ʻO kēia lāhui lāhui liʻiliʻi e noho nei ma waena o nā palena o Oaxaca a me Guerrero e huki i ka nānā no ka ikaika e mālama ai i kāna mau kuʻuna. ʻO nā lole nani e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou e kū i ka maka mua.
Kāhāhā nā ʻāina ʻoluʻolu o nā mauna i ka poʻe i hoʻoholo e komo i ka Mixteca. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano kala like ʻole: nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele, ʻeleʻele, terracotta; a ʻo nā polū, ke kipa ʻia lākou e ke keʻokeʻo, e hoʻolaha i ka ua e hānai i ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia nani hiʻohiʻona ka makana mua e hoʻohanohano ʻia ai nā mea kipa.
Hele mākou iā Santiago Pinotepa Nacional; ma kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o ka sierra nā kūlanakauhale o Tlaxiaco a me Putla, nā puka i nā kaiāulu Mixtec a me Triqui he nui. Hoʻomau mākou i kā mākou ala i lalo i ke kai, he mau mile ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i San Pedro Amuzgos, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Tzjon Non (kākau ʻia ʻo Tajon Noan) a ʻo ia hoʻi "ke kaona o nā wili": ʻo ia ka noho aupuni ʻo Amuzga no ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Oaxaca.
Ma laila, e like me nā wahi a mākou e kipa ai ma hope, ua pūʻiwa mākou i ka hanohano o kona poʻe, ko lākou ikaika a me ka mālama aloha. Ke hele mākou i loko o kāna mau alanui, hiki mākou i kekahi o nā kula ʻehā e kū nei ma laila; Ua loohia mākou e ka nui o nā kaikamahine a me nā keikikāne, ma waena o ka ʻaka a me nā pāʻani, i komo i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi lumi papa hou; ʻO kāna hana ka lawe ʻana i ka wai no ka hoʻohuihui, i nā waʻa e like me ka nui o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Ua wehewehe mai kekahi o nā kumu iā mākou ua mālama lākou i nā hana kaumaha a paʻakikī hoʻi i waena o nā mea a pau i hana ʻia e ke kaiāulu. i kēia hihia he mea nui ka hana o nā liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai lākou i lawe mai i ka wai mai kahi kahawai liʻiliʻi. "Aia nō a mālama nui mākou i ka wai," i haʻi ʻia iā mākou. ʻOiai e leʻaleʻa ana ka poʻe liʻiliʻi me kā lākou haʻawina home a hana i nā hoʻokūkū wikiwiki, ua hoʻokō nā kumu a me kekahi o nā mākua o nā keiki i nā hana i makemake ʻia e kūkulu i ka ʻāpana hou o ke kula. No laila, hana pū nā mea āpau i kahi hana nui a "no lākou e mahalo nui ʻia ai", i ʻōlelo ʻia e ke kumu. ʻO ka maʻamau o ka hana pū ʻana i ka hana e hoʻokō i kahi pahuhopu maʻamau he mea maʻamau ia ma Oaxaca; i ka isthmus ʻike ʻia ia asguelaguetza, a ma ka Mixtec kapa ʻia ʻo tequio.
ʻO ka Amuzgos a i ʻole ʻo Amochcos kahi poʻe ʻano ʻē. ʻOiai ʻo Mixtecs, kahi mea pili iā lākou, ua hoʻohuli ʻia e ko lākou mau hoanoho, kā lākou mau moʻomeheu a me kā lākou ʻōlelo ponoʻī i ka ikaika a ma kekahi mau ʻano i hoʻoikaika ʻia. Kaulana lākou i ka moku ʻo Mixtec haʻahaʻa a ma kahakai no ko lākou ʻike i nā mea ulu hihiu me ka hoʻohana therapeutic, a no ka hoʻomohala nui i loaʻa i ka lāʻau kuʻuna, kahi i hilinaʻi nui ai lākou, ʻoiai lākou e hōʻoia nei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
E aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia kaona, hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻokokoke aku i kāna mōʻaukala: ʻike mākou i ka huaʻōlelo amuzgo mai ka huaʻōlelo amoxco (mai ka Nahuatl amoxtli, puke, a me co, locative); no laila, ʻo ke ʻano ʻo amuzgo: "kahi o nā puke".
