Pono mākou e kipa aku i kekahi o nā ululāʻau paina he nui o ka ʻāina, i ka wā ua, e mahalo ai i nā ʻano ʻalalā he nui e ulu ana i loko o lākou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, nui nā ʻano fungi ma Mekiko, mai ka liʻiliʻi loa a aneane hiki ʻole i kekahi mau mile, i nā pilikua ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi mika i ke anawaena.
He ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou kala, mai keʻokeʻo maʻalahi i nā aka like ʻole, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pōʻeleʻele kahi e ulu ai kēia mau meaola i kēia mau ulu lāʻau.
ʻO Mekiko paha kekahi o nā ʻāina waiwai loa i nā ʻano mushroom, a me kāna mau kuʻuna ma o ka lāhui ʻōiwi. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mushroom hallucinogenic kaulana a kaulana a puni ka honua, ma Mekiko i nā makahiki 1950, a mahalo ʻia i ka poʻe ʻōiwi i hiki aku kēia ʻike i ka lima o ka ʻepekema.
ʻO nā ʻōiwi Mekiko nā mea hoʻohui i nā ʻalalā nui; ʻike maopopo lākou pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā mea ʻai e ʻai ʻia mai nā mea ʻawahia a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, mai nā hallucinogens. Ua aʻo ka mea kākau, ma o kāna 23 mau makahiki o ka noiʻi mycological, mai ka poʻe ʻōiwi e nānā a ʻike i nā fungi i ke ʻano.
ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā hua moa i ʻai ʻia ma nā mākeke makemake nui ʻia i ka wā ua. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā fungi e nā ʻōiwi i loko o nā ululāʻau a ua wae ʻia e nā lima he nui ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka mākeke, i kumu e hilinaʻi ʻole ai mākou i ka ʻike pololei o kēia fungi. ʻO ka ʻōiwi Mekiko mai kona wā kamaliʻi, ua maʻa mau ia i ka hele ʻana ma waena o nā ululāʻau i ka hui o kona mau mākua a i ʻole nā kūpuna a ua aʻo ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā fungi, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā ʻike kupuna mai nā manawa ma mua o ka Hispanic iā ia. Hoʻopili ka mea mahiʻai i kahi inoa kikoʻī i kēlā me kēia mushroom e ʻike a ʻokoʻa iā ia mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pēlā mākou e ʻike ai i kahi helu nui o vernacular, ʻōiwi a i ʻole Castilian inoa, i hoʻopili ʻia i nā fungi. Eia kekahi laʻana, loaʻa iā mākou nā inoa o: "pū", "nā wāwae liʻiliʻi", "nā wahine ʻōpio", "buttery", "yemitas", "joletes", "pepeiao", "nā wahine ʻōpio", etc.
HEAHA KA FUNGUS?
ʻO kahi fungus kahi meaola i haku ʻia i kahi o nā microscopic filament e ʻaneʻane, kahi e hana ai i kahi kaona cottony keʻokeʻo. Mai kēia lehulehu ua hānau ka primordia i ka wā e oʻo ai a lilo i fructification o ka fungus. Hoʻopuka kēia mau fructification i nā spores, ʻo ia nā ʻanoʻano o ka fungus, a he mau kuleana no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka fungus, ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma o ka ea a me kāna germination pono. ʻO nā filament i haʻi ʻia ma luna o ka fungus ua kapa ʻia ʻo hyphae a me ka cottony mass i hana i ka mycelium, ma ke ʻano he fungus kahi seta o ka hyphae, nā hunaola filamentous.
E pili ana i nā mea i luna, ʻo nā fungi a mākou e nānā a hōʻiliʻili nei paha i ka māla, ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē aʻe o nā fructification o kēia mau mea; Haʻalele mākou i ka fungus maoli e ulu ana ma ka honua a i ʻole i ke kumu hoʻi i ka nahele. He mea nui e hoʻokūpaʻa i kēia, no ka mea aia kekahi manaʻo wahaheʻe ʻole ʻo nā fructification a mākou e ʻohiʻohi ai i ka nahele, ke nānā mākou i nā hua ʻai i hiki ke ʻai ʻia, ʻo ia nō nā moʻo maoli. E like me ka ʻalani i hōʻiliʻili wale ai mākou i nā ʻalani, akā ʻaʻole nā lāʻau ʻalani, no laila i ka nahele, ʻohiʻohi wale mākou i nā hua o nā fungi a ʻaʻole kēia, ʻo ia ka mycelium i koe ma ka honua.
