He mea kupanaha maoli ka ʻike o ka ʻepekema i ka nui o nā hōkū ma ka galaxy ma mua o ka nui o nā ʻano ma ka Honua.
Kūleʻa ka ʻokoʻa i kēia manawa ma waena o ʻehiku a me 20 miliona mau ʻano ʻokoʻa, e like me nā koho nui loa, ʻoiai hiki ke piʻi i 80 miliona, kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano i kā lākou ʻike kūpuna, e noho nei i nā ʻano kaiāulu. Eia naʻe, ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua miliona wale nō i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a wehewehe ʻia; no laila, ua kapa ʻia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o ka huina. Ua aʻo iki ʻia nā pūʻulu o nā meaola, e like me bacteria, arthropods, fungi a me nematodes, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kai a me nā kahakai.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea olaola i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: a) ka ʻokoʻa moʻokalaleo, i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e like me ka loli o nā gen i loko o nā laha; b) nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻano like ʻole i loaʻa i kahi ʻāpana - ka helu, ʻo ia hoʻi, kona "waiwai" kahi ana i "hoʻohana pinepine ʻia"; c) nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kaiaolaola, nona ka helu a me ka hāʻawi ʻana e hiki ai ke ana ʻia i nā kaiāulu a me nā hui o nā lāhui i nā huaʻōlelo maʻamau. No ka hoʻopuni ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao āpau o ka biodiversity, pono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu like ʻole, e pili ana i nā hui lāhui o kēlā me kēia ʻāina, a me nā hōʻike moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe.
KA HOʻOLOHE ANA I KA MEA HANA
He hopena pololei ia o ka hoʻomohala kanaka, no ka mea, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā kaiaolaola i mau ʻōnaehana ʻilihune, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻoihana a me ka biologically. ʻO ka hoʻohana kūpono ʻole ʻana o nā kaiaolaola, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kā lākou hana ʻana, hōʻike pū kekahi i ke kumukūʻai a me ka nalo ʻana o nā laha.
Pēlā nō, hilinaʻi nui mākou i ke kapikala olaola. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa a ma waena o nā laha i hāʻawi mai iā mākou i ka meaʻai, ka lāʻau, ka pulupulu, ka ikehu, nā mea maka, nā kemika, nā ʻoihana, a me nā lāʻau.
E hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ma ka hopena o nā 80 a me nā 90 mau makahiki i haku ʻia ka huaʻōlelo mega-ʻokoʻa, e pili ana i nā ʻāina e hoʻopili i ka biodiversity nui loa ma ka honua, a ʻoiai ʻo ka huaʻōlelo i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka helu o nā laha, He helu helu ia e noʻonoʻo ai, mai nā lāhui āpau wale nō ka 17 e hoʻopili ana ma waena o 66 a 75% a ʻoi o nā meaolaola, i loko o ka huina 51 miliona 189 396 km2.
KEKAHI O KA MAIN
ʻO Mekiko kekahi o nā ʻāina ʻelima kiʻekiʻe i megadiversity a kū i ka hiku ma kahi, me 1 miliona 972 544 km2. Ma waena o nā ʻano e wehewehe ai i kēia mega-ʻokoʻa: kona wahi ʻāina ma waena o nā wahi ʻelua, ka Nearctic a me ka Neotropical, no laila, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻano mai ka ʻākau a me ka hema. ke ʻano o nā aniau, mai ka maloʻo a i ka mehana, a me nā mahana mai ke anuanu a mehana. ʻO ka hope, aia ka palapala ʻāina, mai nā wahi pālahalaha a paʻakikī loa.
Pēlā nō, i kēia manawa ʻo Mekiko ka home ma waena o 10 a me 12% o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona āpau ma ka honua, he 439 mau ʻano mammals, 705 o nā mea kolo, 289 o nā amphibians, 35 o nā meaola kai a me 1061 o nā manu; akā ʻoi aku i ka hapalua i ka makaʻu o ka make.
E pili ana i nā holoholona, aia kekahi mau laʻana mai ka ʻāina ʻo Nearctic, e like me nā honu nāhelehele, nā pēpē mōʻī nani, nā axolotl, nā gese, nā mole, nā bea, nā bison a me nā hipa bighorn. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau laʻana o nā holoholona Neotropical, e like me nā iguanas, nauyacas, macaws, spider a me nā ʻīlio howler, anteater a me nā tapir, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā ʻano e like me nā hummingbirds, armadillos, opossums, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i puʻunaue ʻia i nā wahi ʻelua.
