Ma kahi kokoke i ka piko o ka hui ʻana o nā wai o ke awāwa ʻo Mexico a me ke kai Caribbean, ma ka hikina o ka Yucatan Peninsula, ʻo Holbox Island, 36 km ka lōʻihi a me 1 km ma kona ʻaoʻao ākea: ma ka ʻākau a Ma ke komohana, ʻauʻau ke kahawai i kona mau kapakai a ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana komo ke kai ma o ka waha Conil e hana i ka Lagoon Yalahau ma ka hema.
Ma ka hikina, ma ke kai kūʻono i hana ʻia e Punta Mosquitos a me Punta Mach, aia kahi alahaka wahī ʻikiʻiki e hoʻopili iā Holbox me ke kahakai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kahawai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka muliwai Kuká, a laila lilo ia i kahawai ʻo Hondo a hiki i kona kahe ʻana i Yalahau, ʻaneʻane i mua o Isla de Pájaros.
ʻO kēia mau ʻāina kahakai i ka ʻākau o Quintana Roo i kēia manawa he ʻāpana o ka Yom Balam Wildlife a me ka Aquatic Flora a me Fauna Protection Area, nona nā mea kanu mangrove e ʻaneʻane kokoke i ke kahakai holoʻokoʻa, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā tulars a me nā savannas i hoʻopiha ʻia, sub-evergreen a me ka ulu waena deciduous. Noho ʻia kēia mau kaiaolaola e nā dia, nā puaʻa, nā puaʻa hihiu, nā ʻalopeke, nā lūlū, nā manu kuhukukū, nā boa, nā manu ʻāhiu a me nā manu wai e like me nā herons, pelicans, frigates, flamingos, cormorants a me nā pato, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. He ʻāina haʻahaʻa lākou (0-10 m asl), kahi i loaʻa mai kahi kumu honua (Quaternary), a me ko lākou awelika mahana he 25 a 27 ° C me ka ua nui o 900 mm o ka makahiki.
I ka wā ma mua, ua kapa ʻia kēia mokupuni ʻo Polbox a me Holbox de Palomino, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Mayan ʻo "hole ʻeleʻele" a i ʻole "puka ʻeleʻele", akā i kēia lā he nui ka poʻe o ka poʻe e kapa nei iā Isla Tranquila a ʻoi aku ka inoa ʻo "Isla de Tiburoneros". I ka wā mua, ua noho ʻia ʻo Holbox e nā hui Maya i hoʻonohonoho i nā nānā i ke kai, ʻoiai he mau hōʻike wahaheʻe, ua noho ma ke kahakai o Quintana Roo (he mau hanana kaiāulu i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā kukui hoʻokele). Ma kēia wahi, aia kekahi mau wahi e like me Conil a me Ekab, nā awa kalepa ma mua o ka Hispanic; ua ʻike ʻia nō, i ka 1528, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Francisco de Montejo i ka heihei lio ma Conil.
ʻO ke kaona, ʻo ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ekab, i haʻalele ʻia e ka hoʻouka kaua mau ʻana o nā pōā, he mau kolona kona a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hapa nui o kona hale ʻaha kahiko. I ka hōʻea ʻana mai o Francisco Hernández de Córdoba a me kona mau limahana kokoke iā Holbox i ka makahiki 1517, ua kono ʻia lākou e ka poʻe Mayana e kipa aku i ko lākou mau home i nā waʻa; He hei ia, akā ua lohe wale ka poʻe Paniolo i nā "cones cotoche", ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ai lākou i ka inoa ʻo Cabo Catoche. He mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1660, kahi lehulehu o nā mea ʻoki kala e noho ai, akā ʻoiai he ʻōlelo Pelekania lākou e haʻalele i muli o nā kuʻikahi i ʻae ʻia me Sepania; i kekahi manawa ma hope ua noho kekahi mau mesto ma laila, akā ua pau lākou i ka neʻe ʻana i nā wahi pale aku.
