E nīnau e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu i paʻi ʻia i ke kolone e nīnau iā mākou iho i ke ʻano o ke komo ʻana o ka lāhui komohana i ko mākou ʻāina.
ʻAʻole ka puke paʻi kahi mea e hoʻopau i kāna hana i ka hoʻohana a me ka hoʻohana wale. ʻO kahi puke kahi mea kūikawā a ʻoiai ʻo ia ka noho o ke kākau ʻana, i ʻae ʻia ai e hana kope ʻia ka manaʻo i ka wa e kaawale ai, ma o ka manawa a me kahi. Ma ʻEulopa ponoʻī, ʻo ka hana hou ʻana o ka mīkini paʻi paʻi hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i nā mea hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia ka manaʻo, ma o ka pāpaho i kākau ʻia, a hāʻawi i ka moʻomeheu Komohana i kekahi o kāna mau mana ikaika loa. Me kēia mea i haku ʻia, noi ʻia i ka Baibala a Gutenberg ma waena o 1449 a me 1556, ua hiki i ka hana ʻana o ka puke paʻi ke oʻo pono i ka manawa pono e hele pū me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ʻEulopa, e kōkua ana iā ia e ola a hana hou i nā kuʻuna moʻomeheu o ka Honua Ma nā wahi a me nā kūlana i mamao loa nā mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe Paniolo i nā ʻāina ʻAmelika.
Komo lohi i ke kūkulu ʻākau
ʻO ka wehe ʻana o kahi ala ma waena o New Spain kahi hihia kiʻi. Ua hui pū ʻo Camino de la Plata i nā panalāʻau o New Spain me nā ʻāpana ʻākau, kokoke e kaha mau ʻia mai kēlā me kēia aupuni o nā mines a i kahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ma waena o nā wahi ākea loa, ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli mau o nā hui ʻenemi, ʻoi aku ka ʻino a hōʻole hoʻi ka noho ʻana o Sepania ma mua o kona mau hoa hema. Lawe pū nā mea lanakila i kā lākou ʻōlelo, kā lākou pae hoʻohālikelike, kā lākou ala e hāpai ai i ka mana kupua i loko o kahi hoʻomana, a ma ka laulā he manaʻo ʻano ʻokoʻa loa mai ka lāhui ʻōiwi i hālāwai ai lākou. I ke kaʻina hana i aʻo iki ʻia, a me ka hoʻomaopopo iki ʻole, kōkua kekahi mau kiʻi palapala iā mākou e hōʻoia i ka hele pū ʻana o ka puke i paʻi ʻia me ko ʻEulopa i ko lākou komo mālie ʻana i ka ʻākau. A e like me nā ʻuhane a me nā mea i hele mai me lākou, ua hōʻea i kēia mau wahi e ka Royal Path o Tierra Adentro.
Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole pono nā puke e kali no ke ʻano o ke ala e hiki ai i ko lākou wahi i ka wahi, akā ua hōʻea lākou me nā huakaʻi mua, ma ke ʻano he hoa alo ʻole o ka holomua o ka Paniolo. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Nuño de Guzmán, ka mea naʻi aupuni o New Galicia, i lawe pū me ia i kahi puke o nā Kekena Tito Livio, ʻo ia paha ka unuhi Castilian i paʻi ʻia ma Zaragoza i ka makahiki 1520. ʻO nā hihia e like me kā Francisco Bueno, ka mea i make ma ke ala mai Chiametla a ʻO Compostela i ka makahiki 1574, kahakiʻi pehea, mai ka mea lanakila loa i nā mea kalepa ʻoi loa, hoʻomau lākou e pili i kā lākou civili i nā wahi mamao a laila, ma o ka hui o nā leka. Ua lawe ʻo Bueno i waena o kāna mau mea ʻekolu mau puke o ka ʻuhane: The Art of Serving God, kahi kumu Kristiano a me ka Vita Expide o Fray Luis de Granada.
Kuhi nā mea āpau no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ka heluhelu ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka puke ma kēia wahi he hana nui ia na nā kānaka o ko Europa a me ko lākou kūpuna. Ma ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 16, ua hoʻomau ka pili ʻōiwi ʻana o nā hui ʻōiwi i kēia mea haole, ʻoiai ua hoihoi lākou i kāna mau kiʻi.
