Inā ʻo ʻoe, e ka mea heluhelu, aia ma lalo o kanakolu mau makahiki o ka makahiki, he paʻakikī loa ia, a aneane hiki ʻole paha, no ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ai pehea nā mea hana keaka, nā mea hana keaka a me nā mea hīmeni i hana i ka manawa ma ka makahiki 1930 i kā lākou hōʻike ma ke kahua me ka ʻaʻohe microphone.
A ʻaʻole wau e kuhikuhi wale ana i nā hale keaka e like me kā lākou kūlohelohe i aʻo pono ai i nā leo o ke kanaka, akā i nā wahi nui i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no nā hana keaka, e like me ka bullring a i ʻole ke kahua pāʻani, like me nā mea hana keaka, me ka cramming iā lākou lehulehu, piha pono me ko lākou leo me ka pono ʻole o ka uila subterfuge. Aia kēia paʻi o nā mea pena kiʻi a hiki i mua o ka 1950 a hoʻonani i nā hana i hōʻike ʻia i nā kolamu o Mexico.
ʻO kekahi o ia ʻano hoʻonohonoho, ʻo ia paha ka mea mua, ʻo ka Esperanza Iris Theatre. ʻOiaʻiʻo, mai ka lā o kona hoʻolaʻa ʻia ma Mei 25, 1918, lilo ia i hale keaka me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka hierarchy kaiapili o nā mea āpau ma Mexico City.
Ua ala aʻe ka Esperanza Iris mai ke koena o kahi hale keaka ʻē aʻe: ʻo Xicoténcatl, i hoʻopau loa ʻia e haʻalele i ka pūnaewele no ka hana o ka Iris.
Ua hānau ʻia ka Xicoténcatl ma waena o 1914 a me 1915 me kahi hōkū maikaʻi ʻole. Ma ka hāpai ʻana aʻe, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻolilo ʻia kona ola ʻana; ʻO ka hapa nui o nā paia i hana ʻia i ka lāʻau a hiki i ka 1,500 mau mākaʻikaʻi ke ʻike, nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pili o ka Chamb o nā ʻelele, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēlā kino koleka. "... inā ʻike ʻia ua hana ʻia nā leo hoʻonāukiuki no ka mālama ʻana i nā kau o kēlā a me ka hana o kekahi o kāna keʻena, ʻaʻohe laikini o ka hana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa e hāʻawi ʻia i nā hola i pilikia ʻole ai ka hana o ka Chamber.
No laila, ʻaʻole holomua ka Xicoténcatl. Ma hope, ua kūʻai ʻo Mrs. Esperanza Iris i kahi. Ua wāwahi loa ʻia ka hale a ua kūkulu ʻia ka hale keaka ʻo Esperanza Iris hou mai ka honua a luna. Ua waiho ʻia ka pōhaku mua ma ka lā 15 o Mei, 1917 a ua alakaʻi ʻia nā hana e nā mea kākau kiʻi ʻo Federico Mariscal lāua ʻo Ignacio Capetillo Servín.
I kēia manawa, hoʻomau ʻo Doña Esperanza me kāna huakaʻi i nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua male ʻo ia i ka makahiki 15 me ka luna o ka Teatro Principal, ka Cuban Miguel Gutiérrez, iā ia e hana pū ana me ka hui o nā kaikuahine Moriones. I kona hoʻi ʻana mai kāna huakaʻi mua i Sepania, ua kūʻai ʻo ia i ka Theatre Ideal, a lilo i wahine kāne make a male hou i ka baritone ʻo Juan Palmer.
Ma muli o kāna hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻole ʻana, ua nalowale ʻo Esperanza Iris i ka Ideal, a ke hōʻike nei i nā hōʻailona o ke kūpaʻa ʻole ʻole ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hale keaka e pani ai i ka Xicoténcatl. Ua hapai ʻia ka hale me ka holomua ʻenehana nui loa o kēia manawa a ua hoʻolālā ʻia ia i kahi ala, ma hope o ka hōʻike o ka pō hope loa, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā lako lunetarium a ua hoʻolilo ʻia kahi i Las Cabaret Una Mil.
