Ma Mekiko, ʻo ka hiʻona o ka make i lawe mai i kahi ʻano o nā manaʻoʻiʻo, nā hana a me nā kuʻuna.
I kēia manawa, a ma nā kaona kaiāulu a me ka hapa nui o ke kaona, mālama ʻia nā hana no ka lā o ka poʻe make. Hana ʻia nā Altars a kāhiko ʻia i nā hale a lawe ʻia kahi mōhai i nā ilina i nā ilina.
Me ka maluhia ʻole o ka moʻomeheu Komohana, hoʻomaka nā manaʻo kahiko e hui pū me ka manaʻo o ke ola hope, kahi transmutation o ka ʻuhane o ka mea i make e kali ana i ka lā o ka hoʻokolokolo hope loa, ʻoiai ko lākou kino make e waiho i nā hale kupapaʻu.
No laila ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻana i nā hale kupapaʻu, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi kuʻuna e hoʻi ana i ka manawa o nā catacombs. ʻO kēia kuʻuna hoʻolewa, kahi, i kekahi manawa, hoʻomaka e uhi ʻia me nā ʻano noʻeau, e lawelawe ʻia i kēia pepa.
Ke kū ʻana o ka hana noha kupapaʻu
Ma Mekiko, ka hana o ke kanu ʻana i ka mea i make i loko o nā hale kupapaʻu i hana mua ʻia ma loko a ma nā atrium o nā hale pule.
ʻO kahi laʻana palpable o kēia mau kanu kanu ʻana ke ʻike ʻia i kēia lā, profusely, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka nave nui o ka Hale Pule Nui o Mérida. Aia, ma ka papahele, ka lehulehu o nā pōhaku ʻōpala marble a me nā onika i ʻike ʻia me ka poʻe i kanu ʻia ma laila. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano maʻamau he pupule, no ka mea i pāpā ʻia i ka wā o ke aupuni Juarista, e ulu ana nā hale kupapaʻu kīwila.
I ka moʻomeheu komohana a mai ka manawa o nā catacombs, ua hāpai ʻia nā hale kupapaʻu ma ke ʻano he wahi o ke kaʻa kahi e waiho hoʻomanawanui ai ka mea make no ka lā o ka hoʻokolokolo hope loa. ʻO ia ke kumu i uhi ʻia ai nā hale kupapaʻu me nā ʻano hana noʻeau like ʻole (kiʻi kiʻi, epitaphs me nā ʻano moʻokalaleo like ʻole, ka pena kiʻi ʻana, a pēlā aku) e hāpai ana i kahi hōʻailona e pili ana i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hiʻona o ka make a me ka hopena hope loa o ka ʻuhane o i make. Ua ulu kēia ʻano hana lua kupapaʻu, no ka mea ma kekahi ʻano "pagan" (nā kolamu nahaha a me nā obelisks, nā kumulāʻau - nā wilowalu - a me nā lālā haki, nā ʻoniʻoni cinerary, nā kanikau, nā iwi poʻo) ka profusion o nā ʻānela a me nā ʻuhane, nā keʻa a me nā hōʻailona o hoʻolapanai. ʻO ka wā keu o nā kiʻi pena kiʻi kiʻi a me nā moʻokalaleo i kū i nā ilina o Mexico mai ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala a hiki i nā makahiki he ʻekahi o kēia manawa, i ko mākou mau lā he mau hihia kaʻawale wale nō, no ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kanu kanu a ilihune hoʻi e pili ana i nā manaʻo lula. .
Loaʻa i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kahi waiwai nani, akā he mau hōʻike hōʻike e kuhikuhi iā mākou i ke kino o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo o nā hui kaiaulu i hana iā lākou.
ʻO nā kumu hana noʻeau a nā kiʻi hoʻohenehene i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi e hāʻawi ʻia ai, i nā hua kiʻi kālai, e pili ana i nā kiʻi anthropomorphic (ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kālai kiʻi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i kēia ʻano ma muli o nā mea kālai kiʻi ʻItalia, e like me Ponzanelli, ma ka Pantheon. ʻO Francés de La Piedad, mai Mekiko City a me Biagi, ma ke kulanakauhale Pantheon o Aguascalientes), o nā holoholona, nā mea kanu a me nā mea - i loko o laila nā kiʻi hoʻolālā a me nā hiʻohiʻona -. I nā huaʻōlelo moʻokalaleo, ʻo nā ʻano nui nā "ʻūhā", nā ʻāpana, e like me kā Jesús Franco Carrasco i ʻōlelo ai i kāna hana ʻo La Loza Funeraria de Puebla: "ʻO lākou ... nā kaʻa aloha e hoʻopuni ana i ka mea i make".
