Kuhi kēia kahua i ka hoʻomaka o ka mālama ʻōnaehana o ka seismicity ma ka wahi lua pele. Mai ka makahiki 1993, ua māhuahua ka hana seismic a me ka fumarolic. ʻO nā kuahiwi e piʻi ana i kēlā manawa ʻike pinepine.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1994 ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā wahi nānā me kahi wahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. No laila, ke Kuhina Kalaiaina, ma o ka General Directorate of Civil Protection, i hāʻawi aku iā Cenapred me ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokō ʻana o kahi pūnaewele seismic ākea me ke kumu kikoʻī o ka nānā a kiaʻi ʻana i ka hana a Popocatépetl.
I ka hapa lua o 1994, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā wahi seismic mua a ʻelua o kēia pūnaewele, ma waena o ka Institute of Engineering a me Cenapred. Hoʻohālikelike i nā hana o ka kahua, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā lako hoʻopaʻa leo i ka Cenapred Operations Center.
ʻO ka hana fumarolic i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o nā makahiki ʻelua i hala i ka hopena o nā lū ʻana o ka lua pele i nā hola mua o Kēkēmapa 21, 1994. ʻEhā mau kikowaena e hana nei i kēlā lā aʻo lākou ka mea i hoʻopaʻa i nā hanana pahū.
I ka wanaʻao, ua ʻike ʻia kahi plume lehu (ka inoa loea no ka wehe ʻana o nā ao hinahina kahaha nui), no ka manawa mua i loko o nā makahiki he 20, e puka mai ana mai ka lua pele. He kaulike ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka lehu a hana i kahi ʻōpoe ākea me ka hina hina i ke kūlanakauhale o Puebla, aia ma 45 kilomita hikina o ka piko. Wahi a nā noiʻi i mālama ʻia, ʻo nā ōlaʻi i kū ʻia ma Kēkēmapa 21 a me nā mea ʻē aʻe kahi huahana o ka haki o ke kūkulu kūloko e kumu i ka wehe ʻana o nā ʻauwai e pakele ai nā kinoea a me nā lehu he nui.
I ka makahiki 1995, ua kōkoʻolako ʻia ka pūnaewele mālama pono a hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kau ʻana o nā kikowaena ma ka pali hema o ka lua pele.
Ua kū ka nui o nā ālaina no ke kau ʻana o kēia pono, e like me ke anilā, nā ala kamaʻilio i kakaʻikahi i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka lua pele (koe ka maka ʻākau), no laila e wehe ʻia nā āpau
Pūnaewele nānā Glacial
ʻO ka glacier ka nui o ka hau e kahe ana i ka hana a ka umekaumaha e neʻe ana i lalo. ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i nā aniani e uhi ana i nā kuahiwi me nā hana lua pele e like me Popocatepetl; Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei ko lākou alo i kahi weliweli hou aʻe ma kahi o kēia ʻano lua pele, no laila e pono e hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau kino hau. I kēia ʻano, ua hōʻoia ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi kālaihonua e pili ana i nā aniani e uhi ana i ka luaipele e ka mea e nānā nei i ka ʻikepili glacial.
Ma Popocatepetl, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi wahi glaciated i loko o ka noiʻi hou loa e uhi ana i ka 0.5 km². Aia kekahi aniani i kapa ʻia ʻo Ventorrillo a ʻo kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Noroccidental glacier, hānau ʻia lāua ʻelua kokoke loa i ka piko o ka lua pele. Hōʻike ka mea mua i kahi hoʻonohonoho kūkulu ʻākau a iho i lalo i 4,760 mau mika ma luna o ke kai; Hoʻopau ʻia i nā ʻōlelo ʻekolu (ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻolōʻihi), kahi e hōʻike ai i ka loli ikaika, a ua koho ʻia kona mānoanoa nui ma 70 mika. Hōʻike ka glacier i kahi hoʻonohonoho komohana ʻākau a hoʻopau i 5,060 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai; manaʻo ʻia he glacier lahilahi e hoʻopau mālie, a ʻo ke koena o ka glacier nui aku.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nānā ʻana i nā moʻolelo paʻi kiʻi a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā waihona glacial e hōʻike ana aia kahi frank retreat a me ka lahilahi o ka nui o ka hau o Popocatepetl i hoʻokumu ʻia, ma ke ʻano, e ka hoʻololi aniau o ka honua e kū nei ma ka Honua. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā inventories ʻelua i paʻi ʻia ma 1964 a me 1993, ua helu ʻia kahi hōʻemi o ka glacier o 0.161 km², a i ʻole kokoke i 22 pākēneka.
