I nā makahiki i hala aku nei o ke kenekulia i hala, ma muli o ka mea nui i loaʻa i ka mōʻaukala kahiko i nā manawa i hoʻolālā ʻia ai ka lunamakaʻāinana i ka politika, hana hou ʻia ka mua o ka Hispanic ma mua o Mexico.
ʻO kēia loiloi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana o nā hanana i hala, a keu hoʻi o ka manawa ma mua o ka lanakila ʻana o ʻEulopa i ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā ʻoihana moʻomeheu like ʻole e hua i kēia manawa.
ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hōʻike ʻia ka mea nui o ka National Museum; ʻO kēia, mai kona hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i ka hale aliʻi nani o ka manawa o Felipe V, aia ma nā alanui o La Moneda, History Center o ke kapikala ʻo Mekiko, lilo ia i waihona o nā mea he nui archaeological a me nā mōʻaukala i hoʻopakele ʻia mai ka incuria; me ka hoʻohui i nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e kēlā me kēia kanaka a me nā mea i loaʻa kahi huahana o ka hoihoi i loaʻa i ke aʻo ʻana mai nā wahi mamao loa, i ʻeli ʻia e nā komisina ʻepekema o kēlā manawa.
Ma kēia ala, mahalo ka lehulehu ākea a me ka poʻe hoihoi i nā kia hoʻomanaʻo o ka wā kahiko o Mekiko, kahi i ʻike lohi ʻia ai ko lākou manaʻo huna. ʻO kekahi mea i kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka lāhui ʻōiwi i ka wā kahiko ʻo ia ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau hana mōʻaukala nui e pili ana i ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e Fausto Ramírez, ka mea nāna i kuhikuhi i waena o nā hana nui ka nui mua o Mexico ma nā kenekulia. , ʻo Alfredo Chavero ka mea kākau, ka Mōʻaukala Kahiko a me ka Naʻi Aupuni o Mekiko, na Manu Orozco y Berra, a me nā ʻatikala hoihoi a hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia hoʻi e pili ana i nā kumuhana archaeological i hoʻonui i ka Anaies o ka National Museum. Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua paʻi ʻia nā mōʻaukala a me nā moʻolelo a me nā codices kahiko e pili ana i ka poʻe heluhelu e pili ana i ka lāhui autochthonous a me kā lākou manaʻo nui ʻili.
Wahi a nā loea i ka hana noʻeau kenekulia 19, ua hana ka Mokuʻāina i kahi papahana ideological e koi ana i kahi ʻano hana noʻeau e kākoʻo i nā hoʻolālā aupuni, no kēia kumu ua paipai ia i nā haumāna a me nā kumu o ka Academia de San Carlos e e komo i ka hana ʻana i nā hana nona nā kumuhana i kuhikuhi kikoʻī i ko mākou lāhui a e hana i kahi hōʻike ʻike i kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui loa i ka mōʻaukala i loaʻa iki i ka mana kūhelu. ʻO kēia nā mele mele kaulana loa: Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, na Félix Parra, ka Senate o Tlaxcala a me ka Discovery pulque, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
No Ida Rodríguez Prampolini "ʻO nā kiʻi pena nui ma ke kumumanaʻo ʻōiwi i pena ʻia i ka hapahā hope o ke kenekulia e nā mea pena kiʻi mai ke kula, ua pili like i ka manaʻo mālamalama o nā Creole i loaʻa ke kūʻokoʻa, ma mua o nā mestizos, ma ke ʻano he papa hakakā. ua hele mai lākou i ka mana ma hope o nā kaua hoʻoponopono a me nā hana koa a nā liberal a puni ʻo Benito Juárez. ʻO ka hui Creole i hele i ka mana ma hope o ke kaua o ke kūʻokoʻa ua manaʻo lākou i ka pono e hōʻoia i kahi wā hanohano a hanohano e kūʻē aku iā ia i ka wā kahiko o ko lākou noho malihini ʻana a hoʻokau ʻia. E wehewehe kēia i kēia hana kiʻi kūikawā me kahi aʻa ʻōiwi, e like me ka mea kākau hoʻokahi, a hiki i nā makahiki he 10 i hala o ka 19 kenekulia a hoʻopau i ke kiʻi pena na ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo Leandro Izaguirre El torture de Cuauhtémoc, i pena ʻia i ka makahiki 1892, ka lā a ka Academia de Ua hoʻopau ʻo San Carlos me ka hana ʻana i kēia mau haʻi moʻolelo.
