Mālama ʻo Ayutla, me ka mau o ka manawa, i nā kuʻuna mua o ka Hispanic ma muli o ke kaʻawale kahi i loaʻa ai i kāna ʻāina kolohe. Hoʻopuni ʻia e nā kuahiwi, ma waena o ka noe a me nā ululāʻau coniferous, ʻo Ayutla, kahi kūlanakauhale ʻo Mixe kahi e hoʻolauleʻa ai ka ʻahaʻaina a ka poʻe make i kahi ala ʻano ʻē.
Ma waena o nā awawa hohonu i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kaula Zempoaltepetl ma ke komohana ʻākau o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Oaxaca, e noho nei i ka Mixes, kahi hui lāhui i hoʻokau ʻia ka hoʻohana a me nā loina i ka kuʻuna hohonu loa. Me kekahi mau hoʻokoe, aia nā lāhui Mixe ma nā pali piʻi pali a me nā pali me nā kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka ʻilikai e lele ana ma waena o 1,400 a me 3,000 m. ʻO nā kūlana ʻāina a me nā kahawai e kahe ana i mea paʻakikī i nā kamaʻilio ma kēia ʻāina, nona nā kaona he 17 a me nā kaiāulu he 108, ʻo ka mea nui ʻo Cotzocón, Guichicovi, Mazatlán, Mixistlán, Tamazulapan, Tlahuitoltepec, San Pedro a me San Pablo Ayutla a me Totontepec.
ʻO ka hoʻouka Sepania mua i loko o ka moku ʻo Mixe i lawe ʻia e Gonzalo de Sandoval i ka makahiki 1522, a ma hope he wahi ia o nā hoʻouka kaua kūpikipiki, kahi o ia mau mea i alakaʻi i ka hui o nā lāhui āpau o ia wahi: Mixes, Zoques, Chinantecs a me Zapotecs.
Ma kahi o 1527 ua luku ʻia nā ʻōiwi e ka poʻe Sepania ma hope o nā kaua koko, a ua hōʻailona kēia mea i ka hoʻomaka o kā lākou noho aliʻi ma luna o ka Mixe. Eia naʻe, ua ʻoi aku ka holomua o nā mikionali ma mua o nā koa a ma kahi o 1548 ua hoʻomaka lākou i kā lākou hana o ka euanelio. I loko o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāono, ua loaʻa i ka moku Dominican o Oaxaca kahi mau vicariate ʻehā ma ia wahi, a i ka hopena o ke kenekulia ua hoʻokō ʻia ke anaina a me ka Christianization o ka hapa nui o nā kaona.
Ma loko o ke kolone a hiki i ka kenekulia 19, ma muli paha o ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai a me ka hiki ʻole, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia ka ʻāina ʻo Mixe e nā mea lanakila a ʻike mau ia i nā neʻe kaiāulu koʻikoʻi, a ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka ʻO Revolution of 1910 i ka wā e hakakā ai no ke kūʻokoʻa o Oaxaca e pili ana i ke komo ʻana i ka nohona politika o ka mokuʻāina.
I ko mākou mau lā ke komo ka lāhui i loko o nā pilikia ākea o ka ʻāina, a kikoʻī hoʻi i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Oaxaca. He mea nui ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻimi i nā koho ʻē aʻe a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā kikowaena hoʻomohala kahi hanana maʻamau i haʻalele ʻia kekahi mau kauhale ke neʻe ka manawa o ko lākou poʻe kamaʻāina.
Ke ulu nei nā Mixes o ke anuanu i ke kulina a me nā pī i ko lākou mau ʻāina ua; I kekahi mau heluna kanaka me ke aniau waena a mehana paha, lūlū lākou i ka chili, ʻōmato, kaʻuala a me kaʻuala; akā naʻe, ma muli o ka paʻakikī i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i kēia mau huahana, noho mau kā lākou puʻunaue ʻana i ka lima o nā mea waena. Mai kahi manaʻo hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo nā mea kanu nui o kēia kaona ka kofe, i hiki ai iā lākou ke loaʻa kālā nui, a me ka barbasco, kahi mea ulu hihiu e ulu nui ana a kūʻai ʻia aku i ka ʻoihana kemika no ka hana ʻana i nā homone.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ma waena o nā Mixes aia nō kahi hui hoʻomana hoʻomana kuʻuna e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana ukana e hoʻomaka me ka topil a hiki i ka mea nui: ka mayordomo. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kekahi mau kūlana e ʻae wale ai i kā lākou hana no hoʻokahi makahiki, ʻoiai ka mea i kekahi mau hihia no ke koho ʻekolu. ʻO nā kūlana politika e like me nā topile, nā mākaʻi, nā corporal of vara majors, nā luna nui, luna hoʻomalu, regidor de vara, kahu, pelekikena a me meia, i hui pū ʻia me ka haipule, he koi nui ia no ka piʻi politika i hana koʻikoʻi i nā kūlana alapiʻi.
