ʻO ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi o ka 19 kenekulia i kahi ʻano kikoʻī i nā ʻano hana like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e kiʻi a hoʻoponopono i nā kiʻi: daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, tintypes, carbon prints a me nā rubber bichromated kekahi o lākou.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēia kaʻina ākea i nā hui ʻelua: ʻo kēlā mau mea i hana i hoʻokahi kiʻi - i kapa ʻia hoʻi he kiʻi paʻi kiʻi a me kā lākou laina kumu i daguerreotype- a me nā mea i ʻae i ka hana hou ʻana - mai kahi matrix maikaʻi ʻole i loaʻa. i ke keʻena pouli, nona ke kumu i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka calotype.
ʻO ka lua o ka hui - nā mea i hiki ke hana hou i nā manawa kūpono - kū i waho ʻelua mau hana paʻi: paʻi me ka paʻakai a i ʻole ka pepa paʻakai a me ka pepa albuminous. ʻO ka mea nāna i hana ka mea mua ʻo Henry Fox-Talbot, nāna i kiʻi i kāna mau kiʻi paʻi ma o ka pepa waki maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka paʻi paʻi ʻana ʻo Albumen, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kahi hana i hana ʻia ai 85% o nā kiʻi i hana ʻia i ka 19 kenekulia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hapa nui o nā hoʻoilina kiʻi o ko mākou ʻāina - e kūlike ana i kēlā kenekulia. loaʻa i kēia kaʻina.
ʻO ka pepa Albumen kekahi o nā mea hana mua i hoʻohana ʻia e paʻi i nā mea maikaʻi, a i ka makahiki 1839 ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Louis Blanquart-Evrard e hana ia mea ma o ka hana ʻana i nā hana maikaʻi ʻole o ke kīʻaha mai Niépce de St. Victor, nona ka mea i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia me nā paʻakai kālā. . Ma kēia ala, ua hoʻokō ʻo Louis i nā hoʻokolohua me kēia ʻano colloid a kau ʻia ma luna o nā pepa, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hopena o nā calotypes a Henry Fox Talbot, e hana i nā paʻi paʻi kiʻi a hōʻike i kāna mau hopena i ka French Academy of Science (Mei 27 o 1850). Eia naʻe, ke emi nei ka hoʻohana ʻana ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mea paʻi kiʻi ʻoihana - ʻo ia wale nō nā mea nāna i hoʻohana - ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi me nā pepa emulsified no ka paʻi pololei (collodion a gelatin).
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa i ka hana ʻana i ka pepa albumin ʻo ia ka manawa e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ai ka pepa me ka nitrate kālā, i kekahi manawa ua hoʻopili ʻia me ka pepa ma o ka papa albumin, a inā ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ka pepa. maikaʻi maikaʻi, nitrate reacted chemically ke kumu o nā kiko ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā kiko ma ka ʻili o ke kiʻi. ʻO kekahi kumu pilikia kekahi ke kēkelē o ka haumia o ka pepa a me nā ana o ka nui, ʻoiai i ke kani ʻana a i ʻole ke kani ʻana o nā kiʻi i loaʻa ma ka pepa albumen hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā hoʻololi chromatic. No laila, ʻoiai maʻalahi ka hana ʻana o ka pepa albumen, hōʻike ia i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea hana i kūʻai aku i ka pepa albumen maikaʻi, nā hale hana kaulana loa ʻo ia nā mea ma Kelemania-ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea ma Dresden-, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia he mau miliona o nā hua manu i kēlā me kēia makahiki no kēia ʻoihana.
ʻO ka "papa hana" no ka hana ʻana i ka pepa, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻana me nā paʻakai kālā, ua wehewehe ʻia e Rodolfo Namias i ka makahiki 1898:
Mālama maikaʻi nā hua a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka albumin mai ka yolk; kūʻai ʻia ka hope i nā hale kūʻai mīkina lima a me nā hale kūʻai mole. Hoʻohuli ʻia ka albumin wai i loko o nā flakes, ma ka lima a me nā mīkini kūikawā paha, a laila waiho ʻia e hoʻomaha: ma hope o kekahi mau hola lilo hou ia i wai, a kaʻawale nā ʻāpana membrane. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana koke ʻia ka albumin wai i loaʻa, akā pono e ʻāpā iki, no ka mea hāʻawi kēia i kahi papa maʻalahi o ke kiʻi […] waiho mau ʻia [fermenting], ʻoiai ʻewalu a ʻumi paha mau lā , a i ke kau anuanu a hiki i nā lā he ʻumikumamālima; mai ka honi nauseating āna e hāʻawi ai, ʻo ka manawa ke hiki i kona palena kūpono hiki ke helu. Hoʻopau ʻia ka fermentation me ka hoʻohui o kahi liʻiliʻi o ka acetic acid a kānana ʻia. Ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia albumin, pono e hoʻohui i kekahi nui o ka alkali chloride. ʻO ke kumu o kēia chloride e ala aʻe, i ka sensitization o ka pepa, i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka chloride kālā me ka ʻāpelu albumin, a ʻo kēia klorida kālā ka mea pololei, me ka albumin kālā.
