Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kanaka, ua kaha nā hanana like ʻole i kēlā me kēia pae ma lalo o kona kāʻei, a ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia i kekahi inoa a i ʻole hanohano i kekahi mau wā mōʻaukala. ʻO kēia ka mea i hana ʻia o ka mīkini paʻi a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻAmelika e hōʻike ana i nā milestones hoihoi i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu a me ka mōʻaukala o ke Komohana.
He ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ia he hana a ke kāne hoʻokahi a ʻaʻole i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi lā, akā ʻo ka hui ʻana o nā hanana ʻelua i ala aʻe i kahi kiʻi hou e hoʻohuli i ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu Mekiko. I ka manawa i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka naʻi aupuni o Tenochtitlan, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaha nā mikionali a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka moʻomeheu Komohana ma Nu Sepania.
Ua hoʻomaka lākou i kā lākou hana me ka ʻeuanelio: ua hoʻāʻo kekahi e aʻo ma o nā kumuwaiwai mnemonic, kekahi ma o ka ʻōlelo, a ua pili lākou i nā huaʻōlelo Lākina me ke ʻano hieroglyphic o ke kani Nahuatl kokoke loa. ʻO kahi laʻana: pater no pantli, noster no nuchtli a pēlā aku. Ma kēia ʻano i hoʻolauna ʻia ai kahi ʻōlelo hou a me kahi manaʻo hou i loko o ka honua ʻōiwi.
Akā ʻo ka hana mau o ka ʻeuanelio ʻana i ka poʻe hoʻomaloka ʻole, ke aʻo ʻana a me ka lawelawe ʻana i nā ʻaha hoʻāno, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kaiāulu hou, ua pono i nā mea pule e pono i nā ʻōiwi e kōkua iā lākou; ua koho ʻia ka elite ʻōiwi e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he waena ma waena o ka naʻi aupuni a me nā Indians, a ua hoʻomaka e aʻo ʻia no ia kumu. ʻO kēia mau kumu i alakaʻi ʻia ai nā kula kahi i hoʻomaka ai ke aʻo ʻia o nā aliʻi hanohano i ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, a ʻo ia ka mea i koi aku i ka hoʻohana ʻana, ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā puke a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale waihona puke i kanalua ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā puke pai ʻia. me nā huapalapala lawe lima e like loa me nā palapala medieval (incunabulum mai ka ʻōlelo Latina incunnabula, ʻo ia hoʻi ka cradle).
ʻO ke kula mua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma NūI Sepania ʻo ia ʻo San José de los Naturales i ka makahiki 1527. Ma aneʻi, ua aʻo ʻia nā pūʻulu koho o nā aliʻi ʻōiwi i ke aʻo Karistiano, ke mele, ke kākau ʻana, nā kālepa like ʻole a me ka Lākina, akā ʻaʻole ka papa mele akā liturgical, i mea e kōkua ai i nā lawelawe haipule. a ʻo kēia mea hope loa i hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kā lākou hale waihona puke incunabula e pili ana i nā kumuhana e like me sermonarios, nā puke no ke aʻo ʻana, no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lehulehu a me nā puke hīmeni.
Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi loa i ka puka ʻana mai o ka Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, nāna i wehe nā puka i ka makahiki 1536 a nona ka papahana me ka Lākina, nā haʻiʻōlelo, ke akeakamai, ka lāʻau a me ka hoʻomana. I kēia hoʻokumu ʻana ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka incunabula, no ka mea ma o kā lākou loiloi ʻana a me ka hoʻokalakupua kikoʻī a nā Lākina Lākina i hana ai iā lākou, e like me ke kāhea pinepine ʻia ʻana, kākoʻo lākou i ka poʻe pule pule i ke kākau ʻana i nā grammar, nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo a me nā haʻiʻōlelo i nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi, e pili ana i ka ʻano like o ka incunabula. ʻO ia ʻano like e ʻike ʻia ma nā grammar a i ʻole ma ka Libellus de medicinalius indiarum herbis, i kākau ʻia ma Nahuatl e Martín de la Cruz a unuhi ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Latina e Badiano, ka mea e ukali nei i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻano like me ka Messue's Opera medicinalia. (1479), me ia e hiki ai ke hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ka incunabula ke alahaka i huakaʻi ʻia e nā poʻe o Nū Pepania e kiʻi pololei i ka moʻomeheu o ka honua kahiko.