Hōʻike ʻia kēia e kahi palapala noi mai 1561, ʻo ia kahi hōʻailona o ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana o nā puke i kahi lā mua. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kauoha mai Guadalajara e kipa aku i ka Real de Minas de Zacatecas, i mea e ʻimi ai i nā hana i pāpā ʻia, ua loaʻa ka vicar Bachiller Rivas i waena o "nā Paniolo a me nā kānaka ʻē aʻe o kēia mau mines" i lawa ka nui o nā puke kapu e hoʻopiha i ʻekolu mau ʻeke o lākou, e hōʻike nei ʻaʻole i lawa ka lako o nā mea i paʻi ʻia. Ke waiho ʻia nei i loko o ka sacristy o ka hale pule e lawe iā lākou i Guadalajara, ka sacristan Antón -o Purépecha i hoʻokumu ʻia - i ka hui o kona kaikunāne a me kekahi hoa ʻInia ʻē aʻe nona, wehe i kēia mau pūʻulu a hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻolaha i kā lākou ʻike i waena o nā ʻInia ʻē aʻe. Kuhi hewa kēia kūmole no ka mea hiki iā mākou ke ʻae i kahi hoihoi ʻōiwi i nā puke me ka ʻole o ka ado. Akā ʻo Anton a me nā ʻInia ʻē aʻe i nīnau ʻia ua hōʻoia ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke heluhelu, a ua haʻi aku ka sacristan ua lawe ʻo ia i nā puke e nānā i nā kiʻi i loaʻa iā lākou.
ʻO ka ʻiʻini i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā mea i kuhi ʻia i kekahi mau hihia ua māʻona i nā ʻano hana like ʻole. ʻO ka hapanui o ka manawa, lawe ʻia nā puke e like me nā hopena pilikino, ʻo ia hoʻi, lawe ka mea nona iā lākou mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kāna ukana. Akā i kekahi mau manawa ʻē aʻe ua neʻe lākou ma ke ʻano he kālepa kalepa i hoʻomaka ʻia ma Veracruz, kahi i nānā pono ʻia ai kēlā me kēia ukana o nā puke e nā luna o ka Inekuisitio, keu hoʻi mai ka makahiki 1571, ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka keʻena Hemolele ma nā Indies. e pale aku ai i ka lele ʻana o nā manaʻo Protestant. Ma hope - kokoke mau ma hope o ke kū ʻana ma Mekiko City - ua loaʻa nā palapala i ko lākou ala ma waena o ka mea kūʻai puke. E hoʻouna ka mea hope iā lākou i ka pāʻina hoihoi, e hoʻouna aku iā lākou i kahi kalaiwa mule nāna i hali nā puke i ka ʻākau ma ka hope o ka hoki, i loko o nā pahu lāʻau i uhi ʻia me nā ʻili e pale aku ai i ka wā ʻino a me nā pōʻino ma ke ala mai ka hōʻino ʻana i kēlā ukana ukana. Ua hiki nā puke āpau i ka ʻākau i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma kekahi o kēia mau ala, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ko lākou ola ʻana ma nā wahi i uhi ʻia e ke ala mai ka hapalua o ka kenekulia 16 ma Zacatecas, a mai ka kenekulia 17 ma nā wahi e like me Durango. , Parral a me New Mexico. Hoʻohana ʻia a i kekahi manawa hou, uhi ka puke i kahi mamao loa mai ko lākou haʻalele ʻana mai nā hale kūʻai paʻi ʻEulopa, a i ʻole nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Mexico City. Ua mau kēia hanana a hiki i ke kolu o nā makahiki he 20 o ke kenekulia 19, i ka hōʻea ʻana o kekahi mau mīkini paʻi huakaʻi i kēia mau ʻāpana i ka wā a ma hope paha o ka hakakā kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke ʻano ʻoihana
Ke kākau nei i ka ʻaoʻao kalepa o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā puke, akā, he hana hiki ʻole ma muli o ka uku ʻole o nā puke i ka ʻauhau alcabala, no laila ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kā lākou kalepa nā palapala kūhelu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻae e lawe i nā puke i nā wahi mining i hōʻike ʻia i nā waihona e kūlike ana i ka hapalua o ka kenekulia 18, ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ka makaʻala i ka holo ʻana o nā mea i pai ʻia e pale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā manaʻo o ka Enlightenment. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana o ka waiwai i make - nā hōʻike - a me ka mana ideological i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i ka holo o nā mea i paʻi ʻia, nā hana e hōʻike pinepine iā mākou e ʻike i ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻolaha ʻia ma Camino de. ʻO La Plata i nā wahi e pili ana.
