ʻO wai ka mea hiki ke hōʻole i ka pili ʻana o nā kiʻi a Hugo Brehme me nā poʻomanaʻo Mekiko? I loko o lākou e hōʻike ʻia ai ka ʻāina kaiāulu i kāna mau lua pele a me nā pāpū; ke kuhikuhipuʻuone i nā koina archaeological a me nā kūlanakauhale koloneiali; a me nā poʻe, i nā charros, Chinas Poblanas a me nā Indians i nā lole keʻokeʻo.
ʻO 2004 ka makahiki 50 o Hugo Brehme, ka mea kākau o kēia mau kiʻi. ʻOiai no Kelemania ke kumu, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hana paʻi kiʻi ma Mekiko, kahi i noho ai ʻo ia mai 1906 a hiki i kona make ʻana ma 1954. I kēia lā ua noho ʻo ia i wahi nui i ka moʻolelo o kā mākou paʻi kiʻi ʻana no kāna mau kōkua i ka neʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Pictorialism, no laila hoʻowahāwahā ʻia a aneane poina ʻia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. , akā ke hōʻano hou nei kēlā i ko mākou mau lā.
Mai nā kiʻi paʻi, mai San Luis Potosí a i Quintana Roo, ʻike mākou ua huakaʻi ʻo Brehme ma kahi o ka ʻāina āpau. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e paʻi i kāna mau kiʻi i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka 20 kenekulia, ma El Mundo Ilustrado a me nā pule pule kaulana ʻē aʻe ma Mekiko o kēlā mau lā. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kūʻai aku i nā kāleka kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kaulana i puni ka ʻumi makahiki a ma ka 1917 National Geographic noi i nā mea e hōʻike i kā lākou makasina. I nā makahiki 1920, ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka puke ʻo Mexico Picturesque i ʻekolu mau ʻōlelo, kahi mea kū hoʻokahi no kahi puke paʻi kiʻi i loaʻa kahi papahana nui e paipai i kāna ʻāina hānai, akā i ka mea mua i hōʻoia iā ia i ke kūleʻa o kāna ʻoihana kiʻi. Ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi o nā makana ma ka Exhibition of Mexico Photographers i ka makahiki 1928. Ua hui pū ʻia nā makahiki he ʻumi me kona consolidation ma ke ʻano he paʻi paʻi kiʻi a me ke ʻano o kāna mau kiʻi ma Mapa. ʻO Magazine Magazine, kahi alakaʻi i kono i ka mea hoʻokele e lilo i mea hele a huakaʻi ma nā ala o ka moku ʻo Mekiko. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka mana āna i hana ai i nā mea paʻi kiʻi hou, i waena o lākou ʻo Manu álvarez Bravo.
LANDSCAPE AND ROMANTICISM
ʻOi aku i ka hapalua o nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi a mākou i ʻike ai no Brehme i kēia lā i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ʻāina, ke ʻano aloha e hoʻopaʻa i nā wahi nui o ka ʻāina a me ka lani, ka hoʻoilina o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa kenekulia kiʻi, a hōʻike ia i ke ʻano hanohano, ʻo ia hoʻi o nā mauna kiʻekiʻe. kū haʻaheo ia.
Ke ʻike ʻia kahi kanaka i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻike mākou iā ia e hoʻemi ʻia e ka nui o ka wailele a i ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nui o nā piko o nā kuahiwi.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻāina he papa no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā koena archaeological a me nā kia hoʻomanaʻo kolone, ma ke ʻano he hōʻike o ka wā i hala e like me ka hanohano a hoʻokiʻekiʻe mau ʻia e nā aniani o ka mea paʻi kiʻi.
NA LUNAMAKAAINANA A I OLE O STEREOTYPES
ʻO ke kiʻi kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kāna hana a lawe i ka hapa nui ma ka moku ʻo Mekiko; Ma mua o nā kiʻi maoli, hana lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona a i ʻole stereotypes. No kā lākou ʻāpana, nā keiki e kū mau nei mai nā wahi kuaʻāina a noho lākou ma ke ʻano he koena o ka lāhui kahiki kahiko, i ola a hiki i kēlā manawa. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ola maluhia, kahi a lākou e hana ai i nā hana i manaʻo ʻia a hiki i kēia lā e like me ke ʻano o ko lākou wahi noho, e like me ka lawe ʻana i ka wai, hānai pipi a holoi lole paha; ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa mai kā C.B. ʻO Waite lāua ʻo W. Scott, nā mea paʻi kiʻi ma mua ona, nā kiʻi o ke kanaka ʻōiwi i hōʻike ʻia i ka wahi i hōʻike pono ʻia.
