Ma ke kahua o ka mōʻaukala honua o nā kolone Sepania ma ʻAmelika, ke kuleana nui i ʻike ʻia, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻike nui ʻia nā panalāʻau ʻo Mexico o New Spain e pili ana iā ʻAsia.
Ma ke kahua o ka mōʻaukala honua o nā kolone Sepania ma ʻAmelika, ke kuleana nui i ʻike ʻia, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻike nui ʻia nā panalāʻau ʻo Mexico o New Spain e pili ana iā ʻAsia.
ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia hihia o Acapulco ma ke ʻano he keʻena keʻena ʻAmelika no ke kalepa ʻĀsia, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka moku mai Pilipi i hana i ka pae ʻāina kū ʻole i nā awa ʻē aʻe i kāna huakaʻi kai mai Alta Kaleponi.
ʻOiai, ʻo Acapulco ka lua o ke awa nui loa a ka viceroyalty Mekiko a ma ke ʻano he wahi mākaukau ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i kahi hana pālua, ʻo ia ke awa o ka hopena hope loa no ke kālepa trans-Pacific ma ʻAmelika a me ka loulou pololei me nā Philippines, ʻoiai ʻo ka galleon i holo aku i ka pae ʻāina ʻo ia ka nexus o nā ʻano kamaʻilio like ʻole ma waena o ʻEulopa-Nūhou Sepania-ʻAsia. No kēia kumu, pono kekahi mau wehewehe e wehewehe i nā ana mōʻaukala o Acapulco.
ʻO ka mea mua o kēia mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke koho ʻana i ke awa ʻo ia wale nō ke kikowaena ʻae ʻia ma ʻAmelika no ka huakaʻi hope loa o ka Manila Galleon, no ka mea i ʻOkakopa 1565 Andrés de Urdaneta i hōʻea i Acapulco ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka makani maikaʻi i kōkua i ka huakaʻi o hoʻi mai Manila a i Sepania Hou, ʻoiai he pīhoihoi ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1573 wale nō ia i kuhikuhi ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he pūnaewele wale nō i ka mana no ke kālepa ʻana me ʻAsia, i hui pū ʻia me ke komo mau ʻana o nā mea kalepa New-Hispanic i ka kālepa trans-Pacific, ka poʻe i makaʻu i nā ʻatikala ʻAʻole koi nui nā Asians i nā kolone.
KA MAKAHIKI O ACAPULCO
Ma mua, ua kaupaona ʻia nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e nā awa Sepania hou e kū pono ana i ka Pākīpika, e like me Huatulco, La Navidad, Tehuantepec a me Las Salinas. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o kēia hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ua koho ʻia ʻo Acapulco no kekahi mau kumu.
Mai laila aku ka pōkole o ka laina hoʻokele, hoʻomaʻamaʻa a ʻike ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka o ka naʻi aupuni o Philippines a me ka ʻimi no ka huakaʻi hoʻi i Nu Sepania; ma muli o ke kokoke loa i Mekiko City, ʻoiai nā huahana ʻelua e hoʻomaka ana ma Asia a me nā mīkini hoʻomalu e holo wikiwiki, e kōkua ana i ke kamaʻilio me Veracruz; no ka palekana o ke kai kūʻono, kona mana nui a me nā dinamika ʻoihana me nā awa ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema e like me Realejo, Sonsonate a me Callao; Pēlā nō, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke kai kūʻono i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kaiaola waiwai, nāna i hoʻolako nā huahana mai nā wahi mamao loa mai (Mexico, Puebla a me Veracruz) no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka moku, hana hou ʻana i nā galleon, hoʻolako ʻia o ke awa a me nā mea i noi ʻia e ke kiaʻāina kiaʻāina o ka ʻāina Pilipino no mālama i ka noho Sepania ma ʻAsia; ʻo ka mea hope loa, ua pili paha kekahi kumu i ka manaʻo ʻo Acapulco ʻo ia ka "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a palekana hoʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa"; eia naʻe, he "awa kalepa nui" wale nō ia i ka wā i komo ai ka galleon mai ʻAsia iā ia, a ua hoʻomaka koke ka wehe ʻana o ka Kaulike Acapulco ma hope koke iho.
I kēlā ʻano, i ʻole e lilo i nā hana hoʻomakeʻaka, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole ʻo Acapulco kahi hale moku, akā ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā moku ma laila, ma Manzanillo Beach, i kekahi mau manawa i hoʻouna ʻia nā moku i El Realejo (Nicaragua) a no ke kenekulia. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo XVIII iā San Blas.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā galleons trans-Pacific i hoʻomohala ʻia ma Filipaina, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau kū kū ʻole o ke kumu hoʻokahi, i huki ʻia mai loko mai o nā ululāʻau a hiki i ke awa o Cavite, kahi i hana ai nā ʻōiwi ʻōiwi hana i ke kī kī me ka pae honua. Ua hōʻea iā ia nā huahana i hoʻouna ʻia ma Manila mai Hikina Hema ʻo Asia; I ka manawa like, nā huahana ʻEulopa, e like me ka manawa, mai Seville a me Cádiz, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻolauleʻa makahiki o ka Acapulco Fair i kali lōʻihi ʻia, kahi i kūʻai ai nā mea kālepa. o ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku Asia. No kēlā kumu, he wahi hōʻeha ia o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā "ʻenemi" o ke kalaunu, e like me ke kāhea ʻia ʻana o nā powa i nā manawa kolone; nolaila, he kiai mau no ka malama ana i ke kiai ana i ke awa ka pono.