ʻO ka Democrat, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Nūpepa manuahi o ke kakahiaka", e pili ana i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka hale kiʻi keaka i mālama ʻia ma Mei 25, 1918: "ʻO kēia premiere o ka Esperanza Iris Theatre i hoʻokumu i ka crystallization o ka moemoeā o kahi mea pena kiʻi Mekiko ʻaʻole wale kona ʻāina hānau, akā i nā ʻāina mamao, ua lanakila ʻo ia i nā rosa hou o ka lanakila no kāna lei aliʻi o ka divette hanohano a me ke aloha ... Ma ka hola ʻewalu kanalima i kū aʻe mākou mai ko mākou noho lima, e hoʻolohe ana i nā leka kaua o ka National Anthem, i hoʻokō ʻia i ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka ʻO Mr. Pelekikena o ka Repubalika, Don Venustiano Carranza ... Puhi ʻia, hele ka ʻoluʻolu ʻo Esperanza Iris ma ke ala waena o ka lumi a, i ka hele ʻana i ke kahua, wehe ʻia nā ʻēheu nunui velvety o ka pale, ma waena o ka salvo o kahi leo nui i hui pū ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ka hui. o nā limahana, ka mea i koho ʻia e ka ʻenekinia ʻo Federico Mariscal, i uku i kā lākou mahalo i kahi divette compatriot ... Ua neʻe ʻia paha, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Esperanza Iris iā Di no ka hopena o kāna makemake hanohano, e hoʻopuka nei i nā huaʻōlelo aloha no ka lehulehu Mekiko a e hōʻike ana i kona mahalo mahalo i ka pelekikena no kāna mau makana a me ka hanohano o kona hele ʻana ...
ʻAneʻane me nā waimaka i hoʻopiha i kona mau maka, ua hoʻopau ka mea pena mālie me ka puliki aloha ʻana i kāna hoa i nā hakakā kiʻi, ʻo Josefina Peral, a me kahi hoʻāla aloha i kāna mau mea hana ʻo Juan Palmer lāua ʻo maestro Mario Sánchez ... He mea hiki ʻole ke hāʻawi i nā inoa o nā pilikino. kālaiʻāina a me ka pilikanaka i hele i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana o ka coliseum nani ... Hoʻopuni mākou i kēia leka hoʻomaopopo me kā mākou mahalo nui loa i kā mākou divette, no kona lanakila a lanakila lanakila ... "
Mai kēia manawa, ua kū mai kahi hoʻokūkū hanohano ma waena o ka hale pule o ka operetta "(ka Iris) a me" ka hale pule nui o nā tandas "(nā makasina a Principal). Ma hoʻokahi papa, Iris, Palmer, Zuffoli a hiki i Pertini, Titta Schippa, Hipólito Lázaro a me Enrico Caruso; i kekahi, ʻo María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Celia Montalván, Cuatezón Beristáin, Polo Ortín a me "Panzón" Roberto Soto.
A he aha ka mea e ʻōlelo ai e pili ana i nā mele a me nā mele a nā mea hoʻolohe i hamu ai ma kahi a ma kahi ʻē aʻe: Fru-frú del travarán, Divine Nymph, ka Duo o nā umbrellas, ʻo wau ka ʻūlū a ʻo ʻoe ka wāwae; Pōmaikaʻi ka mea i lana kona hale a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i mua o: Kuʻu kāpena aloha, Ana, Ke keiki pipi keʻokeʻo, El morrongo. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka manawa ke hui i nā hōkū antipodal ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia i ka wā ʻo Nowemapa 1937, ma ka Abreu Theatre, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka Po Nui o ka nani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ua neʻe ka Theatre Iris. Ma waena o 1918 a me nā 1940, he infinity o nā mea pena kiʻi i hele i waena o kāna pae, nā nui a pau. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia aia kēia manawa o ka mōʻaukala me nā manawa ʻelua o nā kaua ma hope o ka honua e hāʻawi iā Mekiko i nā mea nui e lilo i lāhui hou.