Eia nō naʻe, ua loli kēia kūlana i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ma muli o ke ʻano o nā hui Protestant i komo i nā hana a me nā hana o ka hana kuʻuna a me ka hoʻomana Katolika. Pēlā nō, ua hoʻohuli ikaika ʻia ka hana politika e nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, nā mea e koho nei i nā kūlana lehulehu.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Alfonso Villa Rojas i ka makahiki 1956 e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o nā Mixes i mau kenekulia, ua piha ka hoʻohana ʻana, nā hana a me nā loina me nā mea ola ma mua o ka Hispanika. Noho mau ka hoʻomana o ko lākou mau akua: ʻo nā akua o ka makani, ka ua, ka uila a me ka honua e ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia i nā pule a me nā hana a lākou e hana ai i nā wahi laʻa e like me nā ana, nā puʻu, nā punawai a me nā pōhaku o nā ʻano kūikawā, Ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he mau hiʻohiʻona o kekahi akua, a i ʻole ma kahi noho o ia mea ʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā manawa e hana ai i nā kaʻina a me nā hana he nui, akā ʻo ka nānā haipule o nā Mixes i hana mua ʻia e nā hana e hōʻailona ai ka pōʻai ola, nā mea i kū mai ka hānau a hiki i ka make, a me nā mea i pili i ka pōʻaiapuni. mahiai. He mea hoihoi e hoʻomaopopo i ka hui o kekahi mau mea ma Mekiko e mālama mau nei i kahi kalena moʻomeheu i haku ʻia o 260 mau lā me nā mahina o 13 mau lā a ʻelima i manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino, nona ka ʻike a me ka hoʻokele i nā lima o nā loea, nā kilokilo a me nā "loio."
MUSIC
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka moʻomeheu Mixe ʻo ia ke ʻano mele; i nā hana o ke mele kuʻuna a me ka mestizo, hōʻike nā lālā o nā hui Mixe i ka manaʻo āpau o kā lākou lāhui.
Mai ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic, ua maʻa mau ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka makani a me nā mea kani i waena o nā Mixes. ʻO Codices, ceramics, frescoes a me nā Chronicle e haʻi iā mākou e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā mea kani a lākou i hoʻohana ai, a ʻike maopopo ʻia ua hoʻokō lākou i kahi hana haipule, kīwila a me ka pūʻali koa. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻeha pū ke mele i ka hopena o ka Naʻi Aupuni, a ua hui pū ʻia nā mea kani hou e like me nā pū kani, nā pahu a me nā ʻelima, nā lira a me nā vihuelas me nā chirimías, nā huéhuetl, nā nīnū a me nā teponaztlis e hoʻoulu nei i nā kani hou.
Mahele ʻo Oaxaca i ka mōʻaukala mele lōʻihi o ke koena o Mexico, a ʻo Oaxaqueños kahi poʻe aloha mele i hana i nā haku mele kamahaʻo. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mele ʻōiwi o kēia mokuʻāina he nui loa; Ua lawa ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka waiwai o nā kumuhana, nā kaila a me nā mele i hulahula ʻia i loko o ka Guelaguetza.
ʻO Porfirio Díaz ka mea nāna i mālama e hoʻomohala i kekahi o nā bana maikaʻi loa ma kona mokuʻāina, a ua kauoha iā Macedonio Alcalá –he mea kākau o ka waltzDios ʻaʻole i make, kahi mele ʻo Oaxacan ma ke ala-, ke kuhikuhi o ka Conservatory a me nā aʻo mele lehulehu. Ua hōʻea nā ʻōiwi ʻōiwi i ko lākou nani kiʻekiʻe a ke hana nui nei lākou i nā kaiāulu o nā mokuʻāina ʻo Oaxaca, Morelos a me Michoacán.