Nā helu helu Anthropomorphic
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mea i make ka kiʻi, i hiki ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi kālai kiʻi a kiʻi paha i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai i ka pōhaku kupapaʻu a i ʻole ma loko o ka hale kanu, aia kahi kiʻi o ka mea i make.
ʻO kahi laʻana o ke kiʻi kālai kiʻi i ka pantheon o Mérida ke kiʻi o ke keiki ʻo Gerardo de Jesús nāna, ma ke alo o kahi kiʻi o ka Virgin Mary, e kau ana i kahi keʻa a me kekahi mau pua ma kona umauma, he hōʻailona o ka maʻemaʻe pēpē o ka ʻuhane o ka mea i make.
Lunamakaʻāinana o ka poʻe kūmākena
ʻO ke kiʻi o ka poʻe kūmū kekahi o nā kiʻi kiʻi hou i hana pinepine ʻia i ka 19 kenekulia.
ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o kāna wehewehe ʻana e hōʻike i ke kū mau ʻana o nā ʻohana ma hope o ka pā hope loa o ko lākou mau hoahānau i make, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ke aloha a me ka mahalo i ko lākou hoʻomanaʻo ʻana.
Loaʻa kēia mau helu i nā nuances like ʻole: mai nā kiʻi wahine e kūlou, hāʻule, ma mua o nā pahu kupapaʻu (Josefa Suárez de Rivas hale kupapaʻu, 1902. Mérida kulanakauhale Pantheon) ʻuhane mau loa o ka mea i make. ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana, i nā hua kiʻi kiʻi, ka hale kupapaʻu o Álvaro Medina R. (1905, Mérida Municipal Pantheon). Ua manaʻo ʻia ua make ʻo ia, ma luna o kona wahi moe a uhi ʻia e kahi uhi uhi, ʻoiai ʻo kāna wahine ke nānā aku, e hāpai ana i kahi ʻāpana o ka uhi i kona alo e ʻōlelo i ke aloha hope loa.
Ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻuhane a me nā kiʻi ʻānela
Hiki i ke kiʻi hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻuhane ke lawe i nā ʻano palekiko lanakila loa, e like me ka hale kupapaʻu ʻohana Caturegli, o ka La Piedad Pantheon, kahi e lele ai kahi kiʻi wahine i kahi keʻa. ʻO nā kiʻi o nā ʻānela e hoʻokō i ka hana o ke kōkua ʻana i ka mea i make i kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana i ka ola ma hope. Pēlā ka hihia o ke kiʻi o nā psychopompos, ka ʻānela nāna i alakaʻi i nā ʻuhane i paradaiso (Tomb o Manuel Arias-1893 a me Ma. Del Carmen Luján de A.-1896-Chapel o ka Haku Hemolele. Mérida, Yuc.).
ʻO kahi moho kūleʻa ka hale kupapaʻu o Mrs. Ma. De la Luz Obregón lāua ʻo Don Francisco de Paula Castañeda (1898). Pili pū nā lua kupapaʻu ma loko o ka Pantheon kulanakauhale o Guanajuato, Gto. I loko ona, i kona ʻaoʻao hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kiʻi kiʻi o kahi ʻānela e kuhikuhi ana i ka lani, ʻoiai ka hale kupapaʻu o Don Francisco e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻi o kahi wahine nani e noho mau ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke keʻa, me ka nānā maluhia kuhikuhi ʻia i ka lani. ʻO ka ensemble sculptural kupaianaha i hana ʻia e ka mea kālai kiʻi J. Capetta y Ca. de Guadalajara.
Nā kiʻi Allegorical, nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu
ʻO kekahi o nā kiʻi alegory minamina loa ka mea e hōʻike ana i kahi poʻo poʻo me kahi paʻa o nā quills kea. ʻO kēia moʻo'ōlelo macabre i nā koena make o ka mea i make, o ke kauoha "pagan" a me kekahi o nā hōʻailona ma ka maikaʻi loa o ka make, aia kekahi i loko o nā hale kupapaʻu o nā hale kupapaʻu o ka hale kupapaʻu kahiko ma Chilapa, Gro. Ma waho o nā pōhaku he 172 (70% o ka huina) i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia 19, ʻike ʻia ka iwi poʻo ma 11 o lākou, me nā lā mai ka 1864 a hiki i ka makahiki 1889. Ma ka portico o ka Pantheon kulanakauhale o Guanajuato, i kona frieze, aia kekahi mau iwi poʻo. ʻAlike.
ʻO nā kumu nui me nā ʻano holoholona aʻu i hoʻopaʻa ai, ʻo ia ka manu nūnū, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻuhane o ka mea i make i ka lele ʻana i ka lani, a me ke keiki hipa i hui pū ʻia me ke kiʻi o Kristo ke keiki, e hōʻike nei "ma ke ʻano he nane no ke kahuhipa maikaʻi" - (Ramírez, op .cit.: 198).
