I ka wā hanohano o nā moʻomeheu mua-Hispanika e like me ka Maya, ka Mekiko, a me ka Totopike, a ma waena hoʻi o ka poʻe Poenikia, Helene, a me Roma, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā nīnaninau no nā hana haipule.
Ma kahi o ke anahulu i hala aku nei, ma hope koke iho o ka luʻu ʻana ma Cozumel me kahi pale maikaʻi loa o ko mākou kai, ʻo Ramón Bravo, hoʻomanaʻo wau ua ʻōlelo wau e ʻai mākou i ka iʻa iʻa, a laila ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Pale wau i ka ʻai ʻana i nā ipu conch-based, ke noʻonoʻo nei wau ke hāʻawi nei wau i kēia ala, ma ka liʻiliʻi iki, i ka mālama ʻana i ke ola kai ”.
I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mea akeakamai nui o ke ola kai, ʻo Jacques Ives Cousteau: "Gastropod mollusks can be dianggaped endangered species halos ma kahi o ka honua."
Pili nā snails i ka papa o nā mollusks a i kēia lā ua komo lākou he mau kaukani o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui. I ka honua holoholona, hōʻike nā mollusks i ka pūʻulu ʻelua i ka nui helu o nā ʻano i wehewehe ʻia, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 130 tausani mau ʻano ola a ma kahi o 35 tausani i kahi moku kākaʻa. ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kolo ma mua o lākou. Ma muli o ke ʻano nui o nā ʻano a me nā lawena e pili ana i ke kaiaolaola: hiki i ka hapa nui ma nā pae like ʻole i loko o nā pūnaewele trophic i loko o ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa, e like me ke kahua o ka trocófora a me nā ʻelele ʻauʻau velíger, a ma hope he mau mākua noho lākou i nā kaiaolaola o lākou ke koena.
ʻO Mollusks, nona ka inoa Lākina, mollis, ʻo ia hoʻi "palupalu", i hana ʻia e kahi hui nui a heterogeneous o nā holoholona e hōʻike i kahi ʻano like o ke ʻano o kekahi me kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, ke ukali nei ke kino o lākou āpau i kahi kumumanaʻo i loaʻa mai nā kūpuna like like, i hoʻomaka mua ʻia ma mua o ka manawa ʻo Cambrian, 500 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, iā lākou e kolo ai ma luna o nā pōhaku a me nā papa wai papau paheʻe.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala hulihonua ākea o nā hika ma muli o kā lākou pūpū mineral, i hiki ai i ko lākou mālama ʻia ʻana i nā hana fossilization a hāʻawi i kahi moʻolelo hoʻopaʻa manawa waiwai. Me ka kua i uhi ʻia e kahi pale convex, e pale ana i nā mea o loko, mai kinohi mai, ua hana ʻia kēia cuticle ʻeleʻele o nā mea kūlohelohe horny i kapa ʻia he conchiolin, me nā aniani kalepona carbonate.
Aia nā snail i waena o nā invertebrates ʻokoʻa loa, a ʻo kā lākou iwi hoʻokahi, ʻehaʻeha, hana i nā hale palena ʻole: pālahalaha, hoʻopuni ʻia, ʻōniʻoniʻo, elongated, laumania, hōkū a me nā mea hoʻonani. ʻO ko lākou nui awelika mai 2 a 6 cm ka lōʻihi, akā aia ka liʻiliʻi a me nā mea nui aku. I nā hui ʻē aʻe o nā mollusks, ʻoi aku ka nui o kekahi mau ʻano, e like me ka bivalve Tridacna o ka Pākīpika Hema, me 1.5 m ke anawaena, a i ʻole ia mau heʻe a me nā heʻe nui o ka hui cephalopod i hōʻea aku i hoʻokahi mika ka lōʻihi.