ʻAʻole nā hanana hānau āpau o fungi he macroscopic; aia kekahi microscopic, e like me nā mōlina microscopic i kapa ʻia a i ʻole fungi. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā moʻo e ulu i ka berena, ma nā tortilla, ma nā ʻalani.
ʻO nā fungi a pau nā meaola e ola ana i nā meaola i hana mua ʻia, a decompose lākou a pēlā e loaʻa ai kā lākou meaʻai mai ia mea. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano e noho ana ma nā meaola ʻē aʻe, parasitizing iā lākou. Pēlā e ʻike maopopo loa ʻia ai nā fungi mai nā mea kanu, kahi e hana ai i kā lākou meaʻai ma o ka ea ma o ka ikehu lā a me ka pigment ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loaʻa iā lākou chlorophyll (koe wale nō ma nā hihia o nā mea kanu parasite).
Ma muli o kā lākou meaʻai kūpono ʻole, kā lākou hanana kūikawā a me kā lākou hana hou ʻia ʻana e nā spores, manaʻo ʻia nā fungi he meaola ʻē i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, no laila ʻae nā biologists o kēia manawa he aupuni kūʻokoʻa nā fungi i nā mea kanu. ʻano like me nā holoholona.
He mea nui ka mea nui o nā fungi i ke ʻano, no ka mea hoʻomaikaʻi iā lākou e pala ka meaola a hui hou i ka lepo. Fungi, pū me nā koʻohune i ka lepo, e wāwahi i ka ʻōpala a nalo. Mai kēia wahi o ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka nui o ke koolaola o fungi.
Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kahi mushroom edible mai kahi mea make?
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā fungus me ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou i ke kinona, ke kala a me ke ʻano o nā wahi āpau o ke kino hua. Pono mākou e nānā inā he wāwae ko lākou, inā he apo ma loko, inā hōʻike lākou i nā unahi, a pēlā aku. Ua lawa ia, i loko o kekahi momi ʻai e ʻike ai mākou a wehewehe mākou i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke apo i ka wāwae a i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe ona, no laila ʻaʻole like ia a kānalua mākou i kāna ʻike.
E like me kā mākou ʻike ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu i ka mākeke, e kālailai wale ana i ko lākou kinona, kala a me ke ʻano, a ma muli o ko mākou ʻike, ʻo ia ka pehea e ʻike ai i nā hua ʻai, akā e ʻōlelo ʻia ia, i ka ʻike hea? E hoʻokumu mākou iā mākou iho i ka ʻike o ka ʻōiwi a i ʻole campesinos e kūʻai aku iā mākou i kēia mau ʻalalā a me ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā lākou he mea ʻai lākou. Inā mākou i kēia lā, kūʻai mākou i kahi mushroom edible i ka mākeke, no ka laʻana, ka "yemitas", i ʻike ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pāpale ʻōlani ʻalani, me ka unahi ʻole, me ka lihi striated, me ke apo ma ka wāwae, ka lamina ʻalani a me ke kumu o ka wāwae e like me kahi aniani (inā he hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ʻokiʻoki lākou maʻamau), a inā hoʻopaʻa mākou i kēia kiʻi, ʻaʻole mākou e poina i ka mushroom i ʻōlelo ʻia a ʻike maʻalahi mākou iā ia. Akā, inā loaʻa iā mākou ka fungus like i ka nahele, me ka paler a i ʻole ke kala ʻoi aku, a i ʻole me ke apo a i ʻole nā ʻano hana maʻamau, he ʻano ʻē aʻe paha ia, he mea ʻawahia paha ia.
Ke koho ʻana i nā pūlehu i ʻai ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka culinary, pono e paʻa loa ka ʻike o nā ʻano laha. Inā he kānalua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolei ʻana i kēia mau ʻalalā. Hiki i kahi hemahema ke koʻikoʻi.