I kēia manawa aia kahi hoʻomoana hou e hoʻohana ai nā lawaiʻa mai Holbox a me nā kauhale e pili ana ma ke ʻano he manawa manawa ʻole.
NA KAI, NA LAHUI A ME NA HANA MOKUPUNI
No nā kenekulia i kipa pinepine ʻia ai ka ʻāina e nā corsairs e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai, ka wai hou a me ka puʻuhonua i ka wai kai. Pēlā nō hoʻi, he kuʻuna a lawehua ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, ʻoiai mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 e huki nei nā kamaʻāina o nā wahi a puni i nā ʻenepope a hopu ʻia nā honu Hawksbill. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Holbox ma ke ʻano he "shark town" ma muli o nā paʻi a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i paʻi ʻia ma laila i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, akā ua emi ka hana ʻana o kēia lawaiʻa a i kēia lā e hoʻi wale ana ʻekolu a ʻeono manō (Ah Xoc) i kēlā me kēia lā. Lawaiʻa ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole e like me kā mākou e kapa nei he tsusum, o 200 kg, ka curro i kapa ʻia ʻo 150 a 250 kg, ka manō polū o 300 a 400 kg a i ʻole ka pepeiaohao (xoc) o 300 kg. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā kapa moe nui he 600-1000 kg ka nui, akā ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia; ʻai wale ʻia nā kukuna liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi mea kōkua maikaʻi i kēia ʻano lawaiʻa nā ʻano unahi e like me ka mullet, saw, mackerel lio, tarpon, billfish a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mea nui i ka hopu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hopu ʻia nō hoʻi nā mollusks e like me ka heʻe a me ka heʻe, akā ʻaʻole naʻe pēlā ka pelo Strombus gigas, ka Chac-pelPleuroploca gigantea, ka pū kani Busycon contrarium a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i pani paʻa mau ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ia ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka lobster Panulirus arqus, ma ke ʻano o ka lou, ka ʻupena a me ka luʻu, i nā "holo hoʻoilo" kaulana i ka ʻākau hikina o ka peninsula, kahi e ʻumeʻume ai ka hapa nui o nā lawaiʻa ma muli o ke koi a me ka waiwai nui o ke kālepa.
I ka Holbox o kēia lā, ua loli nā kapa lawaiʻa. I kēia lā ʻo ka hana makemake ʻia a ka hapa nui o nā lawaiʻa ʻo "gareteada", kūpono i kapa ʻia he lawaiʻa ʻaihue ʻia. Hoʻomaka ia i ke awakea ke hele aku kahi mau lawaiʻa mehameha e "kolo" 8 a 10 paha km mai ke kahakai. i ke ahiahi ua kau lākou i kahi ʻalani silika a filament maikaʻi paha, i hoʻolako ʻia me 10 a i ʻole 12 mau lole o 30 m kēlā me kēia, a hui pū ʻia a 300 a 400 m; Hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻupena i ka moku. ʻOiai e hiamoe ana ka lawaiʻa, huki mālie ke au i kēia mau ʻupena i ka hikina. I ke aumoe, ala aʻe ka lawaiʻa, nānā i kāna ʻike a hoʻololi i nā ʻupena; Noho lākou pēlā a ʻehā a ʻelima paha o ke kakahiaka a i kēlā manawa lawe lākou i nā mea āpau i waiho ʻia i loko o lākou.