Wahi a nā ʻōkuhi socioeconomic o ka helu kanaka i lawe ʻia e ka INI ma 1993, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia lāhui 23,456 Amuzgos ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Guerrero a me 4,217 ma Oaxaca, nā mea ʻōlelo āpau o kā lākou ʻōlelo ʻōiwi. Ma Ometepec wale nō ka ʻōlelo Sepania ma mua o Amuzgo; I nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe, ʻōlelo ka poʻe noho i kā lākou ʻōlelo a kakaikahi ka poʻe e ʻōlelo maikaʻi i ka ʻōlelo Paniolo.
Ma hope ua hoʻomau mākou i mua iā Santiago Pinotepa Nacional a mai laila mākou e hele i ke ala e hele ai i ke awa o Acapulco, e ʻimi nei i ka hoʻololi i piʻi i Ometepec, ka nui loa o nā kaona ʻo Amuzgo. Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano o ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi, nui nā hōkele a me nā hale ʻaina, a ʻo ia ka hoʻomaha obligatory ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana i nā kuahiwi ma ka ʻaoʻao Guerrero. Hele mākou i ka mākeke Sābati, kahi i hele mai lākou mai nā kaiāulu ʻo Amuzga mamao loa e kūʻai aku a kūʻai aku paha no kā lākou huahana a loaʻa ka mea e pono ai lākou e lawe i ka home. ʻO ka ʻometmetec mestizo ka hapanui a he lehulehu ka mulatto.
I ke kakahiaka nui hele mākou i ke kuahiwi. ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu e kiʻi i nā kaiāulu o Xochistlahuaca. Kūpono ka lā: maopopo, a mai ka wā mua i ʻike ʻia ka wela. Ua maikaʻi ke ala a hiki i kahi kiko; a laila ua like ia me ka pālolo. I kekahi o nā kaiāulu mua ʻike mākou i kahi huakaʻi. Ua nīnau mākou he aha ke kumu a ua haʻi lākou iā mākou ua lawe lākou iā San Agustín e noi iā ia e ua, no ka mea ua ʻeha nui ka maloʻo iā lākou. Ma laila wale nō mākou i ʻike ai i kahi hanana hoihoi: i ke kuahiwi ua ʻike mākou i ka ua, akā ma ke kahakai a me ka haʻahaʻa ua hoʻokaumaha ka wela a ʻaʻohe mea hōʻailona e hāʻule ana kekahi wai. I ka huakaʻi, hāpai nā kāne i waenakonu i ka haipule, a ʻo nā wahine, ʻo ia ka hapanui, ke hana nei i kahi ʻano ukali, me kēlā me kēia pua o nā pua i ko lākou mau lima, a pule lākou a hīmeni ma Amuzgo.
Ma hope ʻike mākou i kahi hoʻolewa. Ua lawe mālie nā kāne o ke kaiāulu i nā pahu kupapaʻu a noi mai iā mākou e kiʻi ʻole i nā kiʻi. Hele mālie lākou i ke paneke a hōʻike ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hele pū me lākou; ua ʻike mākou i kahi hui o nā wahine e kali ana i ka hōʻea ʻana o ka huakaʻi me nā pua o nā pua e like me nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai i ka huakaʻi. Ua hele mua lākou i mua a ua hele ka hui i ke kōkō.
ʻOiai ʻo ka Amuzgos he Katolika ka hapanui, hoʻohui lākou i kā lākou hana haipule me nā ʻano hoʻomana o mua o ka Hispanic i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka mahiʻai; Pule lākou e loaʻa ka hōʻiliʻili nui a noi i ka pale o ke kūlohelohe, nā kahawai, nā kahawai, nā kuahiwi, ka ua, ʻoiai ka mōʻī lā a me nā mea kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe.
I ka hōʻea ʻana i Xochistlahuaca, ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlanakauhale nani me nā hale keʻokeʻo a me nā kaupaku ʻulaʻula. Pīhoihoi mākou i ka maʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻole o kāna mau alanui cobbled a me nā ala hele wāwae. I ko mākou hele ʻana ma waena o lākou, ua ʻike mākou i ka embroidery kaiāulu a me ka hale wili e hui pū ʻia ana e Evangelina, nāna e ʻōlelo i kekahi Paniolo a no laila ʻo ia ka lunamakaʻāinana a me ke kuleana o ka hele ʻana i ka poʻe kipa i ʻike i ka hana a lākou e hana ai ma laila.