I nā huaʻōlelo helu, ʻo nā hōʻiliʻili nui loa i kū i nā wā koloneia nā mea i ʻākoakoa i nā ʻaha Franciscan a me nā Jesuit. ʻO ke koleke ʻo Zacatecas o Propaganda Fide, ma kahi laʻana, i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000 mau puke. No kāna ʻāpana, ʻo ka hale waihona puke o ka Jesuits o Chihuahua, i inventoried i ka makahiki 1769, ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 370 mau poʻo inoa - a ma kekahi mau hihia i uhi ʻia i kekahi mau puke, ʻaʻole helu ʻia nā mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka mea pāpā ʻia nā hana a no ka mea ua ʻino loa. . He 986 mau hana a ka hale waihona puke Celaya, ʻoiai ua hōʻea ʻo San Luis de la Paz i kahi mau hana he 515. I ke koena o ka hale waihona puke o ka Jesuit College of Parras, i ka makahiki 1793 i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 400. Ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau hōʻiliʻili i nā puke i pono no ka hoʻōla o nā ʻuhane a me ka ʻoihana haipule i hana ʻia e ka poʻe pule pule. No laila, koi ʻia nā missal, breviaries, antiphonaries, bibles a me nā repertoires haʻi ʻōlelo i loko o kēia waihona puke. Ua kōkua maikaʻi ʻia ka mea paʻi i ka hānai ʻana i nā haipule ma waena o nā poʻe haipule i ke ʻano o nā novenas a me nā ola o nā haipule. I kēia ʻano, he kōkua kōkua ʻole ka puke a he alakaʻi maikaʻi loa e ukali i nā hana like a me nā hana pākahi a ka hoʻomana Karistiano (ka lehulehu, pule) i ke kaʻawale o kēia mau wahi.
Akā ke ʻano o ka hana mikionali i koi aku i ka ʻike honua hou aku. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka noho ʻana o kēia mau waihona puke o nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo a me nā grammar kōkua ma ka ʻike o nā ʻōlelo autochthonous; o nā puke e pili ana i ka hōkū, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ke ʻoki a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka waihona puke o ka Colegio de Propaganda Fide de Guadalupe; a i ʻole ke kope o ka puke De Re Metallica na Jorge Agrícola - ka mea mana nui loa i ka mining a me nā metallurgy o ia manawa - aia i waena o nā puke o ka Jesuits o ka Convent o Zacatecas. ʻO nā māka ahi i hana ʻia ma ka lihi o nā puke, a i lawelawe ʻia e ʻike i kā lākou waiwai a pale i ka ʻaihue, hōʻike ʻia ua hōʻea nā puke i nā hale mōneka no ke kūʻai wale ʻana, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana a ke kalaunu i hāʻawi ai, no ʻO kahi laʻana, i nā mikionali Franciscan, akā i kekahi mau manawa, ke hoʻouna ʻia i nā hale mōneka ʻē aʻe, lawe nā pule i nā puke mai nā hale waihona puke ʻē aʻe me lākou e kōkua i kā lākou mea pono a me nā pono ʻuhane. Ke aʻo nei hoʻi nā palapala ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā puke iā mākou, no ka mea he ʻona pilikino kā mākou, ua lilo nā puke he nui i ka hui haipule i ka make ʻana o kā lākou mau mea.
Nā hana aʻo
ʻO nā hana e aʻo ʻia ai nā mākua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā Jesuit, hoʻolaʻa iā lākou iho, e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o nā poʻo inoa he nui i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā hale waihona puke o ka ʻaha. ʻO nā ʻāpana maikaʻi o kēia mau puke, he puke pili i ka teology, nā manaʻo ʻepekema e pili ana i nā moʻolelo Baibala, nā noiʻi a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ke akeakamai o Aristotle, a me nā puke haʻi ʻōlelo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano o ka ʻike i loaʻa i kēlā manawa ka moʻomeheu nui o ka moʻomeheu heluhelu a me kēlā. kiaʻi ʻia kēia mau mea aʻo. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hapa nui o kēia mau huaʻōlelo ma ka ʻōlelo Lākina, 'a ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lōʻihi e pono ai ke akamai i ke kānāwai skolastic, theology, a me ke akeakamai, ua hoʻokapu loa kēia i ka make maʻalahi ʻana i ka wā i nalowale ai nā ʻoihana. kahi i ulu ai. Me nā kauoha haipule ua pau, he ʻāpana maikaʻi o nā hale waihona puke Convent i hōʻeha ʻia i ka hao wale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻole ʻia, no laila he kakaikahi wale nō ka mea i ola, a ʻo kēia mau mea i kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana.
