Aia ka Meia Templo ma waenakonu o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mexico. Eia ka moʻolelo o kona ʻike ʻia ...
Ma ʻAukake 13, 1790, i ka Kaha Nui Ua loaʻa kahi kiʻi nui ma Mekiko City, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano o kēlā mau manawa i kēlā manawa.
ʻO nā hana i kauoha ʻia e ka Viceroy Count o Revillagigedo e hana i nā paʻa a me nā ʻolokeʻa i ka square ua hōʻike mai i kahi pōhaku pohihihi ʻē aʻe. Ua iho mai nā mea kikoʻī o ka loaʻa iā mākou mahalo i kahi diary a me kekahi mau puke kākau i waiho ʻia e kahi kiaʻi halberdier o ka hale aliʻi viceregal (i kēia lā ka National Palace), ʻo José Gómez ka inoa. Ke hele nei ka mua o nā palapala e like me kēia:
"... ma ke kahua nui, ma ke alo o ka hale aliʻi, e wehe ana i kekahi mau kumu a lawe lākou i kiʻi o ke akahai, nona ke kiʻi he pōhaku kālai nui ʻia me ka iwi poʻo ma ke kua, a ma mua o kekahi iwi poʻo ʻehā me nā kiʻi ʻehā i ke koena o ka kino akā ʻaʻohe wāwae a poʻo poʻo ʻole a ʻo ka Count of Revillagigedo e noho aliʻi ana ".
ʻO ke kiʻi kālai, ka mea i kū ai ʻO Coatlicue, akua wahine o ka honua, ua hoʻohuli ʻia i ka pā o ke kula nui. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ma ka lā 17 o Kēkēmapa o ka makahiki hoʻokahi, kokoke i ka pūnaewele o ka ʻike mua, ua loaʻa ka Pōhaku o ka Lā a i ʻole Aztec Kalena I ka makahiki aʻe ua noho kekahi monolith nui: ka Piedra de Tízoc. No laila, ʻo ka hana o ka helu ʻelua o Revillagigedo i lawe pū me ia i ka loaʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he ʻekolu o nā kiʻi Aztec nui, i kēia lā i waiho ʻia i ka National Museum of Anthropology.
Ua hala nā makahiki he nui, a hala nā kenekulia, a ʻike ʻia nā mea like ʻole i loko o nā kenekulia 19 a me 20, a hiki i ke alaula o Pepeluali 21, 1978, kahi hālāwai hou aʻe e kia i ka luakini nui Aztec. Ke ʻeli nei nā limahana mai ka Compañía de Luz y Fuerza del Centro ma ke kihi o nā alanui o Guatemala a me Argentina. I ka manawa koke, ua pale ʻia kahi pōhaku nui e hoʻomau i kā lākou hana. E like me ka mea i hana ʻia ma kahi o ʻelua haneli mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokau nā limahana i ka hana a kali a hiki i kekahi lā aʻe.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ke Keʻena ʻo Archaeological Rescue o ka National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) a ua hele nā limahana o kēlā hui i ka pūnaewele; Ma hope o ka hōʻoia he pōhaku nui ia me nā kahakaha ʻana ma luna, ua hoʻomaka ka hana hoʻopakele ma ka ʻāpana. Ua alakaʻi nā archaeologists ʻo Ángel García Cook lāua ʻo Raúl Martín Arana i ka hana a hoʻomaka nā mōhai mua e ʻike. ʻO ia ka mea hulikoehana Felipe Solis ʻo ia, ma hope o ka nānā pono ʻana i ke kiʻi, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka honua i uhi iā ia, ua ʻike ʻo ia ke akua wahine ʻo Coyolxauhqui, i pepehi ʻia ma ka puʻu o Coatepec e kona kaikunāne ʻo Huitzilopochtli, ke akua o ke kaua. ʻO lāua nā keiki a Coatlicue, kahi akua ʻāina, nona ka effigy i loaʻa ai ma ka Meia Meia o Mekiko i ʻelua mau kenekulia i hala aku nei ...!
Hōʻike ka mōʻaukala iā mākou ua hoʻouna ʻia ka Coatlicue i nā hale o ke kula nui, ʻoiai ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka pōhaku lā i ka hale kiaʻi komohana o ka Metropolitan Cathedral, e kū pono ana i kēia manawa ʻo Calle 5 de Mayo. Ua noho mau nā ʻāpana ma laila ma kahi o hoʻokahi kenekulia, a hiki i ka manawa i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Nūhou e Guadalupe Victoria i ka makahiki 1825, a hoʻokumu ʻia e Maximiliano i ka makahiki 1865 i ka hale o ka Mint kahiko, ma ke alanui o ka inoa like, ua hoʻohuli ʻia lākou i kēia pūnaewele. . ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kāpae i ke aʻo ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1792, ua like ia me kekahi o nā kānaka naʻauao o ia manawa, ʻo Don Antonio León y Gama, nāna i hōʻike i nā kikoʻī o ke kālailai ʻana a me nā ʻano o nā kiʻi kālai ʻia i ʻo ka puke archeology i ʻike mua ʻia, i kapa ʻia ka moʻolelo Moʻolelo a me ka wā o nā pōhaku ʻelua ...
