Ma nā hana mikionali i hana ʻia i loko o ke kenekulia 16 ma Mekiko aia, e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei, kahi puke puke puke nui. Eia nō naʻe, kēia hōʻiliʻili nui, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike naʻau a me ka hoʻoulu manaʻo ʻeuanelio maoli e hōʻike ana i ka hapa nui o nā hana, ua ʻeha ʻia i kahi palena e hiki ʻole ai ke hōʻalo: na lākou nō i kākau nā mikionali.
Makehewa mākou e ʻimi i loko o lākou i ka mana o nā miliona o nā ʻōiwi Mekiko i kū i ke kaua nui o ka hoʻomana Karistiano. No laila, ʻo kēlā me kēia kūkulu hou ʻana o ka "reconquest ʻuhane", e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai i loaʻa, e lilo ia i waihona hapa, me kēia kiʻi. Pehea ka manaʻo o nā hanauna mua o nā mikionali i kā lākou hana ponoʻī? He aha nā kumu e like me ka mea i hōʻeuʻeu a alakaʻi iā lākou? Loaʻa ka pane i loko o nā kuʻikahi a me nā manaʻo a lākou i kākau ai ma loko o ka kenekulia 16 a ma nā kaona o ka Repubalika ʻo Mekiko i kēia manawa. Mai iā lākou, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi unuhi waiwai nui i ka 20 kenekulia, i waena o nā hana a Robert Ricard (hoʻopuka mua ma 1947), Pedro Borges (1960), Lino Gómez Canedo (1972), José María Kobayashi (1974) kū mai. ), Daniel Ulloa (1977) lāua ʻo Christien Duvergier (1993).
Mahalo i kēia palapala nui, nā helu e like me Pedro de Gante, Bernardino de Sahagún, Bartolomé de Las Casas, Motolinía, Vasco de Quiroga a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā poʻe Mekiko heluhelu. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻoholo wau e hōʻike i ʻelua mau mea like ʻole i waiho ʻia ko lākou ola a me kā lākou hana i nā aka, akā he mea pono e hoʻopakele ʻia mai ka poina: ʻo ka pule Augustinian Guillermo de Santa María a me ka Dominican frig Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada. Eia nō naʻe, ma mua o ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana iā lākou, he mea maʻalahi ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā koʻi nui o kēlā ʻoihana kūikawā i ʻeuanelio i ka 16th kenekulia.
ʻO kahi mahele a nā mikionali āpau i ʻae ai ka pono e "… huki i ka ulu o nā lawehala ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau o nā pono ...", e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka catechism Dominican ʻO nā loina i huikau ʻole me ke Kalikiano ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻenemi ia o ka manaʻoʻiʻo, a no laila, e luku ʻia ana. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka extirpation e kāna rigidity a me kāna hoʻonohonoho lehulehu. ʻO ka hihia kaulana paha ka ʻaha kūkā i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Bishop Diego de Landa, ma Maní Yucatán, ma ka lā 12 o Iulai 1562. Ma laila, ua hoʻopaʻi nui ʻia ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i lawehala i ka "hoʻomana kiʻi" a he nui nō ka nui. ʻo nā mea laʻa nui a me nā codices kahiko i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ke ahi o ka luaahi nui.
I ka pau ʻana o kēlā ʻāpana mua o ka moʻomeheu "slash-grave-burn", ua hiki mai ke aʻo a ka poʻe ʻōiwi i ka hoʻomana Kalikiano a me ke anaina Sepania, ʻo ia wale nō ke ala o ke ola i manaʻo ʻia e ka poʻe naʻi aupuni e like me ke kamaʻāina. ʻO ia kahi papa hana a ka mikionali Jesuit mai Baja Kaleponi e wehewehe ai ma hope he "ʻoihana noʻeau." He mau ʻanuʻu kona, e hoʻomaka ana me ka "hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke kaona" o nā kamaʻāina i noho i hoʻopuehu ʻia. Ua lawe ʻia ka indoctrination ponoʻī mai kahi hihiʻo pohihihi i hōʻike ʻia i nā mikionali me nā lunaʻōlelo a me ke anaina ʻōiwi me ke kaiāulu Karistiano mua. Ma muli o ka makemake ʻole o ka poʻe mākua e hoʻohuli, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā keiki a me ka poʻe ʻōpio, no ka mea, ua like lākou me "slate maʻemaʻe a me ka hamo palupalu" kahi e paʻi maʻalahi ai kā lākou mau kumu i nā manaʻo Karistiano.
