena o Querétaro mai nā kiko like ʻole, akā ʻo ka mea kūpono loa ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke kikowaena. Ma ka Plaza de la Constitución aia kahi wahi kaʻa kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke haʻalele i kāu kaʻa me ka hilinaʻi.
He mau mika ka mamao mai ka puka o ka hale kaʻa, ʻo ia ka hale pule kahiko o Kapalakiko i kēia lā ke keʻena nui o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Regional, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke mahalo i kekahi o nā hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi loa o nā kiʻi kiʻi viceregal. Kaulana kēia hale no ka mōʻaukala o ke kūlanakauhale no ka mea ʻo ka laina mua o ke kaona i hoʻokumu ʻia e Hernando de Tapia i hoʻomaka ʻia mai laila. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana he ʻumi paha makahiki (1540-1550).
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ka hale o kēia manawa ka hale mua; ʻO ia ka hale i kūkulu hou ʻia i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 17 e ka mea kākau kaulana ʻo José de Bayas Delgado. Malia paha ʻo ka vestige maopopo wale nō o ka 16th kenekulia ka pōhaku ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi i kālai ʻia ai ke kōkua o Santiago Apóstol. ʻO nā waihona o kēia luakini kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻolālā hale o ka haku Bayas, ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka hana me ka Francis Francis fraces i ka hana hou ʻana o ka hale konikona i ʻelua mau makahiki i hala ʻelua mau makahiki i hala.
Ke haʻalele ʻoe i kēia hale, huli ʻākau a hele i Calle de 5 de Mayo. Ma laila ʻoe e ʻike ai i kahi hana kīwila i kauoha ʻia e kūkulu ma kahi o 1770 o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala ʻoiai ʻo ia ke keʻena nui o nā Royal House o kēia kūlanakauhale. Akā ʻo ka hanana mōʻaukala kaulana paha ka mea mai ʻaneʻi, ma Kepakemapa 14, 1810, ka wahine a ke kiaʻāina o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻo Mrs. Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, i hoʻouna aku i kahi leka iā San Miguel el Grande i kamaʻilio ʻia iā Kāpena Ignacio de Allende, e hōʻike ana iā ia e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻolālā e hoʻokuʻu iā New Spain mai ke aupuni Sepania. I kēia lā ʻo ia ka Hale Aupuni, noho o nā mana mokuʻāina.
Ma nā alanui o Libertad a me Luis Pasteur ka hale o Don Bartolo (Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻomaopopo Aupuni i kēia manawa), kahi hiʻohiʻona nani o ka hoʻolālā kīwila mai ka wā viceregal, kahi i noho ʻia e kekahi mea koʻikoʻi nui no ka hoʻokele waiwai o New Spain : ʻo ka Marquis de Rayas don Bartolomé de Sardaneta y Legaspi, ʻo ia me kona ʻohana he paionia o ka hana ʻenehana i ka ʻoihana mining o Guanajuato. ʻO lākou ke kuleana no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lāʻau kū mua hohonu hohonu, i kūleʻa nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mina viceregal.
ʻAʻole like me nā hale o ke kenekulia 17, i nā kenekulia 18 i kūkulu ʻia me nā mea hoʻonaninani nui aʻe. ʻO ka façade o ka Luakini o San Agustín kahi ʻano e ka hōʻike ʻana i ʻekolu mau kino i hoʻopau ʻia me kahi keʻa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi niche i hana ʻia ma ka pōhaku ʻalani a hoʻonani nui ʻia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia luakini i 1736.
ʻO ke kanalua ʻole kekahi o nā hale ʻelele nui loa o Queretaro haipule haipule o ka 18 kenekulia ka Luakini a me Convent o Santa Rosa de Viterbo, ʻoiai ʻo kona mau puʻupuʻu a i ʻole nā pāleʻa lele ke ʻano o kekahi o nā hana hou i kūkulu ʻia o ia manawa, i manaʻo ʻia e kūkulu i nā hale nui a i ka manawa like e hana i nā kāhiko ikaika loa, akā nani i ko lākou ʻano.
Akā inā ʻoluʻolu nā ʻano o ka waho iā mākou, nā mea o loko e hoʻonani iā mākou; kona 18th kenekulia ʻāpana kiʻi i kāhiko ʻia me ka ʻono maikaʻi loa, kahi mahalo i nā ʻano mea kanu. ʻO nā poʻo nui, nā pule, nā puka, nā kolamu, nā ʻānela a me nā haipule, hoʻouka ʻia nā mea āpau e nā lau gula, nā pua a me nā hua. A inā ʻaʻole lawa kēlā, hoʻonaninani ʻia ka pīpā i kahi kaila Moorish me nā inlays o ka mom-of-momi, ʻelepani a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe i lilo ia i mea hana maoli no ka hana cabinet.
ʻO ka wahi nani a me ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka Alameda mai ka wā viceregal, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i hana ʻia i nā hana like ʻole i hoʻololi i kona ʻano maoli. Maliʻa paha ua hoʻonani ʻia ia me nā ʻano kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai nā laurel o India i kēia lā e ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka ʻāina kūloko o ka Alameda, mai kahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei.
Haʻalele mākou i ka wai wai a hiki i ka hopena, kahi hiʻohiʻona nani o ka hana ʻenekini hydraulic o ka wā viceregal no ka mea, me ke kanalua ʻole, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻomanaʻo nui loa ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Querétaro. Kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 18 e ka Marquis de la Villa del Villar del águila i mea e māʻona ai i ka pono mua o nehinei a mau nō, i kēia lā ke kū nei ia i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe, e kū nei i waena o nā kaona kūlanakauhale o ka lehulehu.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokō hou i kāna hana mua, ʻaʻohe panorama kūlanakauhale o Querétaro kahi e kū ʻole ai ke kino wīwī akā ikaika o ka wai. ʻO kāna 74 mau piʻo hanohano ke ʻano o nā lima e hoʻokipa nei i ka poʻe e makemake e hauʻoli i nā hola hiki ʻole ke hoʻopoina.
ʻO kēia huakaʻi liʻiliʻi ma nā alanui o Querétaro e like ia me ka mea ʻono o kahi pāʻina ʻono. Nāu nō ia, e ka makamaka heluhelu, e leʻaleʻa i ka ʻaha ʻaina momona o nā kinona baroque, nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia iā mākou e nā kaona kūlanakauhale o Querétaro. Bon Appetite.
ʻO nā wahi ʻē aʻe e kipa aku ai, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka Neptune Fountain, kahi hana i hana ʻia e ka mea kākau ʻo Guanajuato kaulana ʻo Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras ma 1797; ʻo ka hale o nā ʻīlio, kahi i noho lōʻihi ʻia e Mariano de las Casas, kekahi o nā arkitect kaulana loa ma Querétaro; ka Casa de la Marquesa i noho ʻia e ka wahine a ka Marquis del Villar, ka mea kōkua o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka mea nāna i kūkulu i ka wai wai. ka Hale Keaka Nui o ka Repubalika; ʻo ka hale kahiko o ka hapaʻumi; ka Hale o nā Pilikia ʻElima, a me ka hale o Ecala.
Puna: Un Mexico Mexico No. 224 / ʻOkakopa 1995