I ka ʻike ʻana i nā fungi, pono e hoʻolei ʻia nā ʻike kaulana e hōʻike nei i ka ʻike ʻana i nā fungi, e nānā ana inā e hoʻolapalapa ʻia lākou me kahi kālā kālā a i ʻole kālika a ʻeleʻele hoʻi ia iā ia. Kū'ē pinepine ʻole kēia mau loina a no laila weliweli. He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō aia kekahi mau ʻalalā e ʻai wale ʻia inā kuke ʻia lākou, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "pepeiao iole" a i ʻole "gachupines", akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻalalā i ʻai. Loaʻa iā lākou nā culinary a maka a i hoʻolapalapa ʻia paha.
Hoʻoweliweli nā kamalā ʻawahia i ke kanaka ke loaʻa lākou. He wahaheʻe loa ia e inu kahi fungus i ke kāne wale nō ma ka paʻa ʻana iā ia a ʻaʻala paha iā ia.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā huaʻi ʻawahia i nā mahele ʻehā aʻe:
1. ʻO kēlā mau mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻai ʻole, me ka luaʻi a me ka palahī, 1/2 hola ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana. Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia ka mahele lāʻau a lūlū ke kanaka i nā mea āpau, ola koke ʻo ia. Maʻaneʻi e ʻike mākou i ka hapa nui loa o nā momona momona. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia mau mea ʻo Russula emetica, maʻamau loa i nā ulu lāʻau pine.
2. ʻO nā mea e ʻona ai e like me nā mea ma mua, me kahi ʻano hopohopo, akā ʻoiai ke inu ʻia ka waiʻona. Inā inu ʻole ka wai ʻona, hiki ke ʻai i kēia mau ʻalalā. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano fungus i ʻike ʻia ma Mekiko, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Coprinus atramentarius, e ulu nei i nā māla. Aia ke kuhi hewa ʻole he maikaʻi ʻole nā fungus me ka ʻona me ka ʻalekohola.
3. Nā hāmele e kumu ai ka luaʻi o ka luaʻi, akā me ke koko ʻelua. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻōuli a ma hope o 8 a 12 mau hola ma hope o kaʻai ʻana; ʻona loa ke kanaka i ke akepaʻa a luku ʻia ko lākou mau hunaola (no laila ke koko). Hāʻule kēia mau mea i hōʻeha ʻia i loko o nā ʻehaʻeha e hiki ke hala i 8 mau lā a make hope loa. ʻO nā fungi ke kumu o kēia mau hōʻailona he kākaʻikahi loa ma Mekiko; ʻEkolu wale nō mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia o ka laha Amaníta a keʻokeʻo loa, no laila ʻo ka manaʻo wahaheʻe he mea ʻawaʻawa nā ʻāhi keʻokeʻo āpau, akā he keʻokeʻo ka mushroom kaulana, no laila, nā meaʻai culinary. ʻO nā lā ʻona o Manita he mau keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka mushroom, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻepekema ʻo Agaricus bisporus (ka mea i mahi ʻia) a i ʻole Agaricus campestris (ka hihiu), ʻeleʻele i nā lau ʻeleʻele.
4. Nā Mushroom i ka wā eʻai ai, hoʻokumu i nā hallucination. ʻO lākou nā moʻo kapu kaulana o ka lāhui ʻōiwi, i maʻa mau i ka ʻāina ʻo Huautla de Jiménez, ʻo Oaxaca. Pau kēia mau ʻalalā e nā hui like ʻole o ka poʻe ʻōiwi i nā hana kūikawā pō nui, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic. Ma o lākou ua kamaʻilio pū lākou me ko lākou mau akua, a i kēia manawa ʻai lākou i nā ʻalalā e kamaʻilio ai i ke Akua. Pili nā laulā Hallucinogenic i ka genus Psi1ositbey a ulu i nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina, e like me nā ulu lāʻau tropical, nā kuahiwi subtropical o Oaxaca, Puebla a me Veracruz, a me nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe e like me Popocatépetl a me Nevado de Toluca. Loaʻa lākou iā lākou ma ʻAmelika Hema, ka U.S., ʻEulopa, ʻApelika, Iapana, a me ʻAukekulia.
Puna: Mekiko ʻike ʻole ʻia No. 48 / Nowemapa 1980