No laila, me nā hiʻohiʻona European-style - e like me nā opera, nā comedies a me nā operettas. ʻO kēia nā makasina mele i ka wā e hiki mai ana e lilo i "ʻano" i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lekiō, ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a, a hiki i kēia lā, ma ke ʻano he skema no kekahi o nā papahana kīwī. Ma muli o kēia kūlana, nā ʻano kikoʻī, nā ʻano vernacular a me nā pōʻaiapili e hoʻomohala ʻia ai nā paio ma o nā makahiki.
Mai kahi kihi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka zarzuela kahi ʻano i hānau ʻia na ka aristocracy, akā lawe ʻia e ka poʻe a lilo i hōʻike o nā mele vernacular Sepania, nā hulahula a me nā hana keaka. Pēlā e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi hōʻike i loaʻa ka moʻolelo Helene ma ke ʻano he kumuhana (i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18) a lilo i pae pae ʻāina (mai ka kenekulia 19). Ma Buenos Aires, ua lilo ka zarzuela i porteño sainete, ma Cuba, i ka makasina mele Creole a i ʻole nā bufos a Havana a me ko mākou ʻāina, i zarzuela Mekiko e loaʻa ma hope i ka makasina mele a me nā ʻano.
ʻOiai, ʻo ka zarzuela Spanish launa ʻole La verbena de la Paloma, he pāʻina ma Madrid o kēlā mau makahiki, a inā hoʻomaka ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī e hoʻopau i ka wā o kāna premiere ma Pepeluali 17, 1894, ʻaʻole nō paha Hiki paha ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi o ka poʻe e hoʻolohe ana a me kahi o nā mea hana keaka inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokau ʻia nā palena papaha. A pēlā pū me ka zarzuela Mekiko a me ka makasina mele. Ua launa ʻo ia me nā kāhuna o Mexico City i hoʻohana ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e alakaʻi i ke au o ka manaʻo i loko o nā makahiki. iwakālua. I kēlā me kēia pule ua pā mua ʻia kekahi mea hou me nā mele ʻokoʻa: nationalist, "bataclanesque", ma ke ʻano o nā hanana Parisian - me nā wāwae āpau i ka lewa; -Hey, kuʻu Celia Montalván! -, "Psicalíptica" -me nā ʻoi loa o nā albure o ke kula kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻole o nā leperadas-, a i ʻole nā moʻolelo aloha i hoʻopau ʻia me ka romantism o Agustín Lara a me Guty Cárdenas i ka hale kiʻi ʻo Politeama hema. ʻO kēia hōʻike kaulana i kona nui a pau ka mea maka no ka hānau ʻana o ka lekiō kalepa a no nā ʻanuʻu mua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni aupuni.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka lekiō, keaka, cinematographic a me nā hōʻike kīwī e ʻaiʻē ai i nā kiʻi e like me Esperanza Iris, Virginia Fábregas, María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Cuatezón Beristáin, Muro Soto Rangel, Roberto "Panzón" Soto, Mario Esteves, Manolo Noriega , ʻO Víctor Torres, ʻo Alberto Catalá a me nā mea hana keaka a me nā mea hana keaka i hele i ke kula. He kumu ia o ka hauʻoli maoli i kēia lā aia kekahi mau pilikino i ka honua keaka e makemake e kau i nā zarzuelas a me nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻaha, i ke kaila o nā makahiki i hala a ua hoʻolaʻa lākou iā lākou iho e hoʻopakele i nā inoa a me nā waiwai o nā pilikino i waiho i ko lākou māka ma ka mōʻaukala o Mele Mekiko a me nā hana keaka. Mahalo e Iran Eory a mahalo mahalo kumu Enrique Alonso!
Punawai: Mekiko i ka Manawa Helu 23. Malaki-ʻApelila 1998
Antonio Zedillo Castillo