Māhele mākou me Evangelina a me nā wahine ʻē aʻe i kā lākou hana; Ua haʻi lākou iā mākou pehea lākou e hana ai i ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa, mai ke kāleka ʻana i ka pae, ka ulana ʻana i ka lole, a me ka hana ʻana i ka lole a me ke kāhiko ʻana iā ia me kēlā ʻono maikaʻi a me ka maʻemaʻe e hōʻike ana iā lākou, kahi mākau i lawe ʻia mai nā makuahine i nā kaikamahine, no nā hanauna.
Hele mākou i ka mākeke a ʻakaʻaka pū me ka elcuetero, kahi ʻano e hele ma waena o nā kaona i kahi e hāpai ana i nā mea nui no nā ʻoliʻoli. Ua kamaʻilio pū mākou me ka mea kūʻai aku ka pae, nāna e lawe iā lākou mai kahi kaiāulu mamao aku, no nā wahine i makemake ʻole a hana ʻole paha e hana i kā lākou mau ʻano humuhumu.
ʻO ka hana waiwai nui o ka poʻe Amuzgo ka mahiʻai, kahi e ʻae ai iā lākou i kahi ola haʻahaʻa, e like me ka hapa nui o nā kaiāulu mahiʻai liʻiliʻi i ko mākou ʻāina. ʻO kāna mea kanu nui nā: kulina, pīni, chili, peanuts, squash, ʻuala, kō, kōpaʻa, ʻōmato a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i pili ʻole ka pili. He ʻano nui kā lākou o nā kumulāʻau huaʻai, i kū pū me nā mango, nā kumu ʻalani, nā papaya, nā wai ʻulu a me nā pineapples. Hoʻolaʻa ʻia lākou i ka hānai pipi, puaʻa, kao a me nā lio, a me ka moa a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka meli. Ma nā kaiāulu ʻo Amuzga, he mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahine e hāpai ana i nā bākeke ma ko lākou poʻo, kahi e halihali ai lākou i kā lākou kūʻai mai a i ʻole nā huahana i manaʻo ʻia no ke kūʻai aku, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka pānaʻi ma waena o lākou ma mua o ka hoʻololi kālā.
Noho ka Amuzgos ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o Sierra Madre del Sur, ma ka palena o nā mokuʻāina ʻo Guerrero a me Oaxaca. ʻO ke aniau i kou wahi he hapa mahana a hoʻomalu ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana wai e hele mai ana mai ka Moana Pākīpika. He mea maʻa mau ia i ka ʻāina e ʻike i nā lepo ʻulaʻula, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻokikī e hōʻike ai lākou.
ʻO nā kaiāulu Amuzga nui ma Guerrero ʻo: Ometepec, Igualapa, Xochistlahuaca, Tlacoachistlahuaca a me Cosuyoapan; a ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Oaxaca: San Pedro Amuzguso a me San Juan Cacahuatepec. Noho lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe mai 500 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai, kahi o San Pedro Amuzgos, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900 mika, ma nā wahi ʻoi loa o ka ʻāpana mauna kahi i noho ai lākou. Kapa ʻia kēia pae mauna ʻo Sierra de Yucoyagua, ka mea hoʻokaʻawale i nā ipu i hana ʻia e nā muliwai ʻo Ometepec a me La Arena.
ʻO kekahi o kā lākou hana nui loa, ʻoiai hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i kā mākou huakaʻi, lawe ʻia e nā wahine: nānā mākou i nā lole humuhumu nani a lākou e hana ai no kā lākou hoʻohana ponoʻī a kūʻai aku i nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe - ʻoiai he loaʻa iki kā lākou kālā iā lākou, ʻOiai, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, ʻo ka humuhumu lima he "luhi" loa a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokau i nā kumukūʻai kūpono, no ka mea, pipiʻi loa ia a ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kūʻai aku. ʻO nā wahi e hana ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā lole a me nā pālule, ʻo Xochistlahuaca a me San Pedro Amuzgos. ʻO nā wahine, kaikamahine, ʻōpio a me nā luahine e komo i ko lākou mau lole kuʻuna i kēlā me kēia lā a me ka haʻaheo nui.