Me ka hopohopo ʻole, ʻo ka holoholona kai ka meaolaola nui loa, aia i loko o kahi ʻāina biologically rich e like me nā koʻa o ka Caribbean, nona ka mua e piʻi aku ma mua o 200 km, mau ʻenemi, jellyfish, ʻōpae, nā kukama kai, nā urchins a me kahi nui. o nā lāhui nui-kala. Ma mua o 140 mau ʻano a me 1,300 o nā polychaetes a i ʻole nā ilo kai i ho'ākāka ʻia ma ke kai kūʻono o Kaleponi.
Inā hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolōʻihi i kā mākou ʻike a nānā i loko o ka ʻāina mai ka microscopic a i ka lua pele ʻike pono ʻia, nā ana a me nā kuahiwi, nā kahawai, nā loko wai a me nā kai, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā kaiaolaola āpau. E hōʻoia mākou i ka koloneia o nā mea āpau e nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola, a ua hōʻea i mua o nā kānaka. Eia naʻe ua hoʻoneʻe mākou iā lākou a ua alakaʻi pinepine mākou i ka make.
ʻO nā invertebrates terrestrial nā meaola like ʻole like ʻole a alakaʻi nā ʻōpelu i ke ala i ka helu, nā ʻano o nā kolo e like me nā nalo, nā pepelu, nā pi, nā dragonflies, nā ants a me nā arachnids e like me nā nananana a me nā moʻo huelo ʻawa.
Ma Mekiko, 1,589 mau ʻano meli i ʻike ʻia, 328 o nā dragonflies, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,500 butterfly kukū a me nā mea hou aku i ka pō, a aia ma mua o 12,000 mau nalo a 1,600 punawelewele, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia ma mua o 2,122 mau ʻano. o nā iʻa i loko o ke kai a me nā wai ʻĀinapuni, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 10% o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, kahi o 380 mau ʻāpana e puʻunaue ʻia i nā wai hou, keu hoʻi i nā kīʻaha hydrological o nā wahi mehana, mākū a me nā wahi wela.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻāina ma mua o 290 mau ʻano amphibians a me 750 o nā mea kolo, e hōʻike ana he aneane 10% o ka huina i loaʻa i ka honua. Caecilia, toads and frogs form the group of amphibians, ʻo ka ʻāina a me nā moʻo moana, e like me nā koʻa, nauyacas, rattlesnakes a me nā pali, a i ʻole nā saurians e like me nā moʻo, nā iguanas, nā puaʻa guinea a me nā ʻelemakule, e like me nā kuhukukū, nā alligators, nā crocodiles a ʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hana i ka pūʻulu kolo.
Ma kahi o 1,050 o ka 8,600 i hōʻike ʻia i ka honua e ʻike e pili ana i nā manu, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano Mekiko 125 he hopena. Aia ʻo 70% ma nā kahawai, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā mokuʻāina ʻo Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche a me Quintana Roo. Hōʻoia kēia hui lehulehu i ka waiwai nui o nā laha i loaʻa i ka ʻāina, i waena o nā quetzals ma Chiapas e kū nei. ka nūnū poʻo keʻokeʻo i loaʻa wale ma ka mokupuni ʻo Cozumel a me kekahi mau mea kokoke; touchans, pelicans, cormorants, boobies a me nā frigates, flamingos, herons, stork, etc. Hōʻike kēia i kekahi o nā inoa manu maʻamau e ʻike maʻalahi ʻia ma ka hikina hema o Mekiko.
HAIOLELO A KA HEMA
He manu ko Chiapas e like me ka quetzal a me ka bass peacock bass, nona ka wahi i hoʻemi ʻia a hiki i kahi o ka kaʻawale i nā ʻaoʻao luna o ka Sierra Madre. ʻO nā mea hōkū, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 50 mau ʻano falconiforms i hōʻike ʻia, e like me nā lawai, nā ʻioʻi a me nā ʻaeto, a me 38 o nā strigiforms, e like me nā pueo a me nā pueo, akā ʻo ka hui nui loa nā passerine, e like me nā ʻalalā, nā ʻalalā a me nā manu liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. , ʻo ia hoʻi, 60% o nā laha i hōʻike ʻia no Mekiko.
ʻO ka hope, ʻo nā māmala nā meaola i hōʻea i nā nui nui loa a hoihoi pū i ka nānā me nā manu. Aia he 452 mau ʻano o nā māmela terrestrial, nona ka 33% he endemik a me 50% kai, i hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia i nā wahi tropical. I loko o ka Lacandon Jungle he nui nā lāhui endemik o Chiapas, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hānai manu.
ʻO ka hui i hoʻolaha nui ʻia he rodents, me 220 mau ʻano, kūlike i 50% lāhui a me 5% ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. No nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa a i ʻole ʻōpeʻapeʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia he 132 mau ʻano, kahi hui o nā māmela i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi helu nui aku - mai kahi mau haneli a i miliona - i nā ana ma Campeche, Coahuila a me Sonora.