ʻO kēia kuhikuhi mōʻaukala-noʻeau e pili ana i ka hana noʻeau Mekiko o kahi ʻano mua o ka Hispanic e ʻae iā mākou e loiloi i nā chrome-lithographs nani e hōʻike nei i ka puke i kapa ʻia ʻo La Virgen del Tepeyac, na ka Spanish Spanish álvarez Prieto, i paʻi ʻia ma Barcelona e I. F. Parres y Cía Luna hoʻoponopono.
Aia nā hana i loko o ʻekolu mau puke mānoanoa i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o 24 mau papa e hāʻawi i ke ola i ka moʻolelo kaumaha, i kākau ʻia i ke kaila o kēlā mau manawa; ʻO ke kumuhana, e like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, hoʻolaʻa ʻia ia i ka haʻi ʻana i nā hanana a me nā moʻolelo like ʻole e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka Virgin of Guadalupe. Ma o kāna ʻaoʻao, hiki i ka mea heluhelu ke aʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻomana ʻōiwi kahiko - ma laila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, kau ʻia ka mea a ka mea kākau i manaʻo ai he aberrant: mōhai kanaka - a ma kekahi mau loina o ia manawa, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia me nā moʻolelo hoʻokalakupua. kumakaia a aloha i kēia lā me he mea lā ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo - e like me nā koa Aztec hanohano me kahi wahine Sepania a me ke kaikamahine a Tenochca hanohano me ka naita peninsular.
Makemake mākou e hoʻokalakupua i ka lokomaikaʻi a me ke kala, a me ke akamai o kēia mau kiʻi, e like me kā mākou e noʻonoʻo ai, he ʻoliʻoli paha ka poʻe heluhelu; Aia nā kaha kiʻi i ka lithography a Lavielle de Barcelona e like me ko lākou māka o ka hana ʻana, i loko o ia mau mea hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke komo ʻana o nā mea pena kiʻi like ʻole me ka mākaukau like ʻole o ke kālepa, ua hōʻike kekahi o lākou i ke akamai nui. Mai ka hui nui ua kahakaha mākou i ka poʻe nona ka poʻomanaʻo Hispanic e pili koke ana i kahi idealization o ka mōʻaukala kahiko o Mekiko a me nā mea i ka hanana koke ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o ʻEulopa i ka ʻāina. Loaʻa i kēia mau kiʻi nā kiko o ka hui pū ʻana me nā pena aila nui-ʻano a mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma luna.
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, aia kekahi mau mea e pili ana i nā moʻolelo fictional i ka pāʻani: ke kamāliʻiwahine ʻōiwi, ke kahuna "loko ʻino", ke kanaka ʻōpio wiwo ʻole a me ke koa hanohano. Ua like kona lole me ka lole o ke keaka keaka: he keu ka hana o ke koa ʻaeto, ʻo nā ʻēheu o ka manu manu lele, manaʻo ʻia i ka lole, neʻe i ke ʻano o kona ʻano koʻikoʻi, a pehea e pili ana i ka lole o ke kahuna, ke kapa komo a me ke kapa komo. ka lōʻihi lōʻihi, e like me ke kapa komo o nā mea hana keaka o nā kenekulia i hala.
Hoʻonohonoho ka hiʻohiʻona i nā mea i loko o kahi kūlanakauhale maoli ʻole, kahi i lawe ʻia ai nā mea hoʻonaninani Mayan a me Mixtec me ka ʻole a me ka ʻike ʻole o nā pūnaewele archaeological a ua hoʻopili pū ʻia kahi hoʻolālā maikaʻi me lākou kahi e hōʻike ai nā hale i nā mea hoʻonaninani i kekahi ʻano. I kēia ala, hiki iā mākou ke wehewehe iā lākou ma ke ʻano he fret a i ʻole ʻaneʻane fret, i ka hoʻohui ʻia o nā "lattices wahaheʻe" i kapa ʻia, ʻike mākou, e ʻike i nā hale Maya o ke kaila Puuc.
