ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ʻāina me ka waiwai kūlohelohe nui loa o ka honua a ʻaneʻane kokoke i ka hapalua miliona kilomika kilomika o ke kiʻekiʻe speleological hiki. Ke kono aku nei mākou iā ʻoe e huakaʻi me mākou i ka honua honua i loaʻa i ka poʻe kakaʻī ke ʻike.
Nui nā limedones Tertiary a me Quaternary, i hui pū ʻia me kā lākou wai nui i hāʻawi mai iā mākou i nā cenote, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā lua wai i loaʻa i ko lākou lōʻihi a me ka laulā. Aia he mau tausani cenotes. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia mau ʻano mai ka Mayans kahiko, i ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic, ʻo kā lākou hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana ʻōnaehana i kēia manawa, 30 mau makahiki i hala. He mea kupaianaha nā mea i ʻike ʻia e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā holomua hou loa o ka Sac Aktún a me Ox Bel Ha ʻōnaehana, ma Quintana Roo. Ua ʻoi aku lāua i ka 170 km ka lōʻihi, ma lalo o ka wai, ʻo ia ke kumu o nā lua i kahe nui ʻia i ʻike ʻia a hiki i Mekiko a me ka honua. Aia pū ka peninsula i kekahi o nā lua nani loa ma Mekiko e like me Yaax-Nik a me Sastún-Tunich.
I nā kuahiwi o Chiapas
Loaʻa iā lākou nā pāpale lime kahiko, mai ka Cretaceous, i haki pū ʻia hoʻi, shaggy a deformed, me ka hoʻohui i ka ua nui ma laila. Aia nā ʻāpana i nā ʻāwī kaulike a me nā āpau Pēlā iā mākou ka Soconusco System, me ka ʻaneʻane 28 km ka lōʻihi a me 633 m hohonu; ke ana o ka muliwai La Venta, me 13 km; ke ana kaulana ʻo Rancho Nuevo, me ka hoʻonui ʻana ma mua o 10 km a me ka hohonu o 520 m; ke ana ʻo Arroyo Grande, a 10 km ka lōʻihi; a me ka Chorro Grande me kahi ʻoi aku ma mua o 9 km. He mau ʻāwīwī kikoʻī kona e like me ka Sótano de la Lucha, kekahi o nā volumous nui loa ma Mekiko, me kahi luawai kū i aneane 300 m, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka muliwai o lalo; ʻo ka pou komo o ka Sótano del Arroyo Grande kahi kaulike o 283 m; ʻo ka Sima de Don Juan kahi hohonu nui hou me ka hāʻule ʻana o 278 m; ka Sima Dos Puentes he 250 m draft; i ka Soconusco System ka Sima La Pedrada me kahi kiʻekiʻe o 220 m; Sima Chikinibal, me ka hoʻolei loa ʻana o 214 m; a me ka Fundillo del Ocote, me kahi kulu o 200 mau mika.
Ma ka Sierra Madre del Sur
ʻO ia kekahi o nā panalāʻau paʻakikī paʻakikī, me nā hana pōhaku o nā kumu like ʻole, a me ka paʻa ʻole o ka seismic o kēia manawa. Ma kona ʻaoʻao hikina, piʻi nā kuahiwi o nā limestones Cretaceous kiʻekiʻe loa i kekahi o nā wahi ua nui loa o ka ʻāina, kahi i ʻimi ʻia ai kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana hohonu o ka honua. ʻO nā lua hohonu loa ma Mekiko a me ka ʻāina ʻAmelika e ʻike ʻia ma kēia panalāʻau, ma nā mokuʻāina ʻo Oaxaca a me Puebla, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea i ʻoi aku i ka 1,000 m o ke kaulike ʻole, he ʻeiwa ia. Hoʻolahalaha nui kekahi, ʻoiai lākou e hōʻike nei i nā hanana o kekahi mau ʻumi mau mile i ka lōʻihi. ʻO kēia e haʻi wale ai i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona lalo loa o kēia panalāʻau. Ke kū nei ka ʻōnaehana Cheve ma kēia ʻāina, me 1,484 ka hohonu o ka hohonu; a me ka Pūnaewele Huautla, me 1,475 m; ʻelua ma Oaxaca.
Ma ka Sierra Madre Oriental
Hōʻike ia i kahi kaʻina kuahiwi i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā limestones Cretaceous i hōʻano nui ʻia i nā pā nui. Kū kaulike kāna mau ana, me kahi hohonu loa, e like me ka Pūnaewele Purificación, me 953 m; ka Sótano del Berro, me 838 m; ka Sótano de la Trinidad, me 834 m; ka Borbollón Resumidero, me 821 m; ka Sótano de Alfredo, me 673 m; ʻo ia ʻo Tilaco, me 649 m; ka Cueva del Diamante, me 621, a me ka hale haʻahaʻa o Las Coyotas, me 581 m, i waena o nā mea kaulana loa. I kekahi mau ʻāpana he ulu nui ākea, e like me Tamaulipas, kahi lōʻihi o 94 km ka Purificación System, a ʻo Cueva del Tecolote me 40. Kaulana kēia ʻāina no ka manawa lōʻihi ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kāna chasms kū nui. Ua hāʻawi aku ʻelua i ka kaulana o ka honua, no ka mea ua noʻonoʻo ʻia lākou i waena o ka hohonu o ka honua: ʻo Sótano del Barro, me kāna kīʻaha manuahi 410 mika manuahi, a ʻo Golondrinas me kāna 376 m kiʻekiʻe. A ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopili wale ʻia i waena o ka hohonu, akā i waena o nā volumous nui loa, ʻoiai he 15 miliona mau mika cubic o ka mua, ʻoiai ʻo Golondrinas he 5 miliona. ʻO nā lua hohonu kū aʻe ʻē aʻe o kēia panalāʻau ka Sótano de la Culebra, me 337 m; ka Sotanito de Ahuacatlán, me 288 m; a me ka Sótano del Aire, me 233 m. Kūpono ʻo El Zacatón e ʻōlelo kūikawā ai, ma Tamaulipas, kahi cenote nui, kekahi o nā mea e kū nei ma waho o Yucatán, nona ka wai e hoʻopuni ana i kahi hohonu hohonu o 329 mau mika.
I nā mauna a me nā pāpū o ka ʻĀkau
ʻO lākou nā panalāʻau maloʻo loa ma Mekiko a hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma Chihuahua a me Coahuila. Aia kēia ʻāpana i kahi o nā pāpū ākea i kau ʻia me nā pae mauna waena he nui, he hapa nui o lākou he mālama. ʻO nā pāpū e hana i ka panalāʻau biogeographic o ka Wao akua Chihuahuan. Ua ʻimi iki ʻia ka panalāʻau e nā speleologists a loaʻa kekahi ʻano o nā ʻano o ka honua i lalo me nā lua ākea pono, ʻoiai aia kekahi i kū i luna, e like me ka Pozo del Hundido, me ka hāʻule manuahi o 185 m. ʻO nā ana ākea i ʻike ʻia he mea hoʻonui wale ia, e hōʻike ana i ka Cueva de Tres Marías, me kahi hoʻomohala o 2.5 km a me ka grotto o Nombre de Dios, ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Chihuahua, me ka ʻaneʻane 2 km. I kēia moku'āina kū mai nā ana ʻo Naica, keu hoʻi ʻo Cueva de los Cristales, i manaʻo ʻia he lua nani a kūwaha hoʻi i ka honua.
