ʻO ka pani o Santa Teresa # 1 paila i ka animations. I waenakonu o kēlā ʻūlū a me nā mea kūʻai aku i ke alanui, ua puka ka leo o ka mea kīwī: "Ka make ʻana o Kāpena Cootaaaa ..., ke keiki weliweli nāna i pepehi kāna maadreeee weliweli ..."
ʻO ka pani o Santa Teresa # 1, kahi o ka paʻi ʻana o Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, e paila ai ke ola. I waenakonu o kēlā puʻupuʻu a me nā mea kūʻai aku o ke alanui, ua puka mai ka ʻuā o ke kī kī, ʻo ia ka mea i puka koke mai ma ka puka o ka hale paʻi me kahi nūpepa ma kona lima, e hoʻolaha me ka leo stentorian: "ke kī ʻana o Kāpena Cootaaaa…., ke keiki weliweli nāna i pepehi kāna maadreeee weliweli ... "
Ma loko o kēia hana, hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia i ka hāmau o kahi keiki i waiho i kāna mau puke ma ka papahele a nānā aku me ka pīhoihoi mai ke alanui ma o kāna ʻenehu ponoʻī ma ka puka aniani o ka mīkini paʻi, ka holo ʻana o kahi burin ma ka ipu wela. metala, ka mineta akamai i mālama ʻia e ka lima o José Guadalupe Posada. ʻAʻole ʻōlapa ke keikikāne ʻo José Clemente Orozco, a ma o kāna mau maka e ukali pono ana i ka laina o ke burin, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i kona manaʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ma waho ka mea kahakaha kupaianaha Posada o ke alo kamaliʻi o José Clemente, a me nā mea e loaʻa ai kāna laʻana; ʻIke wale ʻo ia i kahi lima liʻiliʻi, ʻāwīwī malū, e ʻohiʻohi ana i nā ʻumiʻumi i hoʻopau ʻia e ka burin mai ka honua.
ʻO Posada ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā mea pena kiʻi Mekiko i ka hapa mua o kēia kenekulia. ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi ʻo José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Francisco Gotilla a me Guillermo Meza i loaʻa i ko lākou hoʻoilina, a me nā mea kālai kiʻi ʻo Francisco Díaz de León, Leopoldo Méndez, Alfredo Zalce, Francisco Moreno Capdevila, Arturo García Bustos, Adolfo Mexiac a me Alberto Beltrán . ʻO ka Taller de grafica Popular, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1937, ka hoʻoilina Posada mōʻaukala.
Mai ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mea hana lima kaulana, ua kiʻi ʻo José Guadalupe Posada i kekahi o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi, no ka mea ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia a hoʻoulu i ka wā keu o ka hana noʻeau o ke aupuni i kēia kenekulia: ke Kula Mekiko ʻo Mekiko.
ʻO ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā hana noʻeulopa, a me nā kiʻi noʻeau, ua hoʻokuʻu loa ʻia iā ia mai nā hoʻohiki ʻana; i kāna mau kaha kiʻi maoli āna i hōʻike mau ai i ke kūʻokoʻa.
ʻAʻole wau i hiki i ka virtuosity lapuwale: ʻo ka hōʻike pololei wale nō kāna hopohopo no ka mea ua ola ʻo ia i nā mea o Mekiko.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar ma ka hola he ʻumi i ka pō ma ka lā 2 o Pepeluali, 1852 ma ke alanui inoa ʻole ma ke kaiāulu ʻo San Marcos ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Aguascalientes; He keiki ʻo ia na Kelemania Posada, he kahu baker ma ke kālepa ʻana, i male iā Petra Aguilar. I kona mau makahiki he 12, ua komo ʻo ia i loko o ka Aguascalientes Academy of Arts and Crafts e aʻo i ka pena kiʻi ʻana a ma 18 ua lilo ʻo ia i haumana ma ka hale hana ʻo Trinidad Pedrosa, kahi i aʻo ai ʻo ia e hana me ka lithography, me ke kālai ʻana i ke keleawe a me ka lāʻau.
Ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia e ka cacique ʻo Jesús Gómez ma muli o ka hoʻomākeʻaka o kāna mau paʻi a me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, i ka makahiki 1872 ua hele aku ʻo Pedroso lāua ʻo Posada i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo León kahi i hoʻokumu ai i kahi hale paʻi hou.
I ka 1875 ua male ʻo Posada iā María de Jesús Vela a i ka 1876 ua kūʻai aku ʻo ia i ka hale paʻi paʻi a Pedrosa ma ke kumukūʻai ma lalo o hoʻokahi haneli pesos; Ma laila ʻo ia i hōʻike ai i nā puke a paʻi i nā kiʻi haipule a me nā pelaha, e like me ke aloha o ia manawa.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu aʻo papa haʻawina puke i ka makahiki 1883 ma ke Kula Hoʻomākaukau; Ua noho ʻo ia ma laila a hiki i Iulai 18, 1888, i ka wā o kahi kahawai pōʻino, neʻe ʻo ia i Mexico City. Ma mua o kahi kaulana nui ma ke ʻano he mea kalai, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ʻo ia e Irenio Paz e hōʻike i ka nui o nā makasina a me nā paʻi.
ʻO ka nui o ka hana i hoʻonāukiuki iā ia e kūkulu i kāna hale hana ponoʻī ma ka helu 1 o ka Santa Teresa paʻa, nona ʻānō e ka loio ʻo Verdad, kahi e hana ai ʻo ia i ka ʻike lehulehu, a laila ma ka helu 5 o Santa Inés, i kēia lā ʻo Moneda.
I ka makahiki 1899, i ka make ʻana o Manuel Manilla Posada, ua pani kūloko ʻo ia iā ia i ke keʻena ʻo Don Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, ka luna hoʻoponopono o nā gazette o ke alanui, nā pā, nā pāhenehene, nā nane a me nā paʻi ʻē aʻe he nui.
Me Blas, ke keiki a Don Antonio; ka mea kahakaha ʻo Manilla, nāna i aʻo iā Posada e hōʻino i ka zinc; ʻo ka mea haku mele ʻo Constancio S. Suárez a me nā mea kākau ʻo Ramón N. Franco, Francisco Ozácar, Raimundo Díaz Guerrero a me Raimundo Balandrano, i hoʻokumu i kahi kime nui ma hope o ka piha ʻana o hoʻokahi makahiki e kahe ana ka ʻāina me kā lākou mau moʻolelo, nā hoʻomākeʻaka, nā mele, nā moʻolelo, nā ʻakaʻaka, nā ʻalemana. a me nā kaʻina
Ma waho aʻe o nā nūpepa ʻo La Gaceta Callejera lāua ʻo Don Chepito, ua paʻi pū lāua i nā pepa paʻi pepa ʻeleʻele i nā kala like ʻole o ke ānuenue, a he hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha keneta o ke kumukūʻai, a me nā pāʻani e like me La Oca, ka mea i hauʻoli i nā keiki a nā mākua no nā hanauna he nui, a ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima mau miliona kope i hana ʻia i kēia lā.
ʻO ka nui o ka hana i koi iā Posada e ʻimi i nā hana wikiwiki. Pēlā ʻo ia e ʻike ai i ka zincography, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kaha kiʻi ʻana me ka inika wīwī ma ka zinc foil, a laila ka hollowing ʻana i nā keʻokeʻo me kahi ʻauʻau ʻakika.