HE MOOLELO NO KA MOOLELO
ʻO nā ʻāpana he nui i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei ma ke ʻano he Historic Center o Mexico City. Eia nō naʻe, e kū mākou no kahi manawa e pili ana i kahi hanana i kū i ka hoʻomaka o ke kolone. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka makahiki 1566, ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka Meia Templo a hāʻawi ʻo Hernán Cortés i ka hailona ma waena o kona mau kāpena a me ko lākou mau hoahānau, ma ke kihi o Guatemala a me ʻAtenitina, ua kūkulu ʻia ka hale a nā kaikaina ʻo Gil a me Alonso de Ávila i noho ai. , nā keiki a ka naʻi aupuni Gil González de Benavides. Wahi a ka moʻolelo e hana hewa ʻole kekahi mau keiki naʻi aupuni, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā hulahula a me nā saraos, a hōʻole hoʻi lākou i ka hoʻokupu i ka mōʻī, me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ua hāʻawi ko lākou mau mākua i ko lākou koko no Sepania a e ʻoliʻoli lākou i nā waiwai. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka ʻōhumu kipi e ka ʻohana Ávila, a ʻo Martín Cortés, ke keiki a Don Hernán, i komo pū i loko o laila. I ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai ka hoʻolālā e nā luna viceregal, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hopu iā Don Martín a me kāna mau mea hana. Ua kāhea ʻia lākou e hoʻokolokolo ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia i ka make e ka decapitation. ʻOiai ke keiki a Cortés i hoʻopakele i kona ola, ua luku ʻia nā kaikuaʻana ʻo Ávila ma ka Meia Plaza a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e wāwahi ʻia ko lākou hale i ka honua, a kanu ʻia ka ʻāina i ka paʻakai. ʻO ka mea hoihoi e pili ana i kēia hanana i hoʻopūʻiwa i ke kapena nui o New Spain ma lalo o ke kumu o ka hale manor nā koena o ka Meia Templo, i wāwahi ʻia e nā mea lanakila.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Coatlicue a me ka Piedra del Sol i ke kenekulia 18, ua hala kekahi mau makahiki a hiki, ma kahi o 1820, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā luna i loaʻa kahi poʻo diorite nui i loaʻa i ka Conventción Convent. ʻO ia ke poʻo o Coyolxauhqui, e hōʻike ana i nā maka maka hapa a me nā bele ma nā papalina, e like me kona inoa, ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻo nā bele gula ma nā papalina."
Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻāpana waiwai he nui i ka National Museum, e like me ka cactus i hāʻawi ʻia e Don Alfredo Chavero i ka makahiki 1874 a me ka ʻāpana i kapa ʻia ʻo "Sun of the Sacred War" i ka makahiki 1876. I ka makahiki 1901 i hana ʻia ai ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hale o ka Marquises o ka Apartado, i ke kihi o Argentina a me Donceles, e ʻimi nei i ʻelua mau ʻāpana kūikawā: ke kiʻi nui o ka jaguar a i ʻole ka puma i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā ma ka puka o ka lumi Mexica o ka National Museum of Anthropology, a me ka poʻo nahesa kolosal a i ʻole xiuhcóatl (nahesa ahi). I nā makahiki he nui ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1985, ua loaʻa ke kiʻi o ka ʻaeto me kahi puha ma kona kua, kahi mea e hōʻike ai i ka puma a i ʻole jaguar, a ʻo ia ka mea e waiho i ka puʻuwai o ka mōhai. Nui nā mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia mau makahiki, ʻo nā mea i hala ma mua he laʻana wale nō ia no ka waiwai e waiho mau nei ka ʻāina o ka Historic Center.