Pono e ʻōlelo kūikawā no nā kia hoʻomanaʻo kālai a me nā mea e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu i loaʻa i nā mele: i kekahi mau manawa ua loaʻa ka ʻike maoli i ka mea kahakaha - nā helu a me nā moku lawelawe mai ka wā Aztec- a pēlā i kope ʻia ai; i nā hihia ʻē aʻe ua lawe ʻo ia i kumu hoʻohālikelike i nā kiʻi o nā codices, a hāʻawi iā ia i ʻekolu dimensionality. Ma ke ala, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo like i nā pena aila o nā mea kākau kula.
I nā chromolithographies e pili ana i nā hanana mōʻaukala maoli, mahalo ʻia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa e hōʻike ai iā lākou; He kanalua ʻole kēia ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole o ka ʻike. ʻO ka laʻana mua, kahi e pili ai ka pilina ma waena o Moctezuma a me nā Paniolo, alakaʻi koke ia i ke kumuhana i lawelawe ʻia e nā mea pena kiʻi baroque ʻo Mexico i pena ʻia nā "pale o ka naʻi aupuni" i hoʻonani ʻia i nā hale o ka poʻe naʻi aupuni. hoʻouna ʻia i Sepania. I ke kālai ʻana i kahi mea ma waena o Roman a me nā ʻōiwi o ka Amazon i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Haku o Tenochtitlan a me kāna mau hoa.
E pili ana i ka make kai make ʻana o Cuauhtémoc, he mea kupaianaha ka hui ʻana i haku ʻia e Gabriel Guerra, a me Leonardo Izaguirre a me kā mākou mea pena inoa inoa ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi poʻo nahesa hulu nui e lilo i wahi hoʻomaha no ka mōʻī ʻōiwi ʻehaʻeha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kāna kumu o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ke kahakaha kūlike o ka puke i hōʻike mua ʻia o ka puke Mekiko ma nā kenekulia, i paʻi ʻia hoʻi ma Barcelona.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, kū i waho ke kiʻi leʻaleʻa o ko Quetzalcoatl lele ʻana mai nā ʻāina Mekiko mai, kahi e waiho ai ke ʻano o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Palenque - i ke ʻano o nā kaha kiʻi a Waldeck - i hoʻopili wale ʻia i kahi ʻāina wao nahele hiki ʻole, i ʻike maka ʻia e nā mea kanu xerophytic lehulehu, Ma waena o nā mea hiki ʻole ke nalo i ka maguey, kahi i lawe ʻia mai ai ka pulque a Quetzalcoatl i ona ai, ke kumu o ka nalowale ʻana o kāna kiʻi mana.
Eia ʻo Quetzalcoatl kahi ʻano haipule Karistiano me nā lauoho keʻokeʻo lōʻihi a me nā ʻumiʻumi e komo i ka lole keaka, like loa me ke kahuna o Iudea kahiko, uhi paʻa ʻia me nā keʻa enigmatic i manaʻo ai nā mea kākau moʻolelo mua iā Quetzalcoatl ma ke ʻano he kahi ʻano o Sana Toma, hapalua o Viking, ka mea i hoʻāʻo, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa, ma mua o nā huakaʻi Columbian, e hoʻohuli i nā Indians i Kristiano.
I ka hapa nui o kēia mau paʻi puke o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa aia nā waiwai huna o nā kiʻi i hauʻoli i kā lākou poʻe heluhelu a manaʻo i ka wā i hala i unuhi hou ʻia: ua hoʻohewa lākou i ka poʻe kahiko a hoʻāpono i ka naʻi aupuni ʻana o ʻEulopa, a i ʻole hoʻokiekina i ka wiwo ʻole a me ka make ʻana o kā lākou meʻe ma ka lima o ka Lanakila Sepania.