NĀ HANA I NĀ HOPE MA NĀ LĀINA
Ma waena o nā mea maʻamau nā gastropod mollusks, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pūpū a i ʻole nā nīʻau. He mau holoholona kino palupalu kēia e nani ʻole inā ʻaʻole no kā lākou mau pū, i manaʻo ʻia he mau hana o ke ʻano, ʻokoʻa ka 1 a 40 knm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino ma nā kapakai a me nā ʻākoʻakoʻa e hoʻohālikelike ana me nā leo pouli o nā mea me ka noho malu a me ka substratum pōhaku. Pēlā mākou i kēlā me kēia snail ka hopena o kahi hoʻololi ʻana i kona kaiapuni, kahi e mālama ai kekahi mau laha i ka nani a me ka ikaika o kā lākou mau kala no kā lākou kūloko.
Ua ʻike ʻo Gastropods i ka radiation adaptive ākea ma waena o nā mollusks a ʻo ia ka mea waiwai nui loa; Hoʻolahalaha ʻia lākou ma nā latitude a pau ma kahi o nā wahi āpau, kahi e noho ai lākou i lalo o ke one a me ka lepo a me nā lua pōhaku, nā ʻākoʻakoʻa, nā moku kūloko a me nā mangrove a e ola ana hoʻi ma waho o ka wai, ma nā pōhaku kahi e nalu ai nā nalu; ua hoʻouka kekahi i ka wai hou a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i aneane i nā kūlana o nā wai wai i nā wahi like ʻole a me nā latitude. a ua lilo ka lungfish i kā lākou gills a lilo i lole huluhulu, e lanakila ai i ka ʻāina terrestrial kahi e noho ai lākou i nā ululāʻau, nā ululāʻau a me nā wao akua, a noho pū i nā palena o nā hau mau loa.
Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala ua hana ʻia kēia mau hana nani nani e kahi invertebrate maʻalahi i kahi mea hoihoi i waena o nā ʻepekema, nā aliʻi hanohano a me nā poʻe maʻamau. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e kipa i nā kahakai a loaʻa i kahi kuhū, lawe lākou iā ia i ka home a noʻonoʻo pinepine i kona nani o ke kino e hoʻonani ai i kahi mea hana a i loko o kahi hōʻikeʻike; Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokaʻawale nā mea hōʻiliʻili i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona i kahi ʻano maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui e makemake e mahalo iā lākou no kā lākou ʻono ʻoluʻolu, a ma kā mākou kahakai mahana ua loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai aphrodisiac.
He hopena koʻikoʻi ko kēia mau holoholona i ka moʻomeheu kanaka, a mai ka wā kahiko he nui ka poʻe i hoʻohana iā lākou no ka haipule, hoʻokele waiwai, hana noʻeau a me nā hana leʻaleʻa. Ua mahalo ʻia kekahi mau laha no ko lākou ʻano haipule nui i mālama ʻia ma loko o ka mōʻaukala o nā moʻomeheu like ʻole, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai lākou i mau mōhai a me nā kāhiko no kekahi mau akua a me nā kūkulu. No laila, i ka nani o nā moʻomeheu pre-Hispanic e like me ka Maya, ka Mekiko a me ka Totatira. he mea nui lākou i kāna ʻike honua; ʻO nā mea like i waena o nā Poenikia, ʻAigupita, Helene, Roma a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā mea i hoʻohana iā lākou i meaʻai, mōhai, nā mea hoʻonaninani, kālā, nā mea kaua, nā mele, no ka hoʻonaninani a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kala e hoʻoluʻu i ka lole o nā papa hanohano .
No kahi ʻāina e like me Mekiko, nona nā kahakai ākea, hōʻike ʻia nā nīnaʻi kai i kahi kumuwaiwai nui e hoʻolako i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole o ka hana no nā lawaiʻa, nā kuke, nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hana lima, a ʻo nā poʻe loea i ka ʻepekema kai, ka biology a me ka wai kai. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hiki i kāna mau ʻokoʻa kikoʻī ke hoʻomohala i nā papahana noiʻi a hana i ka ʻike maʻamau e pili ana i ka hui, e kōkua ana e hoʻoholo pono i ka hoʻokele o ka papa gastropod nui.