Hoʻohālikelike nā mea kanu i nā ʻano like ʻole, i waena e waiwai nui ʻia nā lāʻau, nā lālā a me nā koʻokoʻo - i ke ʻano o nā kalaunu a i ʻole nā palena - a me nā pua, i ke ʻano o nā lei, nā pua a i ʻole. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o nā lāʻau i kālai ʻia e pili ana i ka Tree of Life a me nā ola i kālai ʻia.
Nā mea kālai hale a me nā hōʻailona
Ma waho aʻe o kekahi ʻano o nā kāhiko kahiko ma nā hale kupapaʻu, aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā e pili ana i kekahi mau hōʻailona. ʻO ke kiʻi o ka puka o ka hale kupapaʻu ma ke ʻano he ʻīpuka i ka honua i lalo a ma hope paha, e like me Puerta deI Hades (Ibid: 203), i loaʻa i loko o ka hale kupapaʻu o ke keiki ʻo Humberto Losa T. (1920) o ke kulanakauhale Pantheon o Mérida a me ka mausoleum o ka ʻOhana Retana ʻohana, ma ka Palani Pantheon o Ia Piedad.
ʻO nā kolamu haʻihaʻi e kuhikuhi i "ka manaʻo o ka hana ola hana i hoʻopau ʻia e ka make" (Ibid., Log. Cit.) (Tomb of Stenie Huguenin de Cravioto, Pachuca Municipal Pantheon, Hgo.), ʻO ka hōʻike o nā hale pule ma nā hale kupapaʻu (Mérida Municipal Pantheon), no ka hoʻomanaʻo paha i ka hana a kēia mau hale i ka hoʻomaka o ka hana kanu ma ko mākou ʻāina.
E pili ana i nā trophies ʻoihana a hui paha, nā ʻano o kēia mau hōʻailona, e pili ana i ka hana honua o ka mea i make, i ka hale kupapaʻu ʻo Mérida kahi wahi i mālama ʻia no nā lālā o nā hale noho ʻo Masonic.
Nā mea Allegorical a me nā uhi
Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kiʻi e kuhikuhi i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka make, ka palupalu a me ka volatility o ke ola, ka pōkole o ka manawa, a pēlā aku. I waena o lākou, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia i nā hourglass eheu (e like me ka portico o ka hale kupapaʻu kahiko ma Taxco), nā scythes, nā ʻoniʻoni cinerary, ka lama i hoʻohuli ʻia. Loaʻa i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kahi ʻano pleonastic, no ka mea, kope ʻia kekahi mau kumu kupapaʻu ma nā hale kupapaʻu.
ʻO ka portico ponoʻī o ka Cemetery o ke Keʻa, ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Aguascalientes, ka hana a ka mea hoʻolālā ʻo Refugio Reyes, kahi laʻana maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi metaphor no ka hopena o ke ola: kahi leka omega nui, kahi i hōʻike i ka hopena o ke ola. , (ʻoiai ka huapalapala alpha ke kumu o ke kālai ʻia) i kālai ʻia i ka quarry a pink, e ʻae ai i ke komo ʻana i ka hale kupapaʻu.
ʻO ka uhi uhi, ma ke ʻano he huaʻōlelo moʻokalaleo, ua mālama ʻia i kahi ala nani loa e Jesús Franco Carrasco, ka mea nāna e kālailai, i nā hana i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei, nā ʻano a me nā manaʻo i loaʻa i ia mau hiʻohiʻona nani.
Ma kahi hanana ʻano ʻē, ua hoʻonāukiuki ke kiʻi o ka ʻahu iā wau e hoʻomaka i kahi hoʻokolokolo i nā hana noʻeau a ʻo ia ka ʻahu i hoʻowalewale iā Franco e hoʻomaka i kāna nīnau ponoʻī. ʻO ka epitaph aʻu i loaʻa ai i ka makahiki 1903, ʻoiai ka mea ma Toxtepec, Pue., A ʻo Franco e kuhikuhi nei, he 4 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope.
Kākau wau i ka uhi o mua e hoʻopau i kēia mau laina:
Kāohi i ka poʻe ohua!
No ke aha ʻoe e hele ʻole ai me ke kamaʻilio ʻole ʻana iaʻu?
ʻAe no ka mea no ka ʻāina wau a ʻo ʻoe kaʻiʻo
Wikiwiki ʻoe i kāu ʻanuʻu me ka māmā
E hoʻolohe iaʻu i kahi hoa manawa
ʻO ka noi aʻu e noi ai he pōkole a me ka manawaleʻa,
E pule iaʻu i ko mākou Makua a me ka uhi
A hoʻomau i kāu huakaʻi ... E kali wau iā ʻoe ma aneʻi!
Puna: Mekiko i ka Manawa Helu 13 Iune-Iulai 1996