Ke hele nei ma waena o kēlā mau alanui o ka honua ʻulaʻula, me nā hale keʻokeʻo me nā hale ʻulaʻula a me nā mea ulu nui, e pane ana i ke aloha o kēlā me kēia e hele aʻe, he ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi no kā mākou e noho nei i ke kūlanakauhale maelstrom; Lawe iā ia iā mākou i nā manawa mamao kahi, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia ma laila, ʻo ke kanaka ma mua he kanaka a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi.
LOS AMUZGOS: KA LAKOU MUSIC ME KA HULU
Ma loko o nā kuʻuna ʻo Oaxacan, ua kū ka lehulehu o nā hulahula a me nā hulahula me kahi peʻahi kūikawā, i loko o kekahi mau hanana kaiāulu a i ʻole i ka hanana o ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i kahi hoʻolauleʻa hale pule. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻohana, nā hana hoʻomana haipule a ke kanaka i hana ai i ka hulahula mai ka wā kahiko, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻomaopopo a hoʻōla i ka ʻuhane o ka choreography ʻōiwi.
Lawe kā lākou mau hulahula i kahi moʻolelo kūpuna, i hoʻoilina ʻia mai nā hana i hiki ʻole i ke Kolone ke kipaku.
Ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau o ka mokuʻāina, hōʻike nā hōʻike hula i nā ʻano like ʻole a ʻo ka "hula tiger" i hana ʻia e Putla Amuzgos. Ua hula ʻia i ka squatting a me he mea lā ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia e kahi kiʻi hopu holoholona, e like me ka mea hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia mai ka hoʻoluhi like ʻana o ka ʻīlio a me ka jaguar, i pani ʻia e nā "güenches" e ʻaahu ana i nā lole o kēia mau holoholona. ʻO ke mele kahi huikau o nā leo kahakai a me nā ʻāpana kumu i kūpono no nā ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe: me ka hoʻohui i nā zapateados a me nā huli pā alo o ke keikikāne, he hanana kū hoʻokahi ia, e like me ka luli ʻana a me ke kūlou ʻana o ka pahu i mua, hana ʻia e nā mea hula me nā lima. kau ʻia ma ka pūhaka, huli ka piha iā ʻoe iho, i kēia kūlana, a me nā neʻe ʻana o ke kūlou i mua, i ke ʻano me he mea lā e kahili i ka lepo me nā hainaka a lākou e lawe ai i ka lima ʻākau. Kūleʻa nā mea hula i ka hopena o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka hulahula.
ʻO ka hiki ʻana o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau kumuhana i nā lole ʻē he mea maʻamau. ʻO lākou nā "güenches" a i ʻole nā "māla", e mālama nei i ka leʻaleʻa i ka lehulehu me kā lākou mea hoʻomākeʻaka a me nā hana keu. E pili ana i ka mele mele o nā hulahula, hoʻohana ʻia nā ensemble like ʻole: ke aho a i ʻole ka makani, kahi violin maʻalahi a me kahi jarana a i ʻole, e like me ke ʻano o kekahi mau hula a Villaltec, nā mea kani kahiko loa, e like me ka shawm. ʻO ka Yatzona set of chirimiteros e leʻaleʻa i ka kaulana ma waena o ka ʻāina.
Inā hele ʻoe i SAN PEDRO AMUZGOS
Inā haʻalele ʻoe mai Oaxaca a i Huajuapan de León ma ke alaloa 190, 31 km i mua o Nochixtlán e ʻike ʻoe i ka hui pū me ke Alanui 125 e hoʻopili ana i ka pāpū me ke kahakai. Ke poʻo hema a hiki i Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, a me 40 km e hele i kēlā kūlanakauhale, ʻike mākou i ke kaona ʻo San Pedro Amuzgos, Oaxaca.
Akā inā makemake ʻoe e hele i Ometepec (Guerrero) a aia ʻoe ma Acapulco, ma kahi o 225 km ka mamao, hele i ke alaloa 200 i ka hikina a loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hoʻololi o 15 km mai ke alahaka ma luna o ka muliwai Quetzala; Pēlā e hiki ai i ka nui o nā lāhui Amuzgo.
Puna: Mekiko ʻike ʻole ʻia No 251 / Ianuali 1998