ʻAʻole poina ia ʻaʻole kau palena ʻia ka ʻeuanelio i ka haipule maoli, akā puni nā pae āpau o ke ola. He hana civili maoli nō ia i loaʻa i mau kikowaena o ke aʻo ʻana i nā atrium o nā hale pule, no nā mea āpau, a me nā kula ʻamelika, no nā hui ʻōpio i koho pono ʻia. ʻAʻohe malihini i ʻike ʻia ka hana noʻeau a me nā hana noʻeau i kēia neʻe nui ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana: nā leka, nā mele, nā hīmeni, nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pena, pena kiʻi, hoʻolālā hale, mahiʻai, hoʻoneʻe kaiāulu, hui kaiaulu, kālepa, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka hopena he hoʻololi moʻomeheu i kūlike ʻole i ka moʻolelo o ke kanaka, ma muli o ka hohonu i hiki ai a me ka manawa pōkole i lawe ai.
He mea kūpono ia e kahakaha i ka mea he hale pule mikionali ia, ʻaʻole ia i kau paʻa ʻia a ʻike ʻia me ka ʻōnaehana kolone. ʻAʻole i lilo nā kahu pule i mau kāhuna pule a i luna hoʻomalu i nā waiwai waiwai. ʻO kēia nō nā manawa o ka neʻe nui, ma ka ʻuhane a me ke kino hoʻi. ʻO ia ka manawa o ka ʻaha kūkā Mekiko mua kahi i nīnau ʻia ai ke kauā, ka hana hana, ka encomienda, ke kaua pelapela kūʻē i nā ʻInia i kapa ʻia he poʻe barbarians a me nā pilikia ʻā aʻe o kēia manawa. Aia ia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili a me ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i hōʻike mua ʻia kahi o ka hana a nā mākua o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i kū ai, ka Augustinian mua, ka Dominican ʻē aʻe: Fray Guillermo de Santa María a me Fray Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada, nona kā curricula vitae a mākou e hōʻike ai.
FRIAR GUILLERMO DE SANTA MARÍA, O.S.A.
He kamaʻāina ʻo Talavera de la Reina, panalāʻau o Toledo, he ʻano hoʻomaha ʻole loa ko Fray Guillermo. Ua aʻo paha ʻo ia ma ke Kulanui o Salamanca, ma mua a ma hope paha o ka lawe ʻana i ka hana Augustinian ma lalo o ka inoa o Fray Francisco Asaldo. Ua mahuka ʻo ia mai kāna hale konikula e holo no New Spain, kahi i noho ai ʻo ia i 1541, mai kona komo ʻana i ke kaua Jalisco. I kēlā makahiki ua hoʻohana hou ʻo ia i kēia hana, ma lalo o ka inoa Guillermo de Talavera. Ma nā huaʻōlelo a kahi mea kākau moʻolelo o kāna kauoha "ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu me ka hele mai Sepania mai kahi mahuka, ua pakele hou ʻo ia mai kēia panalāʻau mai, a hoʻi i Sepania, akā ʻoiai ua hoʻoholo ke Akua i kahi maikaʻi o kāna kauā, ua lawe ʻo ia iā ia i ka lua o ka manawa i kēia aupuni i e loaʻa iā ia ka hopena hauʻoli i loaʻa iā ia ”.
ʻOiai, hoʻi i Mekiko, ma kahi o ka makahiki 1547, ua hoʻololi hou ʻo ia i kona inoa, a ke kapa nei iā ia iho ʻo Fray Guillermo de Santa María. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i kona ola a puni: mai kahi luhi hoʻomaha ʻole a alakaʻi ʻole i hana ʻo ia i ke ala kūpono i kahi ʻoihana ʻoi aku ma mua o iwakālua mau makahiki i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā India Chichimeca, mai ka palena kaua ʻo ia ka ʻākau o ka panalāʻau o Michoacán. . Noho ʻo ia ma ka halepule ʻo Huango, hoʻokumu ʻo ia, i ka makahiki 1555, ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Pénjamo, kahi i noi ai no ka manawa mua he aha kāna papahana mikionali: e hana i nā wahi noho maluhia o nā Tarasans maluhia a me Chichimecas kipi. Ua hana hou ʻo ia i ke ʻano hana like i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kapalakiko ma ke awāwa o ka inoa like, ʻaʻole mamao aku mai ke kaona ʻo San Felipe, kona wahi noho hou ma hope o Huango. Ma 1580 ua neʻe ʻo ia mai ka palena ʻo Chichimeca, i ka manawa i kapa ʻia ai ʻo ia ma mua o ka hale ʻaha ʻo Zirosto ma Michoacán. Ma laila paha i make ai ʻo ia i 1585, i ka manawa ʻaʻole e ʻike i ka holo pono ʻole o kāna hana pacification ma muli o ka hoʻi ʻana o ka Chichimecas semi-hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i ke ola insubordinate a lākou i alakaʻi ai ma mua.
Hoʻomanaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Fray Guillermo no kahi kuʻikahi i kākau ʻia ma 1574 e pili ana i ka pilikia o ke kū pono o ke kaua a ke aupuni koloneona e kūʻē nei i nā Chichimecas. ʻO ka manaʻo i loaʻa iā ia no ka insubordinate alakaʻi iā Fray Guillermo e hoʻokomo i loko o kāna kākau ʻana i kekahi mau ʻaoʻao i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i "kā lākou mau loina a me ke ʻano o ke ola, inā mākou i ʻike ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike a hoʻomaopopo i ke kaulike o ke kaua i hana ʻia a kūʻē ʻia iā lākou. ”, E like me kāna i ʻōlelo ai i ka paukū mua o kāna hana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻae ʻo kā mākou mōʻī Augustinian i ke kumu me ka hewa o ka Sepania i nā Indians barbarian, akā ʻaʻole naʻe me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻia ʻana, ʻoiai ua kokoke loa ia i ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei he "kaua lepo. ”.
Eia ka, i ka hopena o kēia hōʻike pōkole, ka wehewehe āna i hana ai no ka nele loa o nā loina e hōʻike ana i ka hana a ka Paniolo i kā lākou hana pū ʻana me nā Indians kipi o ka ʻĀkau: "e haki ana i ka hoʻohiki no ka maluhia a me ke kala ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou. he ʻōlelo waha a ua hoʻohiki ʻia lākou ma ke kākau ʻana, e hōʻino ana i ka pale o nā ʻelele i hele mai me ka maluhia, a i ʻole ke hoʻohālua ʻana iā lākou, e waiho ana i ka hoʻomana Karistiano maunu a ʻōlelo aku iā lākou e ʻākoakoa i nā kūlanakauhale e noho maluhia a laila hopu lākou iā lākou, a i ʻole noi iā lākou e hāʻawi iā lākou kanaka a kōkua kūʻē i nā ʻInia ʻē aʻe a hāʻawi iā lākou iho e hopu i ka poʻe i hele mai e kōkua a hoʻolilo iā lākou i kauā, nā mea āpau a lākou i hana ai e kūʻē i nā Chichimecas ".
FRIAR PEDRO LORENZO DE LA NADA, O. P.
I loko o kēlā mau makahiki like, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o Nu Sepania, ma nā palena o Tabasco a me Chiapas, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kekahi mikionali e hana i nā hōʻemi me nā Indians kipi i ka palena kaua. ʻO Fray Pedro Lorenzo, e kāhea ana iā ia iho me ka ʻole, ua hōʻea mai Sepania ma kahi o 1560 ma ke ala o Guatemala. Ma hope o ka noho pōkole ʻana i ka hale konikona o Ciudad Real (ʻo San Cristóbal de Las Casas i kēia manawa), hana ʻo ia me kekahi o kona mau hoa i ka panalāʻau o Los Zendales, kahi ʻāina e pili ana i ka ululāʻau Lacandon, a ʻo ia ka ʻāina o nā lāhui Maya i kipi ʻole. Ke kamaʻilio nei ʻo Chol lāua ʻo Tzeltal. Ua hōʻike koke ʻo ia i nā hōʻailona o ke ʻano he mikionali kūikawā. Ma waho aʻe o ka lilo ʻana i kahuna haʻi ʻōlelo maikaʻi loa a me kahi "ʻolelo" ʻano ʻē (ua haku ʻo ia ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻehā mau ʻōlelo Maya), ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi kālena kikoʻī ma ke ʻano he mea kākau kiʻi o nā hoʻoliʻiliʻi. ʻO Yajalón, ʻo Ocosingo, ʻo Bachajón, ʻo Tila, ʻo Tumbala lāua ʻo Palenque i ko lākou kumu iā ia a i ʻole, ma ka liʻiliʻi, he aha ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano hoʻonohonoho pono.