Aia he mau kumu waiwai ʻelua. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "moku hoʻolaha", hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (hoʻouna ʻia) no ka manawa mua mai Acapulco ma 1594 i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke Consulate o Mexico City, ma muli o ke kiʻi ʻia o ka Galleon Santa Ana ma 1587 ma Cabo San Lucas e na Thomas Cavendish. ʻO ke kumu o kēia moku liʻiliʻi, e like me ka manaʻo o ka inoa, e aʻo aku i ka galleon e hele mai ana mai Pilipaina mai no ke kokoke loa o nā "ʻenemi", i mea e pale aku ai ka moku i kahi hoʻouka kaua hiki ʻole. pono nō hoʻi e mālama i ka neʻe ʻana o ke awa. ʻO ka lua o nā mea pale pale ka hale kākela o San Diego, ka mea nona ka hale i hoʻokokoke ʻole ʻia, a ma waena o nā kumu e hiki ai ke wehewehe i ka lohi o kāna kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 17 ʻaʻole ia ka mea nui i ka Moana Pākīpika.
Ma luna aʻe o kēia mea pale, ua lanakila ka hoʻoulu kaua ʻana i nā koa e pale aku i nā hale kākela, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka mamao, ka naʻaupō a me ka huakaʻi weliweli mai ʻEulopa a i ka Moana Pākīpika e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke awa o Acapulco mai nā hoʻouka kaua haole.
No ka manawa ka mea pale o Acapulco no ka manawa pōkole, ʻo ia wale nō nā ʻauwaha i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me kahi redoubt e like me ka pā kaua waena.
KA CASTLE O SAN DIEGO A ME NA PIRATE
Akā ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma mua o ka manaʻo o nā luna Sepania Hou, no ka mea, i ʻOkakopa 1615 ua komo ʻo Voris van Spielbergen i ka Bay of Acapulco, he pilina ʻano like ʻole, ʻoiai ka Dutchman, pōkole o nā mea i mālama ʻia, ua hoʻokele ʻo ia i nā pānaʻi Sepania āna e hāpai nei. Loaʻa iaʻu no ka meaʻai hou. No ka manawa no nā mea pale pale o Acapulco i mea kūloko, ʻo ia wale nō nā ʻauwaha i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me kahi redoubt e like me ka pā kaua waena.
ʻOiai, ʻo ka hysteria lehulehu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hōʻea ʻana o nā "ʻenemi" Protestant a me ka hiki ke kiʻi ʻia o kahi galleon hou i kahakaha i ke kumu o ka waiwai nui o ka pā kaua o San Diego, no laila, ke kuhina nui o New Spain, Marqués de Guadalcázar , Kauoha ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana o kahi redoubt ʻē aʻe i ka ʻenekinia ʻo Adrián Boot, ke kuleana o ia manawa no nā hana hoʻokahe wai ma Mexico City. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻole ʻo Boot i ke noi no ka lawa ʻole a me ka liʻiliʻi, no kēia kumu ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kahi hana paʻa me nā naita bastioned ʻelima, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻelima mau hale kiaʻi i hui pū me nā wanana i hopena i ka pentagonal form.
Eia naʻe ua kūkākūkā ʻia kēia manaʻo i loko o kahi hālāwai i mālama ʻia ma Kēkēmapa 4, 1615 e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻaelike, e koi ana i kona hiki. ʻO ka moʻohelu kālā no ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hale kākela i koho ʻia ma 100,000 peso, a ʻo ia pākēneka e pono e hoʻopukapuka ʻia e iho i lalo a e kaulike ana iā El Morro, ka puʻu i kūkulu ʻia ai ka pā kaua.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1616 ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka nā hana e kūkulu i ka pā kaua, ʻoiai ka nūhou hou i lawe ʻia i New Spain e pili ana i ke kū ʻana o nā moku ʻelima e hoʻāʻo nei e hele i ke kaha o Magellan. Ua unuhi hou ʻia ka palekana o ke awa i mea nui, ʻoiai ʻo nā pilikia i hala i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ʻaʻole pono e lilo i mau hanana hou. ʻO kēia hopohopo o nā hopohopo āpau i ʻae ʻia ka manaʻo o Boot e kahi palapala aliʻi a Mei 25, 1616.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hale kākela o San Diego mai ka hopena o 1616 a hiki i ka lā 15 ʻApelila 1617. He hana nui kā ka pā kaua hou, e pale aku ai i ka hoʻouka pōā i ke awa. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hale, ma ka mua, no ka mea, he "ʻano kūlike ʻole i hāpai ʻia ma luna o ka pā kaulike ʻole o ka honua, a kahakaha ʻia e nā naita ma kahi o nā bastions. ʻElima ona pāpale a ʻo kāna kiʻi ʻaʻole mamao loa ia mai ka manawa maʻamau. Ua hōʻino nui ke ʻōlaʻi 1776 i ka pā paʻa, a no laila ua hana hou ʻia ke kumumanaʻo a hoʻopau ʻia ma 1783.