ʻOiai ʻo nā hōʻiliʻili kaulana loa i loko o nā mōneka nui, ʻike mākou ua lawe mai nā pule pule i nā nui o nā puke a hiki i nā mikiona mamao loa. I ka makahiki 1767, i ka wā i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka kipaku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻAhahui o Iesū, ʻo nā puke e kū nei i nā mikiona ʻeiwa ma ka Sierra Tarahumara he 1,106 ka nui o nā puke. ʻO ka mikiona a San Borja, kahi mea me nā puke he nui, he 71 mau puke, a ʻo ko Temotzachic, ka mea like ʻole, me 222.
ʻO ka poʻe haipule
Inā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puke i maʻa mau i ka haipule, ʻo ka hoʻohana a ka poʻe lay i hāʻawi aku ai i ka puke i paʻi ʻia ʻoi aku ka hōʻike, no ka mea ʻo ka unuhi a lākou i hana ai i ka mea a lākou i heluhelu ai he hopena i kāohi ʻia ma mua o ka mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe i ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa kula ʻana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā puke e kēia heluna lehulehu ua aneane pinepine ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā palapala hōʻike, a hōʻike pū kekahi ʻano hana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā puke. Inā he mau puke kā kekahi mea i make i ko lākou wā e ola ana, waiwai nui lākou no ke kūkālā me nā koena o kā lākou waiwai. Ma kēia ʻano ua hoʻololi nā puke i nā mea nona, a i kekahi mau manawa hoʻomau lākou i kā lākou ala ma mua a ma ka ʻākau hoʻi.
ʻAʻole maʻamau ka nui o nā papa inoa i hoʻopili ʻia i nā makemake. I kekahi manawa aia ʻelua a ʻekolu paha puke wale nō, ʻoiai i nā manawa ʻē aʻe piʻi ka helu i iwakālua, keu hoʻi i ka poʻe o kā lākou ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi ʻike literate. ʻO kahi hihia kūikawā ʻo Diego de Peñalosa, ke kiaʻāina o Santa Fe de Nuevo México ma waena o 1661-1664. Loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 51 mau puke i 1669, i ka wā i hao ʻia ai kāna waiwai. Loaʻa nā papa inoa lōʻihi loa ma waena o nā luna aliʻi, nā kauka, a me nā loea kānāwai. Akā ma waho o nā huaʻōlelo i kākoʻo i kahi hana ʻoihana, ʻo nā puke i koho manuahi ʻia ka loli hoihoi loa. ʻAʻole hoʻi e alakaʻi hewa i kahi papa inoa liʻiliʻi, no ka mea, e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, ua nui ka hopena o nā puke i ka manawa a lākou i heluhelu pinepine ʻia ai, a ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia hopena ma o ka hōʻaiʻē a me nā ʻōlelo maʻamau i ala ʻia a puni lākou. .
ʻOiai ʻo ka heluhelu ʻana i ka leʻaleʻa, ʻaʻole pono ia e noʻonoʻo ʻo ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi wale nō ka hopena o kēia hana. No laila, i ka hihia o Nuño de Guzmán, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia he mau moʻolelo kiʻekiʻe a hanohano hoʻi nā Makahiki Tito Livio, mai a Renaissance ʻEulopa i loaʻa ai ka manaʻo ʻaʻole wale no ka pehea o ka pūʻali koa a me ka mana politika i kūkulu ʻia ai. o Roma kahiko, akā no ka nui o ia. ʻO Livy, i hoʻopakele ʻia i ke Komohana e Petrarch, kekahi o nā heluhelu punahele a Machiavelli, e hoʻouluulu ana i kāna mau noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mana politika. ʻAʻole mamao ia ʻo kāna moʻolelo o nā huakaʻi epic, e like me kā Hanibal ma o nā Alps, kahi kumu like o ka hoʻoulu manaʻo no ka naʻi aupuni i nā Indies. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomanaʻo ma aneʻi ʻo ka inoa o Kaleponi a me nā mea ʻimi i ka ʻākau e ʻimi ai iā El Dorado kekahi mau motive i loaʻa mai kahi puke: ka ʻāpana ʻelua o Amadís de Gaula, na García Rodríguez de Montalvo i kākau. E pono ana kahi ākea e wehewehe ai i nā nuances a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole a kēia ohua, ka puke, i hāpai aʻe ai. Makemake wale kēia mau laina e hoʻolauna i ka mea heluhelu i ka honua maoli a me ka manaʻo o ka puke a me ka heluhelu ʻana i hana ʻia ma ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo New Spain.