He mea kupaianaha ka holomua o ka lāhui ʻōiwi i nā kumuhana like ʻole i aʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻeleu kēia mea i ka wehe ʻana o ke Kulanui ʻo Real y Pontilicia o Mekiko (1533) ma ke ʻano he pono maoli; a i ka manawa like ua hōʻailona ia i ka implantation o ke kaiāulu o ʻEulopa a me ka paʻa o kāna moʻomeheu, ʻoiai nā faculties o Art, Law, Medicine a me Theology i hana i ka hale hou o ke aʻo. Ua hōʻea mua ka mīkini paʻi ma New Spain (1539) a ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka puke, akā e ʻimi mau ʻia ka incunabula i nā ʻano aʻo like ʻole, ʻoiai ke kuʻuna ʻike a me nā hana hou a Renaissance i loaʻa i loko o ia mau mea i lilo ai lākou i kumuwaiwai kūpono. hulina No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, ua lawa ia e ʻike ai i nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēlā me kēia kumu. ʻO kahi laʻana, i nā Arts kahi, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i aʻo ʻia ai ka grammar a me nā haʻiʻōlelo - i aʻo ʻia i mea e hoʻolako ai i nā mea pono e pono ai no ka haʻi ʻana - ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā Prayers o Cicero, nā Institutions o Quintilian , nā mea ʻōlelo Kalikiano a me nā kānāwai o Donato. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻatikala no nā ʻōlelo Lākina a me Helene, a me nā kumuwaiwai theological a me ka Hemolele Hemolele; No laila, i nā paʻi incunabula Urbano's Institutions of Greek grammar (1497), ka haʻi ʻōlelo a Valla e pili ana i ka orthography (1497), ka grammar Greek (1497), nā ʻōlelo grammatic a Tortelius e pili ana i ka pela Helene a me nā dictions (1484) i loaʻa i nā paʻi incunabula. , Nā kumuhana grammatic o Peroto (1480) a ma nā waiwai o nā huaʻōlelo o Mei i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka 1485.
E pili ana i nā haʻiʻōlelo, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hana a Cicero (1495) a me Quintilian (1498), aia kekahi, ma waena o nā haʻiʻōlelo Karistiano, nā Saint Augustine (1495), nā Saint John Chrysostom (1495) a me nā mea a Saint Jerome (1483 a me 1496), a me nā puke hoʻoikaika kino a hoʻomaʻamaʻa paha, i waena o ia mau mea: ʻO ka hoʻolaha no ka mea akeakamai a kauka paha mai Beroaldo (149 /), nā pule, nā leka a me nā mele no kahi haʻi ʻōlelo lauwī e Pedro de Cara (1495), nā hana a Macinelo i loaʻa nā mele no nā pua, nā kiʻi a me nā mele, nā ʻōlelo i ka haʻi ʻōlelo a Cicero a me Quintilian a me ka grammar a Donato (1498). Aia kekahi mau huaʻōlelo a me nā puke wehewehe e like me La peregrina na Bonifacio García (1498). ʻO nā ettyology o San Isidoro de Sevilla (1483) a me The Greek lexicon of Suidas mai ka makahiki 1499.
