ʻO ka pepa paha ka mea kahiko loa a kānalua ʻole ka hōʻike lehulehu o ka hoʻolālā kiʻi. Pili kekahi manaʻo e pili ana i ka evolution a me nā manaʻolana o ka cartel me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana.
ʻO kekahi ʻoihana a i ʻole ʻona, ke noi nei i nā lawelawe o ka pāleka e paipai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi ʻatikala ma ka mākeke, ka diffusion o nā hōʻike, ka huakaʻi a i ʻole nā kaiāulu orientation, he mana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mana kiʻi. I ka ʻoihana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, he kikoʻī a kikoʻī loa nā pelaha: e hoʻolaha i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a hoʻonui i kahi lehulehu i nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
ʻOiai, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ʻo Mexico i kēia hanana, a mai ka 1896, mai ka hōʻea ʻana mai o Gabriel Veyre lāua ʻo Ferdinand Bon Bernard - nā ʻelele o nā kaikuaʻana Lumière, i mālama ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka cinematograph ma kēia ʻāpana o ʻAmelika. Ua kauoha ʻia e paʻi ʻia kahi moʻo o nā papahana, e ʻōlelo ana i nā manaʻo a me ka hale keaka e hōʻike ʻia ai lākou. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā paia o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mekiko me kēia propaganda, e ulu ana i nā mea i manaʻo nui ʻia a me ka ulu nui ʻana o ka hale. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i nā kūleʻa āpau i kēia mau hana i kēia mau pahu liʻiliʻi i ke ʻano o ka ipukukui, ʻike mākou ua hoʻokō lākou i kā lākou hana maʻamau: e hoʻolaha i ka hanana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e kahaha ke kahaha inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā pepa paʻi kokoke i ke kumumanaʻo i loaʻa iā mākou no lākou, mai ia manawa, ma Mekiko, no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hana keaka - a ʻo nā mea nui o ka hale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ʻano. o ke kuʻuna nui ma ke kapitala - he mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ma nā pelaha hoʻolaha e like me nā mea i hana ʻia e Toulousse-Lautrec, ma Palani, no nā hanana like.
ʻO ka boom mua liʻiliʻi o ka pepa ma ka hale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Mekiko e hiki mai ana mai 1917, ke Venustiano Carranza - luhi i ke kiʻi kūwaho o ka ʻāina i hoʻolaha ʻia ma muli o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o kā mākou Revolution - ua hoʻoholo e hāpai i ka hana ʻana o nā lipine i hāʻawi ʻia i ʻokoʻa loa ka hihiʻo o nā Mekiko. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole e hoʻopili wale i nā melodramas Italia i kaulana loa i ke kaiaulu kūloko, akā e hoʻohālikelike i kā lākou ʻano hoʻolaha, e like me, no ka manawa wale nō i hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ke kaha kiʻi ʻana o kahi pepa. kahi o ke kiʻi o ke heroine hoʻomanawanui lōʻihi o ka moʻolelo i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e hoʻohuki i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe hoʻolohe. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ke koena o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ke kenekulia iwakālua a i loko o nā makahiki iwakāluakūmālua, ke ʻano maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hana ʻia i kēlā mau manawa he anecedent o ka mea i kapa ʻia he photomontage. , kāleka a i ʻole kāleka lobby: he huinahā lōʻihi ma kahi o 28 x 40 knm, kahi i kau ʻia ai kahi kiʻi a pena ʻia nā hōʻaiʻē o ke poʻo inoa ma ke koena o ka ʻili.
I ka makahiki 1930, ua hoʻomaka ka pepa kia ma ke ʻano he mea pono nui no ka paepae ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka mau ka hana ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mai ka wā i hana ʻia ai ʻo Santa (Antonio Moreno, 1931). I kēlā manawa ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma Mekiko e like me ia, akā ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka 1936, ke kiʻi ʻia ʻo Allá en el Rancho Grande (Fernando de Fuentes), i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua manaʻo ʻia kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo kekahi o nā milestones i ka mōʻaukala o ka hale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Mekiko, ʻoiai ma muli o ke ʻano nui o ka honua, ua ʻae ʻo ia i nā mea hana o ka ʻāina e ʻike i kahi hoʻolālā hana a me kahi ʻano nīniona o nā kinima i uku ʻia no lākou.