"ʻO ka ʻaneʻane 20 tausani kahakaha a Posada i hana ai, me nā huaʻōlelo hoihoi a me nā paukū e pili pū ana me ia, e wehewehe i kekahi o nā manawa hoihoi loa o ke kūlanakauhale nui i kali ʻia, me kona" maluhia Porfirian 'a i ʻole "maluhia wela": nā haunaele o ke alanui, ka nā ahi, nā haʻalulu o ka honua, nā kometa, nā hoʻoweliweli o ka hopena o ka honua, ka hānau ʻana o nā moʻo, nā pepehi kanaka, ka make ʻana, nā hana mana, nā mea ʻino, nā aloha nui a me nā pōpilikia nui; ua hopu ʻia nā mea āpau e kēia kanaka ʻo ia, ma ka manawa like, kahi antena maʻawela no nā haʻalulu āpau a me kahi kui kele no nā hanana āpau ”(Rodríguez, 1977).
ʻO kona aloha nui i kona ʻāina i hoʻonāukiuki iā ia e hoʻomohala i kekahi o nā poʻomanaʻo i pīhoihoi i ka poʻe Mekiko mai ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic: ka make, akā ʻaʻole ka make a me ka weliweli weliweli e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e nā papa kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole Catrinas, a me nā Europa. o kona manawa. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i kū no ke kaumaha a me ka make, akā hāʻawi i ke ola i ko lākou iwi poʻo me nā kiʻi he tausani a i ʻole nā mea, immoralizing dynamics; nā poʻo poʻo leʻaleʻa a nā poʻe i ʻike piha ai, no ka mea, he ala ia e hōʻoluʻolu ai hoʻopaʻi paha i nā mea āpau e hōʻoluʻolu ʻole ai lākou.
ʻAʻohe pilikia hoʻokahi a Don Lupe, e like me kā Posada i kahea aloha ʻia ai, i waiho me kahi iwi poʻo, nāna i uhi nā mea āpau a me nā mea āpau, me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i kahi papeti me kahi poʻo, mai nā mea haʻahaʻa o Mekiko a hiki i ke kālaiʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa o kona wā, o nā mea maʻalahi loa i ka poʻe me ka resonance nui.
Ma waena o nā huapalapala lehulehu i hoʻomohala ʻia e Posada, aia kekahi, me ka hoʻohui pū i kona poʻo poʻo kaulana, ka Diabolo a me Don Chepito Marihuano; akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe maʻalahi me kā lākou hauʻoli a me nā ʻeha.
"E like me kā Goya i hoʻokomo ai i kāna kahakaha ʻana o Caprichos, Scenes mai ka honua o nā kilokilo e hoʻohana i kāna kūkaʻi kaiaulu, ua hele ʻo Posada i kahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka ola: ka make, e hoʻoikaika i kāna loiloi kaiaulu me kahi ʻano hoʻomākeʻaka, i ʻae iā ia hoʻohana hoʻomākeʻaka a me ka hoʻowahāwahā. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā kiʻi mai ka 'ma ʻō aku' ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma aneʻi ', akā hoʻololi ʻia i ka honua o nā iwi poʻo a me nā iwi i piha ke ola ... "(ibit.).
ʻO ka moʻomeheu iwi poʻo Mekiko, i hoʻomaka ʻia e Gabriel Vicente Gahona, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Picheta", ua hoʻomau kupaianaha a ua ʻoi aku ʻo Posada, nāna i hoʻohui, ma ke ʻano Mekiko, i ka manaʻo medieval Europe o ka "the macabre dance", i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka make ʻana maikaʻi. ke hana pū nei i kēia ala i ka sublimation o nā manaʻo a me ka hana a ka poʻe i alakaʻi ai, e pono ai, i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻoliʻoli i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no kā lākou mea i make.
Loaʻa i ka mea kālai ʻo Man Manilla i ka mea hou, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala, o nā iwi poʻo momona i hoʻonui i ka moʻomeheu o ka Lā o ka poʻe make a i kēia manawa, i hana ʻia i ke kō, kokoleka a i ʻole ʻoliʻoli, me ko lākou mau maka aniani a hinuhinu a me ka inoa o ka mea i make ma ka lae, e hōʻike i kekahi o kāna mau hōʻailona nui.