Ma Brehme, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kāne a me nā wahine, hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā hui, ma kahi ākea a me kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Mekiko e like me cactus, nopal, kahi punawai koloneʻi a lio paha. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōiwi a me nā mestizos iā mākou ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai aku i nā mākeke, nā kahu hipa a i ʻole nā mea hele wāwae e holoholo nei ma nā alanui o nā kaona a me nā kūlanakauhale o ka panalāʻau, akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa nā mesto e hoʻokiʻoki nei i ka lole charro.
KEKAHI MEA O KE KENETURA IWAKALUA
ʻAneʻane ʻike ʻia nā wahine e like me ka lole poblano Pake. I kēia lā paʻakikī ʻaʻohe mea e ʻike i ka lole "poblana", e like me kā Madame Calderón de la Barca i kapa ai i ka makahiki 1840, he manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i ke kenekulia 19, i ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano maʻamau o nā wahine me kahi "kūlana kānalua". Ma ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua lilo nā Kina mai Puebla i mau hōʻailona o ka ʻike aupuni, no laila ma nā kiʻi paʻi a Brehme e hōʻike nei lākou i ka lāhui Mexico, nā kiʻi a me nā mea hoʻopunipuni hoʻi.
ʻO nā lole o china poblana a me charro kahi o ka "ʻano" o ke kenekulia 20, o nā mea a mākou e makemake ai e kūpono ma ke ʻano "Mekiko" a ʻo ia hoʻi i nā kula haʻahaʻa ua lilo kā lākou hoʻohana i mea kuhikuhi no nā hulahula o nā ʻahaʻaina a nā keiki. . Hele hou nā antecedents i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, akā lawe ʻia ia i ka makahiki 20 a me 30 i ka wā i ʻimi ʻia ai ka ʻike ma mua o ka Hispanic a me nā kolone koloneial, a ma luna o nā mea āpau, i ka hoʻohui ʻia o nā moʻomeheu ʻelua, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka mestizo, kahi e koho ʻia ai. ka poblana kina.
NA HUA HELU
Inā mākou e nānā i ke kiʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo Amorous Colloquium, e ʻike mākou i kahi kāne mestizo e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā mea mai ka makahiki ʻelua o ke kenekulia i hala e waiwai ai ʻo Mekiko. He charro ʻo ia, ʻaʻole nele i ka ʻumiʻumi, me ke ʻano koʻikoʻi akā mahalo i ka wahine, ka mea e ʻaahu i ka lole kaulana, ua kau ʻo ia ma kahi cactus. Akā, no ka nui o nā mahalo e loaʻa iā lākou, ʻo wai ka mea i koho wale e piʻi a hilinaʻi paha i ka cactus? Ehia mau manawa a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia hiʻohiʻona a i ʻole ʻano like. Malia paha i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, hoʻolaha a me nā kiʻi e kūkulu nei i kēia hiʻona o "ka Mekiko", ʻo ia kahi o ko mākou manaʻo.
Inā mākou e hoʻi i ka paʻi kiʻi, e ʻike mākou i nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻokūpaʻa i ke kūkulu ʻana o ke kiʻi me ka ʻae ʻole i ka nohona o kēlā me kēia lā, nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale: ke poʻo o nā wahine, i ke ʻano o 20 a me he mea lā e kākoʻo nā lei wahaheʻe i hoʻopau ʻole i ka ulana ʻana; kekahi mau kāmaʻa suede? ka hana ʻana i nā pālule a me nā kāmaʻa o ka charro i manaʻo ʻia ... a no laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomau.
HE MAKAHIKI GULA
Me ke kanalua ʻole, ma waena o kā mākou hoʻomanaʻo ʻana he kiʻi ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo o ka charro mai ka wā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni gula Mekiko, a me nā hiʻohiʻona i nā wahi kūwahi kahi e ʻike ai mākou i nā kāʻei o Brehme e neʻe nei, i hopu ʻia e kā lens lens o Gabriel Figueroa no kahi maikaʻi ka helu o nā lipine e mālama ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻike kūloko ma loko a ma waho o ka panalāʻau ʻo Mekiko, a he mau antecedents nā kiʻi e like me kēia.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo ua paʻi kiʻi ʻo Hugo Brehme i nā makahiki he ʻekolu ma mua o ke kenekulia 20 ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau kiʻi archetypal i kēia lā, e hoʻomau ʻia nei e ʻike ʻia ma ka pae kaulana ma ke ʻano he lunamakaʻāinana no ka "Mekiko". Kūlike lākou āpau i ka Suave Patria, na Ramón López Velarde, ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka 1921 e kahea ʻana e ʻōlelo wau me kahi epic muted, impeccable a me ka daimana ka homeland ...
Puna: Mekiko ʻike ʻole ʻia 329 / Iulai 2004