E like me ka hoʻomaha ʻole e like me kāna hoa hana ʻo Fray Guillermo, ua hele ʻo ia e ʻimi i nā Indians kipi o El Petén Guatemala a me El Lacandón Chiapaneco, i mea e hoʻohuli ai iā lākou e hoʻololi i ko lākou kūʻokoʻa no kahi ola maluhia ma ke kūlanakauhale kolone. Ua kūleʻa me ka Pochutlas, nā kamaʻāina mua o ke awāwa ʻo Ocosingo, akā ua holo pono ia ma muli o ka intransigence o nā Lacandones a me ka mamao o nā noho Itza. No nā kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia i pakele ai ʻo ia mai ka hale hālāwai ʻo Ciudad Real a nalowale i ka nahele i kona ala i Tabasco. Ua hiki paha i kāna hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka ʻaelike a ka mokuna Dominicans i hana ai ma Cobán, i ka makahiki 1558, no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka pūʻali koa kūʻē i ka poʻe Lacandones nāna i pepehi i kekahi mau pule pule ma mua iki aku. Mai kēlā manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Fray Pedro e kona mau hoahānau hoʻomana he "malihini i kā lākou hoʻomana" a ua kū kona inoa i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā moʻolelo o ka ʻoka.
Makemake ʻia e nā ʻaha o ka Holy Inquisition a me ka Audiencia o Guatemala like, akā pale ʻia e ka Zendale a me El Lacandón Indians, ua hoʻolilo ʻo Fray Pedro i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Palenque i kikowaena o kāna hana kahu hānai. Ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia iā Diego de Landa, ka bihopa o Yucatán, no kāna mau manaʻo maikaʻi a mahalo i kēia kākoʻo Franciscan, ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻomau i kāna hana euanelio, i kēia manawa ma nā moku ʻo Tabasco o Los Ríos a me Los Zahuatanes, no ka mana ʻekalesia o Yucatán. Ua loaʻa hou iā ia nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, i kēia manawa me ka mana kīwila, no kāna pale kūpaʻa ʻana i nā wahine ʻōiwi e kūʻē i nā hana koikoi ma nā mahiʻai Sepania. Ua hōʻea kāna huhū i ke kiko o ke kipaku ʻana i ka lawehala a koi aku i kā lākou hoʻopaʻi maikaʻi loa mai ka Inquisition, ke keʻena like nāna i hoʻomāinoino iā ia i kekahi mau makahiki i hala.
Pēlā ka mahalo o nā Tzeltal, Chole, a me Chontal Indians no kāna kanaka ma hope o kona make ʻana ma 1580 ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻomana iā ia ma ke ʻano he haipule. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, ua hōʻiliʻili ke kahuna pule o ke kaona ʻo Yajalón i ka kuʻuna waha e hoʻolaha e pili ana iā Fray Pedro Lorenzo a haku i ʻelima mau mele e hoʻolauleʻa ai i nā hana mana i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia: i ka hana ʻana i kahi puna i loko o kahi pōhaku, a pā ʻia me kāna koʻokoʻo. ; i ka hoʻolauleʻa lehulehu ʻana ma nā wahi like ʻole ʻekolu i ka manawa like; ua hoʻolilo i nā kālā i loaʻa hewa i mau kulu koko i ka lima o kahi luna kānāwai kolohe; etc. I ka makahiki 1840, ua kipa aku ka mea ʻimi noiʻi ʻAmelika ʻo John Lloyd Stephens iā Palenque, ua ʻike ʻo ia e hoʻomau mau nā poʻe India o kēlā kaona i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka Makua Hemolele a mālama mau lākou i kona kapa me he relic laʻa. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e ʻike, akā ma muli o ka hilinaʻi ʻole o ka poʻe Indians, "ʻAʻole i hiki iaʻu ke aʻo iā lākou iaʻu," ua kākau ʻo ia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai i loko o kāna puke kaulana ʻo Incidence of Travel ma Central America, Chiapas a me Yucatan.
ʻO Guillermo de Santa María lāua ʻo Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada nā mikionali Sepania ʻelua i hoʻolaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ko lāua ola i ka ʻeuanelio ʻana o nā Indians kolohe i noho ma ke alo o ke kaua i nā makahiki 1560-1580 i kaupalena ʻia ka wahi i noho ʻia e ka Paniolo. ʻākau a hema. Ua hoʻāʻo nō hoʻi lākou e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka mea a nā mikionali ʻē aʻe i hāʻawi aku ai i ka lāhui ʻōiwi o ka mauna Mekiko a me ka mea a Vasco de Quiroga i kapa ai "nā ʻāpana ahi a me ka berena." ʻO ka hoʻomanaʻo o kāna lawe ʻana he kūpono ia e hoʻopakele ʻia no nā poʻe Mekiko o ke kenekulia 20. Pela io no.