Ua hōʻea ke mele i ka pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā Mixes; Aia nā kaona ma kahi e aʻo ai nā keiki i ka heluhelu mele ma mua o nā huaʻōlelo. I kekahi o lākou ua kōkua ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa e hana i ke kāʻei ʻoi loa ma ka ʻāina, akā no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kumu waiwai, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kani hou a i ʻole mālama i nā mea e kū nei. No laila, ʻaʻole mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea kani i hoʻoponopono ʻia me nā kāʻei kāpili, nā ʻāpana o ka wahie, nā pae, nā pale pika kaʻa a me nā pono ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka repertoire o nā hui mixes he ākea ākea a he ʻāpana nui ia i haku ʻia me nā mele e like me nā sones, nā syrups a me nā mele mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina, ʻoiai lākou e hana nei i nā hana o kahi ʻano kula e like me nā waltze, polkas, mazurcas, ʻanuʻu pālua, ʻāpana o operas, zarzuelas a me nā overtures. I kēia manawa, aia kekahi mau Mixes ʻōpio e aʻo ana ma ka Conservatory o Mexico City me kahi ʻike i ʻike ʻia a hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa.
HUI O NA MAKE
Hoʻopau ka pōʻaiapuni ola me ka make a noʻonoʻo ka Mixes ʻo ka mea hope loa he ʻanuʻu hou aʻe ia i ola, a no laila pono e mālama ʻia kekahi mau hana. Ke hiki mai ka make, ma ke kahua kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ʻohana o ka mea i make, hana lākou i ke keʻa lehu ma ka honua a lākou e kāpīpī ai me ka wai laʻa a e waiho mau ma laila no kekahi mau lā. Hoʻālamalama ʻia nā ala ala me nā ihoiho, no ka mea manaʻo lākou i ko lākou mālamalama e kōkua i nā ʻuhane e ʻike i ko lākou ala; Pule ʻia i ka pō holoʻokoʻa a hāʻawi ʻia ka kofe, mezcal a me nā ʻāpaka i ka poʻe e hele mai ana. ʻO ka make ʻana o kahi keiki ke kumu o ka hauʻoli a ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale e hulahula lākou i ka pō holoʻokoʻa no ka mea manaʻo lākou ua hele pololei ko lākou ʻuhane i ka lani.
Ke hoʻokokoke nei ka mahina o Nowemapa, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomākaukau no ke kau ʻana i nā mōhai a nā Mixes e hoʻomana ai i ko lākou mau kūpuna, hoʻokipa iā lākou a kali a kaʻana me lākou i nā hua o ka ʻohi a me ka hana. ʻO kēia kuʻuna i hana hou ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, hānai ʻia me ka ʻono o ka mea kahiko, a ma kēia wahi he mau ʻano kūikawā kona.
I ka noe mānoanoa o nā kuahiwi, i ke kakahiaka anuanu i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa, wikiwiki nā wahine e hele i ka mākeke a kūʻai i nā mea āpau e pono ai no ka mōhai: nā melemele melemele a me nā mea hou, nā lima liona ʻulaʻula a ikaika hoʻi, nā ihoiho a me nā ihoiho o ka piʻo a me ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻala ʻaʻala, ʻalani, ʻāpala ʻono a me nā guavas ʻala, nā cigare a me nā paka.
Me ka manawa pono ʻoe e hānai i ka palaoa, hoʻomākaukau i ka palaoa no nā tamale, hoʻonohonoho i ka palaoa, koho i nā kiʻi, holoi i nā pākaukau a hoʻomaʻa i nā wahi, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi he papaʻaina nui i ka lumi nui o ka hale. Ke hoʻomākaukau nei nō hoʻi nā mea hoʻokani pila; Mālama ʻia kēlā me kēia meahana me ka hoʻohanohano, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a hoʻonani ʻia e pāʻani ma ka pāʻina, no ka mea, me kēlā me kēia memo i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pilina o ka pilina a hoʻokumu ʻia nā kumu o ka pilina o ka poʻe ola me ka poʻe make.