Hana ʻo NOVOHISPANAS ma lalo o ka hopena o nā INCUNABLES
Akā ʻaʻole i lawelawe ka incunabula ma ke ʻano he kūkākūkā pū akā ua ʻae pū i ka hana ʻana i nā hana Spanish hou e like me nā hoʻokūkū palapala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona Lākina a me nā Karistiano; nā haʻiʻōlelo i haʻi ʻia ma nā ʻoliʻoli a me nā hana nui i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia i loko o ka makahiki kula o ʻO ke kuʻikahi e pili ana i nā loiloi Karistiano na Diego de Valadés nona ka pahuhopu ʻaʻole he theoretical akā he mea pono: e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea ʻōlelo, "akā ʻo nā Karistiano i leo lākou na ke Akua, nā mea kani o ka maikaʻi a me nā mea lawe a Kristo ", no nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā hana a Saint Augustine a me Saint John Chrysostom, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, ʻo kā Valadés hana he ʻāpana o ka Christian oratory ma New Spain, a ua loli i ka makahiki 1572 me ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka Jesuits. ʻO kēia mau mea, me kā lākou hana hou, ka Ratio studiorum, kā lākou hui pū ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau a me nā hoʻoikaika kino, i hoʻokō ʻia ma o ke aʻo ʻana a me ke kumu hoʻohālike o nā mea kākau, nā haumāna loea i ka haʻi ʻōlelo. Ua uhi ʻia ka haumana i ka prose a me nā mele, nā kumuhana i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ke kumumanaʻo kikoʻī o nā ʻano, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā mea kākau papa e like me Virgilio, Cátulo (1493), Seneca (1471, 1492, 1494), Sidonio de Apolinar (1498), ʻO Juvenal (1474) lāua ʻo Marcial (1495), no ka manawa lōʻihi i hoʻohuli i ka prose a me nā mele o New Spain. Pēlā e ʻike ʻia ai ma Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, i kāna mau paukū kaulana: Nā kāne lapuwale e hoʻopiʻi nei / ʻo ka wahine me ke kumu ʻole, / me ka ʻike ʻole ʻo ʻoe ka manawa / o ka mea like āu e hoʻopiʻi ai.
I ka mea a Ovid i kākau ai i loko o kēia pālua: ʻO ʻoe, e ke kanaka huhū, e hea mai iaʻu he wahine hoʻokamakama / hoʻopoina ʻoe ke kumu o kēia hewa.
Ma ke ala like ka epigram VIII, 24 o Marcial: ʻO wai e kūkulu i nā kiʻi kapu o ke gula a i ʻole ke kinikini / ʻaʻole i hana i nā akua; (akā) ka mea e noi (iā lākou).
I ka mea a Sor Juana Inés i ʻōlelo ai i kāna sonnet 1690 e pili ana i nā wahine uʻi:… no ka mea ke manaʻo nei ʻoe, ma mua o ka nani ʻana / he akua ia e nīnau ʻia ai.
Hiki ke koho ʻia nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe mai nā mea kākau like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, hana hou kēia palapala, ʻoiai ʻo ka moʻomeheu o New Spain ʻaʻole i hoʻohana wale i ka ʻike o ka incunabula i ka grammar, nā haʻi ʻōlelo a i nā mele paha akā ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe e like me ka ʻepekema, akeakamai a me ka mōʻaukala. I mea e hōʻike ai i kēia, ua lawa ia e haʻi aku ai iā Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, ka mea nona kekahi o nā hale waihona puke nui i loko o New Spain, kahi e loaʻa pū ana nā incunabula i kona pūlima a me nā ʻōlelo palena ʻole he nui, i kōkua a hoʻoikaika ikaika i kāna nā hana. ʻIke ʻia nā heluhelu e like me ka mea ma Arquitectura de Vitruvio (1497) ke hoʻolālā a wehewehe ʻo ia i ka pahu lanakila i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1680 e hoʻokipa i ke kuhina nui hou, ʻo Marquis de la Laguna, a ʻo Brading i wehewehe "me he hale lāʻau nunui nei e ana ana 30 mau mika. kiʻekiʻe a 17 ākea, no laila ua hoʻokō ʻia nā lula kuhikuhipuʻuone. " Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia piʻo me nā kiʻi a me nā kahakaha, i piha mau i nā hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia me nā huaʻōlelo a me nā hōʻailona. I ka hope he mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke aʻo kumu hoʻohālikelike i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā hana maʻamau (Greek and Roman), nā kia hoʻomanaʻo ʻAigupita a me nā hieroglyphs, a me nā hermeneutics i aʻo ʻia mai ka Corpus hermeticum (1493) a me nā hana a Kircher, ka mea i lanakila pū kekahi. i loko o kāna Theatre of Political Virtues. Ua kū mai nā ʻano ʻano ʻano i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka pilina o ka hoʻomana kiʻi Mekiko me ka ʻAigupita a me ka like kupaianaha ma waena o ko lākou mau luakini, nā pyramid, nā lole a me nā kalena, kahi āna i hoʻāʻo ai e hāʻawi i ka Mekiko ma mua i kahi hoʻokumu Egypt i kona manawa.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua kāhea ʻia ʻo Sigüenza ma ke ʻano he kākāʻōlelo no ka Count of Gálvez i ka hale aliʻi e hoʻonā i nā kahawai i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, ka mea i koi ikaika iā ia e heluhelu a hoʻoponopono hou paha i ka puke Ma nā kahawai wai o Frontonius (1497). ʻO Sigüenza kahi polygraph hoihoi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lani a me nā hanana o ka wā i hala a ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kona ʻike ma kāna Libra astronomica et philosophica kahi i hōʻike ai ʻo ia i kāna haku ma ke kumuhana, a ʻo ia kāna i aʻo ai i ke aloha i ka ʻōlelo o nā mea kākau astronomia kahiko o 1499. ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻo ia.