KA POSTER O KA MAKAHIKI GULA O MEXICAN CINEMA
Ke hoʻomau nei i kēia laina o ka hana me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, i loko o kahi manawa pōkole i lilo ka ʻoihana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Mekiko i ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōlelo Sepania. Me kēlā kūleʻa mua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kāna hiki piha, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hōkū ma Mekiko, e like me ka mea i hana ma Hollywood, me ka mana ma loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi i kapa ʻia nā inoa ʻo Tito Guízar, Esther Fernández, Mario Moreno Cantinflas, Jorge Negrete. a i ʻole Dolores del Río, i kāna pae mua, a me Arturo de Córdova, María Félix, Pedro Armendáriz, Pedro Infante, Germán Valdés, Tin Tan a i ʻole Silvia Pinal, me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, i hōʻoia i ka kūleʻa o ka pahu. Mai ia manawa, i ka mea i kapa ʻia e nā loea like ʻole e like me ke Golden Age o ke kinima Mekiko, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka hoʻolālā o ka pelaha i kahi makahiki gula. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kumu o kā lākou mea kākau i kā lākou makemake e hoʻokō i kā lākou hana; ke hoʻokō nei, me ka ʻole o kahi pāʻālua a i ʻole nā laina i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia a i ʻole nā laina o ka hana, kahi moʻo o nā ʻano i kikoʻī kikoʻī ʻia i loko o ka puke i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Carteles de la Época de Oro del cine Mexicano / Poster Art mai ka Golden Age o Mekiko Cinema, na Charles Ramírez-Berg lāua ʻo Rogelio Agrasánchez, Jr. (Archivo Fílmico Agrasánchez, Imcine a me UDG, 1997). I kēlā mau makahiki, i ke ala, ʻaʻole kau inoa ʻia nā pelaha e kā lākou mea kākau, ʻoiai ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea pena kiʻi (nā mea pena kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, nā mea pena kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a i ʻole nā kaha kiʻi) i manaʻo ʻia he hana kalepa wale nō kēia. Me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei, mahalo i nā hana a nā loea e like me Agrasánchez, Jr., a me Ramírez-Berg, a me Cristina Félix Romandía, ʻo Jorge Larson Guerra (nā mea kākau o The Mexico Film Poster, i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka National Cinemas ma mua o 10. mau makahiki, no ka manawa lōʻihi ka puke wale nō e pili ana i ke kumuhana, ma waho o ka paʻi) a me Armando Bartra, ʻo ia ka mea i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i nā inoa e like me Antonio Arias Bernal, Andrés Audiffred, Cadena M., José G. Cruz, Ernesto El Chango García Cabral, ʻO Leopoldo lāua ʻo José Mendoza, ʻo Josep lāua ʻo Juanino Renau, ʻo José Spert, ʻo Juan Antonio lāua ʻo Armando Vargas Briones, ʻo Heriberto Andrade lāua ʻo Eduardo Urzáiz, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, no ka mea, ʻo kēlā mau kuleana no kekahi o kēlā mau hana kupaianaha i hoʻopili ʻia i nā pelaha o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hana ʻia ma waena o 1931 a 1960.
HOOPAU A ME KA HOʻOHOLO ANA I KA POSTER
Ma hope o kēia wā hanohano, a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka panorama o ka ʻoihana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka hapa nui o kanaono mau makahiki, ʻo ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka pepa kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma Mekiko e ʻike nei i kahi mediocrity weliweli a hohonu, a koe wale nō kekahi. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa e like me kekahi o nā hana i hana ʻia e Vicente Rojo, Alberto Isaac a i ʻole ʻo Abel Quezada, ma ka laulaha hāʻule ʻole i loko o ka apathy a me ka melemele me nā hoʻolālā nani i ke koko ʻulaʻula, nā calligraphies a me nā kiʻi keu o nā wahine i hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i nā wahine nui. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ia mau makahiki, keu hoʻi i ka hopena o kēia mau makahiki he ʻumi, e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka mōʻaukala o ka hale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Mekiko, kahi hanauna hou o nā mea hoʻolālā e hana lima ana, a ma hope, me ka hoʻohui pū ʻana o nā mea kaha kiʻi paleki ʻoi aku ka ʻike i nā aʻo ʻē aʻe, hōʻano hou lākou i nā manaʻo o ka hoʻolālā papaha ma o ka ʻaʻa ʻana e hoʻohana i kahi ʻano o nā ʻano novel a me nā manaʻo.
ʻOiai, i ka hoʻohou hou ʻia ʻana o nā cadres ʻoihana o ka ʻoihana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Mekiko, i ka hapa nui o kona ʻano, ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pelaha. Mai ka 1966-67, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā pelaha, ma ke ʻano he kiʻi kiʻi nui, kahi kiʻi nui nui o ke kumuhana i kamaʻilio ʻia e ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ma hope ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi typeface o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano ʻokoʻa. A ʻaʻole ia no ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o nā kiʻi i nā paʻi, akā ʻo ka mea nui ʻokoʻa ma kēia ʻano hana, ʻo ka mea i kau ʻia i loko o kēlā mau pālaha, ʻo ia wale nō nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi ʻia o nā mea hana keaka i komo i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ua lilo kona hopena kahiko i ka lehulehu. Mai poina i ka ʻōnaehana hōkū kahi mea o ka wā i hala i kēlā manawa.