ʻOiai, ua hoʻoili ka ʻenemi i nā lilo kaua he nui, no laila ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o Spielbergen mai Acapulco, ua hoʻolālā ka luna aupuni o New Spain i ʻeono mau makahiki i kahi ʻauhau kūikawā o 2% no nā mea kūʻai aku āpau i komo i loko o ke awa. I ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka hana a ka ikaika Acapulco, ua uku ʻia hoʻokahi pakeneka mau loa no kona kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻoihana Pilipino a ʻaʻole no ka manawa pōkole ʻoiai e mau ana ka hana.
He mea maopopo ia ʻo ke kuhina nui Mekiko, me Acapulco, ma waenakonu o ia wahi. Ua holo aku nā galleons no ka Philippines ma ka hopena o Malaki e hōʻea i Manila i ʻekolu mau mahina ma hope inā ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻokele palekana, me nā makani maikaʻi, me ka holo ʻole ʻana i loko o kahi moku ʻenemi, me ka piholo ʻole ʻana a i ʻole ka lele ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ka nalo ʻole. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻi ʻana i Nu Sepania hou a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, ma waena o 7 a me 8 mau mahina, no ka mea ua piha ka moku i nā mea kūʻai aku i ʻae ʻia a me nā mea kūʻai aku maʻamau, ka mea i ālai iā ia mai ka hele wikiwiki ʻana I Malaki, ua hāpai ʻia kekahi heleuma mai Manila e hoʻolaki i nā prow i ʻAmelika, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka makani e kū nei ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia, nā monopona, ua hala ka 30 a 60 mau lā o ka moku i ka wā i hala i ke kai o Inland Pilipino e hōʻea ai i ka Strait of San ʻO Bernardino (ma waena o Luzón a me Samar), i mea e hiki aku ai i ka like o Iāpana, e huakaʻi ana i Nu Sepania, a hiki i Alta Kaleponi, mai kahi āna i kahakai i ka kapakai Pākīpika i mea e komo ai i Acapulco.
NA HUAI, NA KANAKA A ME NA MEA HANA
I ka pōkole, ʻike maopopo ʻia ua lawe nā moku mai Pilipiina i kēlā hui o nā waiwai i makemake nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika: nā silika, nā mea noʻeau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā lako hale, ka marquetry, ka porcelain, ka lepo, nā lole pulupulu, nā waihona, ka mahuahua, ke gula, a pēlā aku. etc. ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Chinese Indians", nā kauā a me nā kauā o ko ʻAsia kumu i hōʻea mai hoʻi i ke awa o Acapulco; a me nā hōʻike moʻomeheu, a ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea he ʻāpana o ka moʻomeheu Mekiko ka moa o ka moʻokūʻauhau Malay, ka inoa o nā mea inu e like me Tuba, no Pilipine, nona ka inoa i Acapulco a me Colima, a me nā huaʻōlelo e like me Parián, a ʻo ia ka wahi i makemake ʻia ma Pilipine no ke kaiāulu Kina e noho a kūʻai aku.
ʻO nā mea kākau, kēpau, kālā, nā jerguette, ka waina, ka vīnega, a pēlā aku. Hele pū nā koa, i waena o lākou i hoʻohewa ʻia a hoʻopiʻi ʻia no nā lawehala like ʻole e like me ka moekolohe, ka wahine kāne nui a me ka hoʻokalakupua, ka mea i pale aku i ke kolone o ʻAsia mai ka Hōlani, Pelekania, Kepanī a me ka hoʻouka kaua Muslim ma nā moku ʻo Mindanao a me Joló; Pēlā nō, lawe kēia mau moku i nā leka i waena o nā peninsular, New Spain a me nā luna Pilipino.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka pilina hoihoi, pīhoihoi a hua hoʻi o ʻEulopa-New Spain-ʻAsia ke mahalo ʻia i nā galleons i huki ma waena o ke kai ākea ma waena o kekahi kihi o ka Moana Pākīpika, me Acapulco a me Manila e alakaʻi nei i ke awa hope loa o ke kaapuni. transpacific a kuhikuhi pololei i nā loulou kamaʻilio honua no ka aupuni Sepania ikaika loa.
Puna: Mexico i ka Manawa # 25 Iulai / ʻAukake 1998