I kēia lā ua ʻike mākou ua waiho ʻia ka albumin i loko o nā ipu i hana ʻia me nā pā zinc, a ma loko o ia mau mea ua lana ʻia nā lau o ka pepa kūikawā o ke kūlana maikaʻi a me ke kaupaona haʻahaʻa a lākou e makemake ai e hoʻomākaukau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pepa i loko o kēia ʻauʻau, e paʻa ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻia, e pale ana i ka hiki ke hana ʻia nā huʻa; ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau minuke ua hemo a kau ʻia a maloʻo. Ma ke ʻano laulā, pālua nā proteinaceous i nā lau e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka ʻōlinolino a me ka homogeneous layer hiki.
Ke hoʻomaloʻo, pono ka satin e pepa e hoʻonui i ka gloss o ka ʻili. Inā hoʻokō pono ʻia ke kaʻina hana, e loaʻa kahi pepa albumen me kahi ʻala ʻoluʻolu ʻole (ke ʻano nui o kahi pepa i hana maikaʻi ʻia. Ua wahī ʻia ka pepa proteinaceous i loko o nā pūʻolo i mālama ʻia i kahi maloʻo no ka hoʻomaopopo hope ʻana. Ua lawe ʻia kēia i hoʻokahi a i ʻole ʻelua mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana, ʻoiai i ka waenakonu o 1850s (J.M. Reilly, 1960) ua hiki ke kiʻi iā ia ua sensitized a pūʻolo i loko o kekahi mau wahi kalepa.
No ka sensitization, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi 10% kālā nitrate solution me ka wai maʻemaʻe; Ma hope iho, ninini ʻia ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi pākeke porcelain, a ma lalo o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kahi kukui kūwaliwali nāwaliwali (gas a ʻaila paha ʻaila, ʻaʻole hoʻomālamalama), ua lana ʻia ka lau albumen ma ka ʻauʻau kālā no ʻelua a ʻekolu mau minuke paha; i ka hopena ua hoʻomoe ʻia i ke ala like me ia i ka albumin, akā i kēia manawa i ka pouli piha. I ka manawa e maloʻo, hoʻomohu ʻia ka pepa i kahi wai ʻākena citric acid 5% no hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau minuke paha a ninini a maloʻo ma waena o ka pepa kānana. I ka manawa maloʻo, ʻūlū ʻia nā lau no ka hoʻohana hope ʻana, a i ʻole ʻolokaʻa ʻia, me ka ʻaoʻao proteinaceous e kū pono ana i mua, i kahi ʻano paukū i wahī ʻia me ka pepa. Pēlā nō, mālama ʻia ka pepa sensitized i kahi maloʻo (M. Carey Lea, 1886).
E lawe i ka paʻi paʻi kiʻi ma kēia ʻano pepa, ua hana ʻia kēia mau ʻanuʻu:
a) Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pepa albumin sensitised i ka lā i ka pili ʻana me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole, i hiki ke kīʻaha me kahi albumin substrate, aniani me collodion, a i ʻole me gelatin.
b) holoi ʻia ka manaʻo ma lalo o ka wai holo.
c) Hoʻokomo ʻia ia i ka leo, maʻamau me kahi hopena o ke gula chloride.
d) Hoʻopili ʻia me ka sodium thiosulfate.
f) I ka hopena, holoi ʻia a kau ʻia ma nā ʻeke no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana.
ʻO nā paʻi albumen mua i matt i ka ʻili, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona aniani i ka waena o 1950s. Me ka hoʻolauna ʻia o nā kiʻi stereoscopic a me nā cartes de visite ("kāleka kipa"), ʻo ka pepa albumen ka boom nui loa (1850-1890).
No kā lākou kalepa ʻana, kau ʻia kēia mau kiʻi ma luna o nā kākoʻo kākoʻo paʻa, a hoʻopili ʻia me ka starch, gelatin, gum arabic, dextrin a i ʻole albumin (JM Reilly, op. Cit), no nā ʻenehana a me nā kumu uʻi, no ka ʻano o ka pepa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka Paʻi kiʻi, e like me ke kūkākūkā ʻana, lahilahi loa. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kiʻi unmounted i kekahi manawa i loko o nā album, a me nā manawa ʻē aʻe, mālama ʻia i loko o nā pūʻolo a i ʻole nā enopope, kahi a lākou e makemake ai e ʻōwili a wili paha, ʻo ia ka hihia me nā kumuwaiwai ke kumu o kēia noi.