ʻO kekahi kaila i kamaʻāina koke ka minimalist, kahi e like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kiʻi holoʻokoʻa mai nā kiʻi kiʻi liʻiliʻi. Maʻalahi ke kani akā ʻaʻole ia, no ka mea e kiʻi i ka manaʻo hope he mea pono e hoʻohui i kahi mau manaʻo a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā poʻomanaʻo o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a e noʻonoʻo i nā alakaʻi alakaʻi e ʻae ai i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi pēlaha nani nona ka hana kumu e hoʻokō. ka pahuhopu o ka huki ʻana i ka poʻe i nā kinima. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, i nā manawa he nui i kō ʻia kēia pahuhopu ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana, a me ka hōʻoia o kēia nā hana lehulehu ʻole, ma mua o nā mea a pau o ka mea hoʻolālā hana o kēlā manawa, ka mea i kānalua i kahi manawa me kāna kaila hilahila ʻole: ʻo Rafael López Castro.
KA HUAKAHI MAKAHIKI I KA HOU ANA I KA POSTER
I kēia mau manawa i hala aku nei, ʻo nā pahuhopu mercantile a me nā hopena kaiaulu, me kekahi mau hoʻololi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia nā mea i lanakila ma Mekiko a hiki i ka manaʻo o nā paʻi kiʻi cinematographic. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono mākou e kuhikuhi ia me ka ʻōnaehana loea nui a mākou i ʻike ai, keu hoʻi ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo kekahi o nā wahi i pōmaikaʻi nui ʻia i kēia mea ʻo ia ka hoʻolālā. ʻO nā hāmeʻa hou i kū a hana hou ʻia me ka wikiwiki nui i hāʻawi i nā mea hoʻolālā i nā mea hana hana nui, me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻana i kā lākou hana, ua wehe lākou i kahi panorama nui a ʻaʻohe manaʻo a ʻaʻohe makemake. ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana. No laila ke hāʻawi nei lākou iā mākou ma ke ʻano he hopena o nā kiʻi nani, wiwo ʻole, hoʻoweliweli a i ʻole hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia, e hoʻohuli mau ai i kā mākou nānā, no ka maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha.
Me nā mea i luna aʻe, he mea kūpono e koi aku i kēia ʻenehana āpau e waiho ʻia i ka lawelawe ʻana a nā mea hoʻolālā, he pono hana pono ʻole ia no kahi kālena no kā lākou kālena a me kā lākou hoʻoulu manaʻo. ʻAʻole loa ia e hiki, a ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole ia. nā inoa o Rafael López Castro, Vicente Rojo, Xavier Bermúdez, Marta León, Luis Almeida, Germán Montalvo, Gabriela Rodríguez, Carlos Palleiro, Vicente Rojo Cama, Carlos Gayou, Eduardo Téllez, Antonio Pérez Ñico, Concepción Robinson Coni, Rogelio Rangelez , Bernardo Recamier, Félix Beltrán, Marta Covarrubias, René Azcuy, Alejandro Magallanes, Ignacio Borja, Manuel Monroy, Giovanni Troconni, Rodrigo Toledo, Miguel Ángel Torres, Rocío Mireles, Armando Hatzacorsian, Carolina Kerlow a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, ʻo ia mau nō ka nā inoa kūmole i ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i ka pahu kinima Mekiko o nā makahiki he kanakolu i hala. Iā lākou āpau, i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a pau i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, a i nā mea i hana i ka pelaha no nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Mekiko o nā manawa āpau, e lilo kēia ʻatikala pōkole i mea ʻike liʻiliʻi akā pono kūpono no ka hana ʻana i kahi kuʻuna moʻomeheu kupaianaha o ka pilikino pilikino a me ka lāhui. Ma waho o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna nuʻukia nui, ʻoiai ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa, nā mea i hōʻino ʻia i kāna kiʻina kiʻi, ua hele mākou i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni e ʻike wale ai ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pelaha ma mua o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻAʻole ala, ua hana lākou i kā lākou hana, a ua hoʻokō ka pelaha i kāna pahuhopu: e hopu iā mākou me kāna kilokilo ʻike.
Puna: Mekiko i ka Manawa Helu 32 Kepakemapa / ʻOkakopa 1999