ʻO ka mea hope, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kahi ʻāpana a i ʻole kumu ʻona ma kahi e ʻike pono ai e ʻae i ka incunabula e hoʻolako i kumu. ʻO kēia ke kānāwai, pili loa me ka akeakamai a me ka hoʻomana.
ʻIke ʻia i loko o ke kānāwai ua aʻo ʻia ka Corpus iuris civilis o Justinian a me ka Corpus iuris canonici, ʻoiai ma Nu Sepania ʻaʻohe kānāwai o kā lākou ponoʻī, akā ʻo nā mea i hoʻomalu iā Sepania e pono e lawe. ʻO kēia transposition loio i hopena i kahi moʻo o ka wehewehe hewa i kāna noi; I mea e hōʻike ai i kēia, lawa nō ia e kamaʻilio pōkole ai e pili ana i ka hoʻokauwā ʻana, no kekahi mea ʻae ʻia no ka mea ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā Sepania aia he kauā ma ʻAmelika. Pēlā nō ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kānāwai i hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka poʻe ʻōiwi he pio kaua, a no laila e lilo ana kā lākou kuleana. a me kahi ʻōlelo mai ka puke kīwila ʻo Corpus iuris, e pili ana i kēia mea: "a no kēia mea ua hiki iā lākou ke kapa ʻia he kauā, no ka mea ua kauoha nā ʻemepela e kūʻai aku i nā mea pio, no laila (nā haku) e mālama iā lākou a pepehi ʻole iā lākou." Ua hōʻole ʻo Juan de Zumárraga i kahi ʻano wehewehe i hiki ʻole ai ke ʻae ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe kānāwai a kumu ʻole… e hiki ai i kēia mau mea ke lilo i kauā, ʻaʻole hoʻi (i) ka hoʻomana Kalikiano ... (he) lokoino lākou (hele kūʻē lākou) i ka ke kānāwai kūlohelohe a me kā Kristo e ʻōlelo nei: "ma ke kuleana kūlohelohe ua hānau ʻia nā kāne āpau mai ka mua mai."
ʻO kēia mau pilikia āpau e pono ai e loiloi i nā kānāwai Sepania a hana i kā lākou iho no New Spain, no laila ke kū ʻana o De Indiarum iure de Solórzano a me Pereira a me Cedulario de Puga a i ʻole nā Laws of the Indies. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ala hou i nā kānāwai ma ka Habeas iuris civilis a me ka canonici, a me ka lehulehu o nā ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe ʻepekema a me nā haumāna e like me Nā Manaʻōlelo i ka Habeas iuris canonici na Ubaldo (1495), nā ʻaha kūkā o Juan a me Gaspar Calderino (1491), Ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka dowry a me ke kumukānāwai o ka dowry a me nā pono (1491) a i ʻole ma ka uku paneʻe o Plataea (1492).
Mai ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai a hiki i kēia manawa, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo ʻo ka incunabula nā kumuwaiwai palapala i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻeuanelio a no ka hoʻomohala ʻike a me ka pilikanaka o New Spain. No laila hiki ke hōʻoia, ʻo kā lākou mea nui ʻaʻole wale ia ma ka mea ʻo lākou nā puke i paʻi mua ʻia ma ka honua akā no ka mea ʻo ia ke kumu o kā mākou moʻomeheu Komohana. No kēia kumu e haʻaheo mākou i ka lilo ʻana i ʻāina nona ka hōʻiliʻili nui loa o kēia mea ma Latin America āpau, no ka mea inā ʻaʻohe puke ʻaʻole hiki i ka mōʻaukala, ka palapala a me ka ʻepekema paha.
Puna: Mexico ma Manawa No. 29 Malaki-ʻApelila 1999