Ma waho aʻe o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, loaʻa nā mokupuni i nā pūnaewele ʻoluʻolu i hiki ke kipa ʻia me ke kākoʻo o nā kamaʻāina e like me Chabelo, Colis a i ʻole Pollero, hiki iā lākou ke huakaʻi iā ʻoe i kahi huakaʻi ʻekolu hola e ʻike ai i ke kahakai ʻākau a hōʻea i Punta Mosquitos mai ka hikina. , kahi e pili pono ʻole ai ka moku ma lalo o kahi alahaka wahī liʻiliʻi. Mai ia manawa mai, hoʻomaka kahi moʻo o nā kahawai ʻōwili kahi e holo ai nā iʻa wikiwiki mai nā mea komo hewa i waena o nā kahina poina ʻole i hana ʻia e nā mangroves, nā ʻona piha o ka lepo āpau. Pāpau loa kēia mau kahawai a ke kahe ka kai paʻakikī paʻakikī e hele i ka moku a neʻe ia e kahi lever a hiki i ka wai hohonu o ka Yalahau Lagoon, kokoke loa i ka mokupuni i ʻike ʻia ʻo Isla Pájaros a i ʻole Isla Morena, kahi e like me ka manawa o ka makahiki, pūnana manu kolona ʻokoʻa. Ma ka hikina, hana ka lalo lagoon i nā kahawai he nui a me nā kahawai e pale aku i ka manatee liʻiliʻi a me nā crocodile, i hoʻohana ʻia me ka kaohi ʻole ʻia no nā kenekulia. Ma ke komohana, ma mua o ka puka komo i ke kai, ma Boca Conil, kahi o ka hoihoi a me ka nani nui ka lua wai Yalahau, kūpono no ka ʻauʻau ʻana a hoʻomaha ʻana mai ka huakaʻi. Akā inā ʻoe makemake e hoʻohana i kou noho ma kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i ka lawaiʻa, mahalo i nā ʻākoʻakoʻa, kipa aku i ka moku ʻo Cabo Catoche a i ʻole hele i nā wahi neoneo ʻo Yuluk kokoke i hiki ʻole ke komo i kekahi mau mile ma ka ʻāina nui.
ʻO ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Holbox kahi wahi kahakai maʻamau, kahi e kūkulu pololei ai nā hale lāʻau i nā alanui o ke one maikaʻi e hauʻoli ai nā kamaʻāina a me nā malihini kipa ma muli o ko lākou maʻemaʻe a me ka hiki ke hele wāwae wāwae ʻole iā lākou, a mālama ʻia pēlā i ka makemake o kā lākou poʻe e makemake ʻole ana e pākana. ʻO ka ʻōpala kūpilikiʻi e like me nā ipu hoʻolei a me nā seashells he mea liʻiliʻi ia no ka mea ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokumu a me ka hoʻopihapiha papahele no nā makahiki he 20. ʻO ke kikowaena kahi o ka hoʻuluulu kaiāulu, a i ka wā o ke awakea a me ke ahiahi, ua ʻumeʻume nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio e pāʻani a hoʻolilo ana i mau hola. puni a laila aia kekahi mau hale hoʻokipa a me nā hale ʻaina haʻahaʻa kahi e lawelawe ai lākou i ka iʻa iʻa. A e like me kēlā me kēia kaona, he nani kona, i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pule mua o ʻApelila a hui pū ʻia me ka pule Hemolele; ʻo kāna mau hoʻolauleʻa, piha i ka hauʻoli, ʻumeʻume i nā malihini kipa he nui e hoʻopiha i ka mokupuni, hoʻopau i nā lumi i loaʻa a hui pū i nā ʻoliʻoli me 1,300 mau kamaʻāina paʻa.
KAHIKI A ME KA MOOLELO
ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ʻia kēia mau ʻāina e like me ka mea i hoʻohou ʻia. ua noho mau ʻia lākou e ka poʻe Mayana a me kā lākou poʻe mamo. ʻO ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa kahi ʻāpana o ke aliʻi wahine ʻo Ekab, mai Cabo Catoche a hiki i Ascension Bay a nona nā mokupuni ʻo Holbox, Contoy, Blanca, Mujeres, Cancún a me Cozumel. Ma kahi kokoke i ka twilight o ke kenekulia 19, ua loaʻa nā mokupuni nui loa, pale maikaʻi ʻia mai ke kai kolohe ʻole a kolohe hoʻi, he nui nā mea i pakele mai Yucatán, Bacalar a me ko lākou wahi e holo ana mai ka kipi kūʻē ʻo Mayan a i ʻole ke Kaua Caste a ma hope, i Ianuali 1891, hana lākou i ka ʻAoʻao o nā Mokupuni, me ke poʻo ma Isla Mujeres a ʻo Holbox kekahi. Hoʻomaka i ka 1880, ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau mea kālepa ʻo Yucatecan i ka noho kolone ʻana o ka akau o ka peninsula a hana i ka Compañía Colonizadora de la Costa Oriental a me ka Compañía El Cuyo y Anexas. ʻO kēia hana i ke au hou (1880-1920), ua hoʻokō ʻia i mea e hoʻonui a hoʻokaʻawale i ka palena o ka mahiʻai a me ka ululāʻau o Yucatan; No kēia kumu, i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia aia nō nā mahiʻai a me nā kaona e like me Solferino, Moctezuma, Puntatunich, Yalahau, Chiquilá, San José, San Fernando, San Ángel, El Ideal a me ka San Eusebio kō wili.