Manaʻo ʻia nō hoʻi ka hopena o ka haumia o ka nohona ma Mexico City (ʻoi aku ma mua o 6,000 mau mika ma luna o ke kai) hiki ke hoʻopili i nā aniani o Popocatepetl ma muli o ka hopena o ka hale kōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻonui ai i ka wela o ka ea.
ʻOiai liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka pele o kēia lua pele, ikaika loa ia a hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia e ka hana o ke kuahiwi a hoʻoheheʻe hapa a ʻino paha, e hōʻino nui ana. ʻO ke ʻano ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma laila ma laila kahi pele pahū. Pono e wehewehe ʻia ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole mau ia o nā mea pahū, no ka mea, ʻo ka hemo ʻana o ka ea a me ka lehu i hōʻike ʻia e nā hanana seismic o ka haʻahaʻa a me ka hohonu, ʻoiai kahi pahū e komo ana ka lehu, nā kinoea, a me nā mea nui, me nā ōlaʻi kiʻekiʻe pinepine (kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a hohonu).
ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka lehu me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe mai ka glacier hiki ke hana i kahi kahe o ka sludge e neʻe i nā kahawai kahi e hoʻokahe ai nā glaciers i ka wai a hiki i nā lehulehu i ka hopena o lākou, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao Puebla hoʻi. Aia kekahi mau noiʻi kālaihonua e hōʻike nei i ka hanana ʻana o kēia mau phenomena i ka wā i hala.
I ka hopena, inā e hoʻopili ʻia nā glaciers e kahi pele a i ʻole no ka mea ua hoʻoholomua ke kanaka i kā lākou kaʻina hana hoʻi hope, aia kahi hoʻololi i nā mele o ka wai i nā poʻe e puni ana. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻomohala waiwai o ka ʻāina a hana i kahi hopena haʻalele i ka wā lōʻihi e paʻakikī e ʻike mua.
Ka manaʻo o ka heluna o nā lehulehu
ʻO ke keʻena ʻo Geography ka luna o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o ka lehulehu ma muli o ka hāʻule lehu. Ma ke kau mua o 1995, ua kālailai ʻia ke kuhikuhi a me ke ana o ka lehu lehu mai nā kiʻi mai ka satelite GEOS-8 ma Kēkēmapa 22, 26, 27, 28 a me 31, 1994. Me kēia, ka hopena ma ka heluna kanaka i loko o kahi radius o 100 mau kilomita a puni ka lua pele.
Mahalo i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka nohona o ka lewa a me ka mahalo i nā loli kuhikuhi o ka plume a i ʻole ke ao lehu i hōʻike ʻia e nā kiʻi ukali, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ke kūkulu hema a me ka hema a me ka hikina ka mea nui. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā ʻōnaehana makani pinepine i ka hoʻoilo. Pēlā nō, ua wānana ʻia i ke kauwela e hoʻololi ke ao lehu i kāna ala nui i ka ʻākau a i ke komohana paha, a pēlā e hoʻopau ai i kahi pōʻai makahiki.
ʻO ka wahi teritori i kālailai ʻia ma kahi o ka noiʻi ma kahi o 15,708 km² a uhi i ka Apana Pekelala, Tlaxcala, Morelos a me nā mokuʻāina ʻo Hidalgo, Mekiko a me Puebla.
E hōʻike ʻia kahi hihia e pili ana no Mexico City, no ka mea e hoʻohui ka nui o ka lehu mai Popocatépetl i kāna kūlana o ka hoʻohaumia kiʻekiʻe (ma ka liʻiliʻi he 100 mau mea haumia i ʻike ʻia i kona lewa), a no laila e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia no ke olakino o ko laila mau kamaaina.