KA PALAPALA A ME KA HAKAHI I NĀ PONO
I kēia manawa, ma ko mākou kahakai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā laha nui, ʻai a hoʻonanea paha, e loli ʻia e ka overcapture, e like me ka hihia o nā abalones (Haliotis), hoofs (Cassis), murex pink (Hexaplex) a ʻO ka murex ʻeleʻele (Muricanthus), a i ʻole nā ʻaʻa Poni (Purpura patula) ma ka Pākīpika; Pēlā nō, ma ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mexico a me ka Caribbean, ua ʻane hoʻopau ʻia nā nīna nui loa, e like me ka conch wahine (Strombus gigas), ka newt (Charonia variegata), ka chacpel gigantic (Pleuroploca gigantea), ka chiva kakaʻikahi (Busycon contrarium), nā cowgy lustrous (Cypraea zebra), ke kao spiny (Melongena corona) a me ka tulip (Fasciolaria tulipa), a me kēlā mau kakaikahi, me nā kani kuʻi, a no ka mea hiki ke kūʻai aku ko lākou wāwae muscular.
Ma Mekiko a me ka honua, ka rarity o nā laha he nui e hōʻike ana i kahi pū waikaua no ka make ʻana, no ka mea ʻaʻohe kikoʻī o ka honua no ko lākou mālama ʻana; i kēia lā ua ʻike nā ʻepekema a me nā lawaiʻa ʻaʻohe wahi kahi a kā lākou kāʻili ʻana i hana ʻeha ai i kā lākou lehulehu. I ko mākou ʻāina he pono ia e pale aku ma ke ʻano he makakoho he nui nā ʻano nīnō i hoʻopili nui ʻia; paipai i ka lawa kūpono o nā papahana hoʻohana pāʻoihana a hoʻokō i nā noiʻi kikoʻī ma nā ʻano hoʻoweliweli.
He kiʻekiʻe ka helu o nā ʻano kūloko, no ka mea, ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano he 1 000 no ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me 6 500 no ʻAmelika holoʻokoʻa, a mākou e kaʻana like nei i kahi nui o lākou, ʻoiai ma nā wai wale nō o ke awāwa ʻo Mexico i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o ʻelua haneli. o nā snails me ka iwi kūwaho, nā ʻāpana o ka papa gastropod a me bivalve. ʻOiai ma ke ʻano he mea nui kēia holoholona moana i ka nui, ʻike mākou he paʻakikī e ʻike i nā wahi hiki ʻole ke hele e like me nā kenekulia i hala, ua noho ʻia nā mea āpau a aneane ʻaʻohe palena o ko mākou mākaukau predatory.
Mai ke kula haʻahaʻa, hoʻopaʻa nā keiki o kēia lā i ke kālaolaola, e lilo i makaʻala i nā pilikia pili i ka nohona a aʻo e pili ana i nā pilina ma waena o nā meaola, ke kaiapuni a me ke kāne. Maliʻa o kaupalena ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana i ke kaiapuni i ka hopena o ke ola kai, ʻaʻole mea lōʻihi loa ia; Akā inā hoʻomau kēia helu, hiki i ka luku ke ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kaiaola honua. Hiki ke nalowale kēia mau moʻopuna o kekahi o nā ola mua ma ka honua, a he nani nā hana noʻeau a lākou, me nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā kinona ʻole e pīhoihoi ai i ka mea pena kiʻi pono, hoʻowalewale i ka poʻe maʻamau a me kā lākou ʻano lahilahi e hōʻoluʻolu i ka mea hōʻiliʻili koi nui loa; He mea liʻiliʻi ia, inā he mea hana wale ʻia i hana ʻia e kahi holoholona invertebrate, e hāpai mau ana i kona hale ma kona kua.
Puna: Un Mexico Mexico No. 273 / Nowemapa 1999
