Ua loaʻa i nā maʻi kūkaʻi ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana; i ka wā i kū ai nā lāhui o ʻAmelika i ka maʻi lele, ua make ka hoʻouka kaua. Aia nā pathologies i ka ʻāina nui e pili ana i ka poʻe ʻEulopa, akā ʻaʻole ikaika e like me kā lākou no nā ʻōiwi.
ʻO ka ulia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ka hopena o ka maʻi a he maʻi ahulau i nā manawa ʻekolu; ka mea mua i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia ʻeono, a ua manaʻo ʻia ua koi ʻia he 100 miliona mau mea i make. ʻO ka lua ma ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāhā a ua ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "make ʻeleʻele", ma kahi o 50 miliona i make i kēlā hanana. ʻO ka maʻi ahulau hope loa, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma Kina i 1894, i pāhola ʻia i nā ʻāina āpau.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, nā kūlana hale maikaʻi ʻole a me ka moekolohe a me ka pōloli i kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi. Ua loaʻa i nā poʻe ʻEulopa nā kumuwaiwai therapeutic e hana pū ai i ko lākou mau maʻi i ke ana Hippocratic i lawe ʻia e ka poʻe Mahometa i ka wā o ka Iberian hana, kekahi mau ʻike o ka lāʻau Galenic a me nā hōʻailona mua o nā mea hoʻohui kemika, no laila ua hana lākou i nā hana e like me ke kaʻawale ʻana o nā maʻi, pilikino a me nā mahu o ka lāʻau. Me nā maʻi i lawe mai lākou i kēia ʻike i ka ʻāina ʻAmelika, a ma aneʻi i loaʻa ai iā lākou kahi ʻike empirical āpau no nā maʻi ʻōiwi.
Maʻaneʻi nā kamaʻilio terrestrial o nā kaona a me nā kauhale i alakaʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi. Ma waho o nā kāne, nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā holoholona, lawe ʻia nā pathologies mai kekahi wahi ai kahi ʻē aʻe ma nā ala kalepa e like me ke kuhikuhi o kā lākou kahe, e lawe ana a lawe mai i nā lāʻau no lākou i ka manawa like. ʻO kēia hoʻololi kūlohelohe i hiki ai i nā lehulehu mai kahi o nā kikowaena nui e hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Camino de la Plata, syphilis, measles, puʻupuʻu, ahulau, typhus a me ka ʻai i huakaʻi ʻia.
He aha ke ahulau?
He maʻi lele ia e ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana ma o ka lewa a me nā huna ʻana o nā mea maʻi maʻi. ʻO nā ʻōuli nui he kuni kiʻekiʻe, ʻōpala a me nā buboes, na Pasteurella pestis, kahi microorganism i loaʻa i ke koko o nā koʻokoʻo ʻāhiu a kūloko hoʻi, ʻo ka nui o nāʻiole, i ʻānai ʻia e ka ʻutu (vector parasite ma waena o kaʻiole a me ke kāne) . Hoʻehuehu a ninini ʻia nā lymph node. He maʻi lele nā huna, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano e hoʻolaha koke aku i ka maʻi ka maʻi pulmonary, ma muli o ka puʻu i hoʻomaka ai. Kipaku ʻia nā koʻohune me ka lawā a hoʻopili koke i ka poʻe kokoke. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻākena o ka maʻi ahulau a hiki i ka makahiki 1894. Ma mua o kēlā lā, pili ia i nā kumu like ʻole: ka hoʻopaʻi akua, ka wela, ka hana ʻole, ka pōloli, ka maloʻo, ka lepo a me nā humors o ka maʻi ahulau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻolahalaha nui nā maʻi maʻi i nā kikowaena mining, ma muli o nā kūlana i hana ai nā kāne, kekahi mau wahine a me nā keiki liʻiliʻi, i nā ʻauamo a me nā tunnels o nā mines a ma ka papa i nā mahiʻai a me nā pā hana. ʻO ka nui o kēia mau wahi i hiki ai i nā limahana ke lilo i maʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ke kūlana maikaʻi ʻole o ka meaʻai a me ka hana nui, a me nā ʻano pulmonary o ka maʻi ahulau. ʻO kēia mau mea i hoʻonāukiuki i ka pālahalaha i kahi wikiwiki a me ka make.