Ma ʻOkakopa 31, pono ke kāhiko o ke kuahu ʻohana me nā pua a me nā ihoiho, e ʻala ana me ka copal a me nā meaʻai, nā mea inu, nā hua a me nā mea i ʻono i ka poʻe haipule i haʻalele. Kūpono ka berena i kahi ʻōlelo kūikawā, i kāhiko ʻia me nā pua kō i nā kala like ʻole, nā helehelena o nā ʻānela i hana ʻia me ka aniline a me nā waha i pena ʻia i loko o ka ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻano geometric kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ka hana a ka mea kahu palaoa. ʻO kēia pō no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana; ʻo ka nahā wale ʻana o nā lānahu kahi e kuni ʻia ai ke kope i haki ka maluhia.
He mea hoihoi ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻo nā Mixes kekahi o nā hui liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i ka lālani maʻamau o 260 mau lā, me nā mahina o 13 mau lā a ʻelima i manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino.
ʻOiai i ko mākou mau lā ke komo ka lāhui Mixe i loko o nā pilikia laulā o ka ʻāina, mālama ia i ka hapa nui o nā kuʻuna kūpuna i paʻa ʻole.
I ka lā mua o Nowemapa, hele nā poʻe i ke alanui e nānā i ko lākou mau hoahānau, kono ʻia nā compadres a hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ka mahu a me ka moa moa hoʻomake e hakakā i ke anuanu, a me nā tamale pi hou, tepache a me mezcal. ʻO nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, nā kanikau, nā ʻōlelo hoʻomākeʻaka e pili ana i nā ʻohana i make, a e kaumaha paha kahi lālā o ka ʻohana a piʻi aʻe ka manaʻo: "paʻakikī kona ʻuhane e hele mai i kēia pāʻina no ka mea ua noho ʻo ia e mālama i kona hale i elmucu amm (inoa i hāʻawi ʻia e nā Mixes i gehena), ma laila ma waenakonu o ka honua. Hōʻike kēia manaʻo i ka hapai ʻana o ka honua, ka ʻike honua o ka hui: waiho lākou i ka honua i lalo i ka waena o ka honua e like me ka hana ma mua o ka wā Hispanic.
Ma ka lā o ka poʻe haipule, ua mākaukau nā manu kāne i ʻōwili ʻia, nā tamale melemele o ka pipi, iʻa, iole, ʻie, ʻōpae; ʻekolu a ʻehā mau ipu kīʻaha tepache 80-lita; hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau kini o mezcal, he nui nā ʻāpala o nā pūkana a me nā paka. E hala ana ka pāʻina i ʻewalu mau lā a ke hoʻomākaukau nei nā pāna e hoʻokani i ke mele i koho ʻia e nā ʻohana ma ka hale pule a ma ka pantheon.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā lua kupapaʻu a me ka hoʻonani ʻana iā lākou he hana laʻa ia; hāʻawi ke ʻano o ka lewa iā ia iho i ka hoʻolaʻa: hohola ka noe ma luna o ke kaona ʻoiai kahi mea hoʻokani pila e hoʻokani i ka pu ma ke ala hele wale nō. I loko o ka hale pule e hoʻokani mau ka pāʻina ʻoiai ka pantheon he hana hou aku: hoʻomaka ka hina o nā hale kupapaʻu a me ka ʻāina maloʻo i ka melemele o nā pua a hoʻonani ʻia nā hale kupapaʻu e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka manaʻo e kūkulu i kahi wahi kūpono ka poʻe make.
Hoʻohālike nā keiki, pāʻani i nā pēpē a nā keiki, lilo i maʻi me nā loina kahiko a hoʻomaka i kā lākou aʻo ʻana ma ka hele ʻana mai kēlā hale a kēia hale e ʻai ana i nā mōhai: nā hoʻomākaukau a nā kūpuna i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e nā lima mākaukau o ko lākou mau makuahine a me nā tūtū wahine, nā kahu o ka moʻomeheu, nā mea hoʻohua o moʻomeheu, mau lima ʻōiwi i kēlā me kēia makahiki ke hāʻawi a hoʻokipa i ko lākou poʻe make.