E pili ana i ka Meia Templo, ka hana a Leopoldo Batres i ka makahiki 1900 i loaʻa ai kahi ʻāpana o ke alapiʻi ma ke alo komohana o ka hale, ʻo Don Leopoldo wale nō ka mea i noʻonoʻo ʻole pēlā. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia aia ka Meia Templo ma lalo o ka Hale Pule Nui. ʻO ia ka ʻeli ʻana a Don Manuel Gamio ma 1913, ma ke kihi o Seminario a me Santa Teresa (i kēia lā ʻo Guatemala), i lawe mai i kahi kihi o ka Meia Templo. No laila, no Don Manu kahi kahi, ma hope o nā kenekulia he nui a ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā manaʻo e pili ana iā ia, o ka wahi maoli kahi i loaʻa ai ka luakini nui Aztec. Ua ʻāpono piha ʻia kēia e nā ʻeli ʻana i ukali i ka loaʻa pōkole ʻana o ke kiʻi Coyolxauhqui, ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai ʻo ka Templo Mayor Project.
I ka makahiki 1933, ua hana ka mea hoʻolālā ʻo Emilio Cuevas i nā ʻeli ʻana i mua o nā koena o ka Meia Templo i loaʻa e Don Manu Gamio, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka Hale Pule Nui. Ma kēia ʻāina, kahi o ka papa kuhina o ka ʻaha kūkā ma mua - no laila ka inoa o ke alanui - ua loaʻa i ka mea kālaiʻike kekahi mau ʻāpana a me nā koina hale. Ma waena o nā mea mua, he mea nui ia e hoʻokalakupua i kahi monolith nui e like loa me ko ka Coatlicue, i loaʻa ka inoa ʻo Yolotlicue, no ka mea ʻaʻole like me ke akua wahine o ka honua, nona ka lepa i hana ʻia mai nā nahesa, ʻo ka mea ma kēia kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā puʻuwai (yólotl, "puʻuwai. ”, I Nahua). Ma waena o nā hale o nā hale, pono ia e hōʻike i kahi ʻāpana alapiʻi me ka pāpale ākea a me ka paia e holo ana i ka hema a laila huli i ka hikina. ʻAʻole ia i ʻoi aku a emi mai paha ma mua o ka paepae o ke kahua kūkulu ʻeono o ka Meia Templo, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia me ka hana o ka papahana.
Ma kahi o 1948 ua hiki i nā archaeologists Hugo Moedano lāua ʻo Elma Estrada Balmori ke hoʻonui i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Meia Templo i ʻeli ʻia i nā makahiki i hala e Gamio. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ke poʻo o ka nahesa a me kahi brazier, a me nā mōhai i waiho ʻia ma ka wāwae o kēia mau mea.
Ua loaʻa kekahi mea hou aʻe i 1964-1965, i ka wā e hoʻonui ai nā Porrúa Library i ka hoʻopakele ʻana i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi i ka ʻākau o ka Meia Templo. He hale e kū pono ana i ka hikina a hoʻonani ʻia me nā mural. ʻO kēia mau makakiʻi a ke akua ʻo Tlaloc me nā niho keʻokeʻo nui ʻekolu, pena ʻia me nā leo ʻulaʻula, polū, ʻalani a me nā leo ʻeleʻele. Hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ka hale pule i ka National Museum of Anthropology, kahi e waiho nei.
KA HANA KUMU MAIKAI NUI
I ka manawa i pau ai nā hana hoʻopakele a Coyolxauhqui a me ka ʻeli ʻana o nā mōhai mua ʻelima, hoʻomaka ka hana o ka papahana, i hoʻomaka e ʻike i ke kumu o ka Meia Templo o nā Aztecs. Ua mahele ʻia ka papahana i ʻekolu mau hanana: ʻo ka mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma luna o ka Templo Mayor mai nā ʻike archaeological a me nā kumu mōʻaukala ʻelua. ʻo ka lua, i ke kaʻina hana eli, no kahi i haʻi hou ʻia ka wahi āpau e hiki ai ke mālama i nā mea i ʻike ʻia; Ma aneʻi he hui interdisciplinary i haku ʻia e nā archaeologists, ethnohistorians a me nā restorers, a me nā lālā o ka INAH's Department of Prehistory, e like me nā biologists, chemists, botanists, geologists, etc., e lawelawe i nā ʻano mea like ʻole. Ua lōʻihi kēia pae ma kahi o ʻelima mau makahiki (1978-1982), ʻoiai nā ʻeli hou i hana ʻia e nā lālā o ka papahana. Pili ke kolu o ka pae i nā noiʻi a nā loea i hana ai i nā mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka papa wehewehe, me nā faila i paʻi ʻia ma mua o ʻekolu haneli i kēia manawa, mai nā limahana o ka papahana a me nā loea aupuni a me nā haole. Pono e hoʻohui ʻia ʻo ka Templo Mayor Project ka papahana noiʻi archaeological i paʻi ʻia i kēia manawa, me nā puke ʻepekema a kaulana hoʻi, a me nā ʻatikala, nā loiloi, nā alakaʻi, nā papa inoa, a pēlā aku.