Ke ala ʻino
ʻO ka maʻi ahulau i hoʻomaka ma ke kaona ʻo Tacuba i ka hopena o ʻAukake 1736, e Nowemapa ua komo mua i Mexico City, a pāhola koke aku i Querétaro, Celaya, Guanajuato, León, San Luis Potosí, Pinos, Zacatecas, Fresnillo , Avino lāua ʻo Sombrerete. Ke kumu? ʻAʻole pulu loa nā ala akā hele huakaʻi ʻia lākou e nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka heluna lehulehu o New Spain ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia a ʻo Camino de la Plata kahi kaʻa kūpono o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻākau.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka nūhou o ke ahulau mai Pinos a me ka hopena make e ʻeha nei ka heluna kanaka i ka 1737, i Ianuali o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua hana pū ka ʻaha kūkā ʻo Zacatecas me nā ʻohana o ka haukapila ʻo San Juan de Dios, i mea e ke alo i ka maʻi e hoʻomaka nei e loaʻa kāna hōʻike mua i kēia kūlanakauhale. Ua ʻae ʻia e hoʻokō i nā hana pono i nā lumi hou ʻelua me nā moena he 50 i lako pono i nā moena, nā ʻūlū, nā pale a me nā pono ʻē aʻe, a me nā paepae a me nā noho hoʻi i mea e noho ai ka poʻe maʻi.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka make i hoʻomaka ai ke ahulau i nā lāhui ʻelua i hoʻoikaika i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ilina hou e hoʻokipa i ka mea i make. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia he 900 peso no kēia hana, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā hale kupapaʻu he 64 mai Kēkēmapa 4, 1737 a hiki i Ianuali 12, 1738, ma ke ʻano he mea mālama e kūʻē i nā make i hiki ke hana ʻia i kēia ahulau. Ua hāʻawi ʻia hoʻi ka ʻāpana na 95 peso no nā lilo no ke kanu ʻana no ka poʻe hune.
Ua loaʻa i nā kaikaina a me nā kauoha haipule nā haukapila e hana pū me nā maʻi hui, e like me kā lākou kumukānāwai a me nā kūlana hoʻokele waiwai, hāʻawi i ke kōkua i ko lākou mau hoahānau a me ka lehulehu i ka lehulehu, ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou i kahi hoʻokipa no ka haukapila, a i ʻole ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lāʻau, meaʻai a hale paha i mea e hōʻemi ai i ko lākou mau maʻi. Ua uku lākou i nā kauka, nā kauka, nā phlebotomist a me nā ʻumiʻumi i hīmeni ʻia me nā lepe a me nā kīʻaha omo no nā bubo (adenomegalies), ma muli o ka hopena o ke ahulau, ua hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka lehulehu. ʻO kēia mau kauka kauka kuikawa i hana palapala me nā hana hou i ʻike ʻia i hele mai mai nā ʻāina ʻē a huakaʻi ma ke alanui Silver, e like me ka Spanish a me London London pharmacopoeias, ka puke ʻo Mandeval's Epidemias a me ka Lineo Fundamentos de Botánica, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kekahi hana i lawe ʻia e nā luna kīwila o Zacatecas ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kapa moe i nā mea maʻi "kōkua ʻole" - ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia ma lalo o ka pale o ka haukapila - me ka uku ʻana i nā kauka nāna lākou i mālama. Ua hāʻawi nā kauka i kahi likiki i ka mea maʻi i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia no kahi kapa moe a me kekahi mau ʻohe no ka meaʻai i kona wā maʻi. ʻO kēia mau maʻi kūwaho he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka poʻe hele wāwae ma Camino de la Plata a me nā limahana huakaʻi me kahi noho pōkole i ke kūlanakauhale i loaʻa ʻole kahi noho paʻa. No lākou kekahi no ka mālama pono ʻana i ke aloha e pili ana i ko lākou olakino a me nā meaʻai.
ʻO ka maʻi ahulau ma Zacatecas
Ua pilikia ka heluna kanaka o Zacatecas i ka wela, ka maloʻo a me ka wī i nā makahiki 1737 a me 1738. ʻO nā mālama kōina i loko o nā kūlanakauhale ʻo alhóndigas ʻaʻole i hala hoʻokahi mahina i ka hapanui, pono e hele i nā mahiʻai kokoke e hōʻoia i ka nā meaʻai no ka heluna kanaka a kū i ke ahulau me nā kumu waiwai hou aku. ʻO kahi mea hoʻonāukiuki i nā kūlana olakino ma mua, ʻo nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala a me nā holoholona make i kū ma ke kahawai i hala i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO kēia mau mea āpau āpau me ke kaiāulu me Sierra de Pinos, kahi i pā ai kēia maʻi ahulau, a ʻo ka hana mau ʻana o ke kanaka a me nā mea kūʻai aku nā wahi ulu i alakaʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi ahulau ma Zacatecas.