ʻO nā māmela ʻē aʻe e ulu nui ana ma ka Lāʻau Lacandon nā artiodactyls: peccaries, dia, pronghorn a me nā hipa bighorn: kahi hui e hana i nā kolone, ʻo kekahi me nā 50 mau kānaka, e like me nā peccaries lī keʻokeʻo. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka mea i koho wale ʻia no ka hui o perissodactyls i hōʻike ʻia no Mekiko ʻo ia o nā tapir, ka ʻāina nui o ka māmala no nā tropika ʻAmelika i loaʻa ma ka hema hikina, ma nā ululāʻau o Campeche a me Chiapas. Hiki i nā kānaka o kēia laha ke kaupaona a 300 kilokika.
Ma waena o nā meaola kupaianaha ma muli o kona mōʻaukala a me nā aʻa o nā moʻomeheu Mesoamerican ma muli o ka ikaika e kū nei ʻo ia ka jaguar. E like me ka pumas a me nā ocelots, nā coyotes, nā ʻalopeke, nā bea, nā raccoons a me nā ʻino ʻino, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, no 35 ia o nā meaola ma Mexico.
ʻO nā moʻo Punawelewele, a me nā ʻīlio howler, he ʻelua mau ʻano primata i hiki ke loaʻa ma ka nahelehele i nā ululāʻau o! hikina hema o Mekiko. He mea nui lākou i ka moʻomeheu Maya, mai ka wā ma mua o Columbian i hoʻohana ʻia i kāna hōʻailona.
Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo cetaceans -whales a me nā dolphins-, pinnipeds -seals a me nā liona kai- a me sirenids -manati-, he mau laʻana o 49 mau ʻano o nā māmela e noho ana i ka ʻāina, e hōʻike ana 40% o ka poʻe ma ka honua.
ʻO kēia kahi laʻana o ka waiwai maoli o Mexico, me nā laʻana o kāna holoholona. Pono ka hihi ʻike piha i mau makahiki o ka ʻike a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema he nui, akā akā ʻaʻohe nui o ka manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me ka overexploitation ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka luku ʻia o nā laha e like me ka hina hina, ka bison, ka imperp Woodpecker a i ʻole ka condor Kaleponi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Pono ia e hana i ka ʻike e hōʻike i kā mākou mea ola waiwai, akā ma muli o ka naʻaupō a me ka apathy e nalowale ana mākou iā ia. Ma Mekiko, kahi e loaʻa hou ai nā meaola i ka nahelehele i Protected Natural Areas, ka mea kanalua ʻole he kumumanaʻo mālama maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, pono mākou i nā papahana ākea e hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o nā kaiāulu kūloko, me ka manaʻo e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka kaomi i kau ʻia ma nā ʻāina i mālama ʻia.
A hiki i ka 2000, aia he 89 mau ʻāpana i kau ʻia ma luna o 5% wale nō o ka moku ʻāina, i waena o kahi e mālama ʻia ai ka Biosfir Reserve, Nā Pāka Aupuni, nā ʻĀina no ka pale ʻana o Wild and Aquatic Flora a me Fauna, a me nā Monument Natural.
Aia ma kahi o 10 miliona mau hectares i mālama ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki i kona ola ke hōʻoia i ka mālama kūpono o nā meaola a i ʻole ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hana pū me nā kaiāulu kūloko, a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema. He mau ʻāpana wale nō ia o kahi hoʻolālā mālama ʻāina e hoʻokō ʻia inā makemake mākou e mālama i kā mākou waiwai kūlohelohe.
I mea e ʻike ai i ke kūlana o nā ʻano e pili ana i kā lākou pae o ka hoʻoweliweli, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka IUCN Red List, ka papa inoa piha loa o ke kūlana mālama o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻohana ana i kahi pae o nā pae hoʻohālikelike i Loiloi i ka makaʻu o ka luku ʻia o nā kaukani a me nā subspecies.
Kūpono kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike no nā ʻano āpau a me nā wahi o ka honua. Ma muli o ka ʻepekema ikaika, ʻike ʻia ka papa inoa IUCN Red ma ke ʻano he mana kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke kūlana o ka biology, nona ka pahuhopu nui e hōʻike i ka wikiwiki a me ka nui o nā pilikia e mālama ai i ka lehulehu a i nā mea hoʻoholo a mea hoʻoikaika paha. i ka honua e hoʻāʻo e hōʻemi i ka make ʻana o nā laha. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia no ka mālama ʻana i nā meaolaola.