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka lua pele i ka makahiki 1996
I mea e wehewehe a hoʻomaopopo ai i nā hanana hou, pono e ʻōlelo aʻe aia ma loko o ka lua Papu i loaʻa kahi lua lua a i ʻole kaumaha kaumaha i loko. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hanana ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o nā limahana i lawe i ka sulfur ma 1919. Ma mua o nā hanana hope loa i hana ʻia, ma lalo o laila kekahi loko wai o nā wai ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hana kolohe ana; Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, ua nalowale nā loko ʻelua a me ka lua o loko.
Me ka hana i hana ʻia i loko o Kēkēmapa 1994, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻelua mau ʻauwai hou, a me ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana o ka lua pele i Malaki 1996, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi ala ʻekolu i nā mea ʻelua i hala. he wahi hema ko ka ʻekolu. ʻO kekahi o lākou (kahi o ka hema loa) e hōʻike ana i ka hana kiʻekiʻe ʻana o ke kinoea a me ka lehu. Aia nā ʻauwai ma lalo o ka lua pele e pili ana i nā paia o loko a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka lua o ke ana i nalowale, aia ma ke kiko waena o ka lua nui a ʻoi aku ka nui.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ōlaʻi e kū mai nei mai kēia mau ʻauwai a hana ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu wikiwiki ʻana o nā kinoea i lawe i ka lehu mai nā kahawai pele, e lawe pū ana me lākou. ʻO nā ʻōlaʻi o nā ōlaʻi i ʻike ʻia ma nā pali ʻākau ka loaʻa o ko lākou hypocenter, ka hapa nui o lākou, ma waena o 5 a me 6 mau kilomita ma lalo o ka lua pele. ʻOiai aia kekahi i loko o ka hohonu, 12 mau kilomita, kahi e hōʻike ai i ka makaʻu nui aʻe.
ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana o nā hulu i kapa ʻia o nā lehu kahiko a anuanu hoʻi, a e like me ka makani e lawe ʻia nei e hali ʻia a waiho ʻia ma kahi kokoke o ka lua pele; ʻo nā ʻāpana i hōʻike ākea ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa ke kahakai ʻākau, hikina a me nā hema e kū pono ana i ka moku ʻo Puebla.
Hoʻohui ʻia ke kaʻina laulaha i kahi kipaku pele lohi (i hoʻomaka ʻia ma Malaki 25, 1996) mai ka waha o 10-mika ke anawaena, aia ma waena o nā aʻa aʻa a me ka lehu lehu hou. I ke kumu, he alelo liʻiliʻi ia i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā poloka o ka pele i mālama e hoʻopiha i ke kaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia i 1919. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana o ka pele extrusion i hana i kahi deflation a i ʻole huikau o ka cone i ka hema e komo ana i loko o ka lua pele me ka puka ʻana o kahi kihi o scum ma ʻApelila 8. No laila, ua hōʻike ʻo Popocatepetl i kahi kūlana weliweli hou e like me ka mea i ʻike maka ʻia e ka make ʻana o 5 mau kuahiwi, a ua hōʻea ʻia e kahi hanu i hana ʻia ma ʻApelila 30.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hāʻawi nā ʻike ākea i ka ʻike e hōʻoia ana i ke ʻano o ka hana hou ʻana e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma waena o 1919 a me 1923, a like loa me ka mea i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka lua pele ʻo Colima no 30 mau makahiki.
Ua hōʻoia nā loea ʻo Cenapred hiki ke kū i kēia kaʻina hana ma hope o kekahi manawa, no ka mea i ka wikiwiki o kēia manawa, e hala ana kekahi mau makahiki no ka hala ʻana o ka pele i ka lehelehe lalo o ka lua pele o Popocatépetl. I kēlā me kēia hihia, hoʻomau ʻia ka mālama ʻana i 24 mau lā o ka lā. I ka pau ʻana o ka hōʻike, hoʻomau mau ʻia nā komo maʻamau i Tlamacas a hoʻomau ʻia ka makaʻala lua pele - pae melemele - i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka lā ʻo Kēkēmapa 1994.