ʻO nā mea make mua i mālama ʻia ma ka haukapila ʻo San Juan de Dios ʻo ia nā Sepania, nā mea kālepa mai Mexico City, i hiki i kā lākou ala ke loaʻa i kēia maʻi a lawe pū me lākou iā Pinos a me Zacatecas a mai aneʻi e lawe i kāna huakaʻi lōʻihi i nā kauhale. nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Parras a me New Mexico. Ua uhi ʻia ka lehulehu i ka maloʻo, ka wela, ka pōloli a, ma ke ʻano he corollary, ka maʻi ahulau. I kēlā manawa, he aneane hiki i ka haukapila i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei no 49 mau mea maʻi, akā naʻe, ua ʻoi aku kona mākaukau a he mea pono e hiki ai i nā alaloa, ke keʻena poni a me ka hale haukapila e hoʻokau i ka helu nui loa o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia o nā papa a me nā kūlana āpau. pilikanaka: ʻO nā India, Paniolo, mulattos, mestizos, kekahi poʻe castes a me nā ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka lāhui ʻōiwi ka mea i hoʻopilikia loa ʻia e pili ana i ka make ʻana: ʻoi aku i ka hapa o ka make. Hōʻoia kēia i ka manaʻo o ka pale ʻole o kēia heluna kanaka mai ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic, a ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau kenekulia i hala ua hoʻomau ʻia me ka pale ʻole a ua make ka hapa nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Mestizos a me nā mulattoe kokoke i ka hapalua o ka make, ka mea nona ka pale e ka hui ʻana o ke koko ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me ka ʻeleʻele, a no laila, me kahi hoʻomanaʻo immunological liʻiliʻi.
Ua maʻi ka Paniolo i nā helu he nui a lilo i ka hui i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Kūlike ʻole i ka ʻōiwi, make wale kahi hapakolu, ʻo ka hapanui ka poʻe ʻelemākule a me nā keiki. Ka wehewehe? Malia paha ʻo ka Paniolo peninsular a me nā Europa ʻē aʻe ka huahana olaola o nā hanauna he nui o ka poʻe i pakele o nā ʻino a me nā maʻi ahulau i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina kahiko a no laila, nā mea nona ka palekana pili i kēia maʻi. ʻO nā hui i pili liʻiliʻi ka poʻe castes a me nā ʻeleʻele, i waena o lākou i make ai ma lalo o ka hapalua o ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi.
ʻO nā mahina kahi i loaʻa ai ka maʻi ahulau i ka haukapila o San Juan de Dios ʻo Dekemaba 1737 wale nō me nā mea maʻi ʻelua wale nō i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo Ianuali 1738 ka huina o 64. I ka makahiki aʻe -1739 - ʻaʻohe mau maʻi ahulau, me i hiki i ka heluna kanaka ke kūkulu hou i ka malamalama o ka hopena i ʻeha ʻia e kēia maʻi ahulau e pili ana i ka poʻe hana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻo ka makahiki i hōʻino ʻia i kēia makahiki o ka maʻi ahulau he 21 a 30 mau makahiki, ma ka maʻi a i nā make, e hāʻawi ana he 438 mau maʻi me 220 i hoʻokuʻu i ke olakino a me 218 mau make.
Lapaʻau hoʻomaka
ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kūlanakauhale a me ka hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau o ka haukapila ʻo San Juan de Dios i ka liʻiliʻi a hiki ʻole ke hana ʻia, hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻike weliweli o ke kumu o ka maʻi ahulau. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi mea me nā lāʻau e like me ka mea ʻala me ka rosemary, nā pāʻina me nā fiku, rue, paʻakai, grana powders inu me ka wai pua ʻalani, me ka pale ʻana i ka ea pilau, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Gregario López: "lawe mai i kahi pomade me ka hapa o amber a me ka hapahā o ka civet a me kahi ochava o ka pauka rose, sandalwood a me ka ground root root root me kahi vīnega ʻākala liʻiliʻi, hui pū ʻia a hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka pomace, kahi mālama o ka maʻi ahulau a me nā ea i hoʻoliʻiliʻi a hauʻoli ka naʻau a me nā puʻuwai ʻuhane nui i ka poʻe e lawe pū me ia ”.
Ma waho o kēia a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe he nui, ua ʻimi ʻia ke kōkua akua ma ke noi ʻana a ka Guadalupana, ka mea i hoʻohanohano ʻia ma ke kaona ʻo Guadalupe, kahi kuʻikahi mai Zacatecas aku, a ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Prelate, ka mea i lawe ʻia i kahi huakaʻi huakaʻi. a ke kipa aku nei i nā luakini āpau o ke kūlanakauhale e noi i kāna kōkua akua a hoʻoponopono i ka maʻi ahulau a me ka maloʻo. ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaka o ke kuʻuna o ka kipa ʻana o ka Preladita, ʻoiai ʻo ia i ʻike ʻia a hoʻomau i kāna ala hele i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka maʻi ahulau o 1737 a me 1738.
ʻO ke ala i hele ai kēia maʻi ahulau i māka ʻia e ke kahe kanaka i ka ʻākau o Nu Sepania. Ua loaʻa ka maʻi ahulau i ka makahiki aʻe -1739- i ke kaona mining o Mazapil a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma kēia Camino de la Plata. ʻO nā pōkā o kēia ahulau nā mea kālepa, nā muleteers, nā ʻelele a me nā huapalapala ʻē aʻe i ko lākou ala mai ke kapitala a i ka ʻākau a hoʻi me nā ala like, e halihali ana i kā lākou moʻomeheu waiwai, nā maʻi, nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau. ma ke ʻano he hoa kaʻawale ʻole, ke ahulau.