ʻO kēia mau paʻi albumin kiʻi ʻole ʻia i wili ʻia a wili paha ma muli o ka loli ʻana o ka wai a me ka mahana ma kahi i mālama ʻia ma mua o ko lākou hōʻea ʻana i ka INAH Photo Library, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i hōʻeleu ai i ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi mau kiʻi. .
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā pilikia i loaʻa mai ka ʻōwili ʻana o ka pepa albumen i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā puke mua no ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia ʻano pepa paʻi kiʻi, a me kāna hopena, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā paʻi ma nā kākoʻo pepa kaha ʻoʻoleʻa, ʻoiai ua holo wale kēia hopena. inā māmā ka wili (JM cit.).
Kū ka wili o ka pepa ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka wai i ke kaiapuni, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka omo ʻana i ka waihona albumin ma mua o ke kākoʻo pepa, i kumu e hoʻāhu ai nā olonā o ke kākoʻo ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā haunaele.
ʻO ka paʻa a me ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe o kēia kaʻina paʻi kiʻi he haʻahaʻa loa ia, kahi e hiki ai i nā kiʻi i hana ʻia me kēia ʻano ke maʻalahi i ka hōʻino, ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kaiapuni a me nā kumu intrinsic i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻano o ka albumin a me ke kālā photolytic o ke kiʻi i hana ʻia e paʻi pololei.
ʻOiai he mau noiʻi e pili ana i nā kumu e hoʻololi ai i ke ola o kēia ʻano paʻi, e kuhi nei i kekahi mau hana e hoʻopaneʻe i ka hōʻino ʻana, ʻaʻohe ʻike honua o ka pilikia e ʻae ana i nā paʻi paʻi kiʻi i hana ʻia e nā kaʻina i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei e mālama ʻia i kahi ala nui.
Aia kahi waihona ʻo INAH Photo Library ma kahi o 10,000 mau ʻāpana ma ka pepa albuminous, he waiwai nui lākou āpau, ma ka ʻōlelo o ka ʻāina a me nā kiʻi. Aia kekahi mau kiʻi o kēia hōʻiliʻili i kahi kūlana holomua o ka deterioration - ʻoiai nā kūlana paʻa paʻa -, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi papahana hana hoʻihoʻi mechanical e ʻae i ka hoʻopakele ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana a me kā lākou hoʻolaha. I ka hoʻihoʻi ʻenehana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā palapala, i lawelawe ʻia e hoʻihoʻi i ka "kūpaʻa" a me ka hoʻomau kino ʻana o ke kākoʻo, ʻoiai i ka wā e komo ai i ka substrate a i ʻole ke kiʻi, kū nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. ʻaʻole kūpono nā ʻenehana a me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia me nā lula maʻamau o kahi intervenorative interven. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole pili nā ʻano kemika i kēia ʻano manaʻo, no ka mea hoʻololi lākou i ka molekiola o ke kālā hana kiʻi (mai ke kālā photolytic i ke kālā filamentary), e hoʻololi ana i ke kani, kahi hana i hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi.
Penei i hana ʻia ai kēia mau mea:
a) Hoʻopaʻa kiʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ʻōwili mua ʻia ma mua o ka lapaʻau ʻana.
b) Nānā kino a me nā kemikala o ke ʻano o nā paʻi albumin.
c) I ka manawa i lawe ʻia ai ke kālailai ʻana o nā ʻāpana, ua hana ʻia lākou i kahi ʻano pulu anuanu, a ke hoʻonui nei i ka pākēneka o ka wai ma ke kaupaona ʻana i ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana e wehe ia lākou.
d) Hoʻomaka mākou e hoʻomaloʻo a kūkulu hou i ka mokulele kumu o nā kiʻi ma o ka paʻi pepa.
e) ʻO ka mea hope loa, kau ʻia kēlā me kēia mea ma ke kākoʻo kūpaʻa ph kākoʻo, i kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i kāna ʻano kumu, e pale ana i nā hopena kemika like ʻole ma ke kākoʻo mua a me ke kiʻi (e mae ana, nā stains, a pēlā aku.).
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he hana nui ka hoʻopakele a me ka mālama ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili kiʻi paʻi kiʻi e hoʻomaopopo ai ʻo ke kiʻi maoli ka hoʻomanaʻo kiʻi o kahi kaiāulu, kahi lāhui, a ʻaʻole wale ka hopena o kahi kaʻina photochemical a i ʻole kahi hālāwai me nā overatos.