I ka wā i kākau ai ka mea pena kiʻi Jalisco ʻo Gerardo Murillo, i kapa ʻia ʻo “Doctor Atl”, i kāna hana ʻo Las artes popular en México i loko o ʻelua puke i ka makahiki 1921, ua nānā ʻole ʻo ia i nā hōʻike noʻeau o ka lā hoʻolauleʻa o ka lā make, a me ka hana a Posada.
ʻO ka mea pena Palani ʻo Jean Charlot, ka mea i hui pū me ke Kula ʻo Pena o Mekiko, i ʻike ʻia me ka ʻike ʻana i ka mea kahakaha Posada i ka makahiki 1925. Mai ia manawa mai, ua paʻa ka manaʻo populist o ka make e hōʻike wale ʻia e ka lima, i hoʻoulu ʻia e kāna hana. me ke kākoʻo o nā mea pena ʻo Diego Rivera lāua ʻo Pablo O'Higgins. I nā makahiki 1930, ua ala mai ka manaʻo o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻoliʻoli no ka make, i hoʻokumu ʻia paha ma nā pūniʻoniʻo, hoʻomākeʻaka a me nā hoʻomana ʻole o Posada.
Ma waena o kāna mau kaha kiʻi poʻo nui nui: Don Quixote de la Mancha, e hoʻāʻo ana e hoʻopololei i ka maka hoʻokahi, e holo ana i kahi stampede impetuous ma luna o kāna lio rocinante, e hana ana i ka ʻeha a me ka make i kona ala ʻana. ʻO nā iwi poʻo paikikala, kahi satire kūpono i ka holomua ʻenekini i hoʻolaha ʻia kuʻuna. Me ka Adelita Skull, Maderista Skull a me Huertista Skull, hōʻike ʻo ia i nā ʻano politika like ʻole o ia manawa, e like me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hoʻokahuli koko o 1910.
ʻO ke poʻo iwi ʻōniʻoniʻo a me ka hoʻomākeʻaka o Doña Tomasa lāua ʻo Simón el Aguador, e hōʻike ana i nā kamaʻilio ʻino a nā kaiāulu. ʻO kahi moʻo liʻiliʻi o Skulls of Cupid e hōʻike nei i kekahi o nā moʻolelo akamai o Constancio S. Suárez.
ʻO La Calavera Catrina, a me Calavera del Catrín a me Espolón contra navaja kekahi o nā hana i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka diffusion ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, no ka mea ʻo lākou ka mea nui o Posada.
Ma waena o nā kaha kiʻi ʻē aʻe, aia ʻo Gran fandango a me francachela de todos las calaveras a me Rebumbio de calaveras, i hui pū ʻia me kēia mele aʻe, e like me ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana o ka Lā o ka poʻe Make:
Ua hiki mai ka manawa kūpono e leʻaleʻa maoli ai, ʻo nā iwi poʻo ko lākou pāʻina i ka pantheon.
E mau ana nā ʻahaʻaina sepulchral no nā hola he nui; e hele pū ka poʻe make me nā lole komo kūikawā.
Me ke kakali nui i hana ʻia nā poʻo poʻo iwi poʻo a piha i nā lole piha e komo ai i ka hālāwai.
I ka ʻeiwa o ke kakahiaka o ka hoʻoilo ʻo Ianuali 20, 1913, ma ka hale no. 6, ma ka papahele o Avenida de la Paz (47 mau manawa ma Calle del Carmen), i ka makahiki 66 ua make ʻo José Guadalupe Posada. Ma muli o kona ʻilihune, ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka lua o ka ilina papa ma ka Pantheon Kivila o Dolores.
"... A ma kahi o ka lilo ʻana i poʻo poʻo o ka puʻu e like me kāna i hōʻike mua ai, ua ala aʻe ʻo ia mai ka lua kupapaʻu a hiki i ka make ʻole, e hele hou ma waena o nā wili a me nā huli o ka honua. i ka lima e kakali nei i nā hanana hou ”(ibid.).
Puna: Mekiko ʻike ʻole ʻia No. 261 / Nowemapa 1998