Ma 1902 ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka panalāʻau pekelala o Quintana Roo a i kēlā manawa ua noho ʻia ka ʻāina ma waena o Isla Mujeres a me Holbox e nā mea hoʻohana i ka nau nau, ka lāʻau kala, ka paʻakai a me nā ulu lāʻau waiwai. I ka makahiki 1910, ua hui ʻia ka lehulehu o ka mokuʻāina i ʻewalu mau kaona no nā kumu waiwai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e mau nei: ʻākau, waena a me hema ʻo ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau nā kūlanakauhale o Holbox, Cozumel a me Isla Mujeres. I kēlā manawa, ʻo Holbox ka noho aupuni o nā kūlanakauhale ʻewalu, akā ma hope koke iho, ma 1921, ua komo ʻo Isla Mujeres iā ia.
I ka waena o ke kenekulia, aia nō nā kauhale ma nā kahakai, akā, me nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻeha i ke kaʻina o ka noho ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai. I ka makahiki 1960 he mau hoʻololi kūloko i nā wahi noho a ua emi ka mea nui o Holbox, a hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēlā mau makahiki ua hoʻemi ʻia ka heluna kanaka i 500 mau kānaka wale nō. ʻO nā makahiki he ʻumi kanahiku ka kī no Quintana Roo, ʻoiai ia manawa i ka manawa e loli ai ka heluna kanaka a, i 1974, lilo ia i mokuʻāina.
Ma ke ʻano he mokuʻāina, i ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia nā kulekele kūloko: aia ka ulu nui ʻana a mai nā ʻelele ʻehā i ʻehiku mau kaona Māhele ʻia ʻo Isla Mujeres i ʻekolu a ua hana ʻia ʻo Lázaro Cárdenas me ke poʻo ma Kantunilkin, a ʻo Holbox kekahi. I loko o kēia kaona kaona kaona nui, kū i waho nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Holbox, Solferino, Chiquilá, San ángel a me Nuevo Xcan; Loaʻa iā ia he 264 mau wahi a me 93% o kona mau ʻāina ejidal, i waena o lākou ka Holbox ejido, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1938. Ma nā wahi nui o ka mahiʻai a me nā holoholona i koho ʻia, a ma ka mokupuni ʻo Holbox lawaiʻa hana. He 1,300 ka poʻe o Holbox i kēia lā a he hiki nui no ka hoʻomohala hoʻokipa, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
ʻO ka mamao a me ke kaʻawale a Holbox i uhi ai e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o nā kamaʻāina, ka poʻe i noho ma ka lihi o ka lāhui a kū i mua o kona mōʻaukala ʻaʻole wale nō nā manawa o ka lahilahi, akā ʻo ka huhū hoʻi o nā ʻino, nā ʻino a me, ¿ no ke aha ʻaʻole?, nā mea o ke kanaka, maikaʻi ʻole pinepine. ʻO nā manawa hope loa o kahi ʻōnaehana kahiko o ka hoʻohana ʻana i loea i nā wahi o nā ululāʻau maikaʻi, gum a i ʻole copra, ua pau. I kēia lā, he mau manawa kēia o ka hana kai a me nā kahakai, i lawe ʻia e kahi ʻōpio ikaika e hana optimistically no kona wā e hiki mai ana.
