No nā kamaʻāina kahiko, he waiwai hoʻōla kā nā chameleon ma ke ʻano he kūana i ka ʻuhane o ka ʻelemakule.
Inā hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻano moʻo āpau ma Mekiko, he mau haneli he nui, i mua o mākou, he mea maʻalahi loa ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano chameleons 13 mai iā lākou āpau. ʻO nā ʻano o ka genus Phrynosoma, ʻo ia hoʻi "kino toad", he mau pūniu ma ke ʻano o nā pepeiaohao ma ke kua o ke poʻo - e like me ke ʻano o ka lei aliʻi, kahi kino momona a ʻano pālahalaha ʻia, kahi huelo pokole a i kekahi manawa me unahi elongated ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ke kino. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he ʻano like kēia ʻano me ka dinosaur liʻiliʻi.
ʻOiai hiki i kēia mau moʻo ke holo, ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe e like me ka manaʻo o kekahi a maʻalahi e hopu me ka lima. Aia i loko o kā mākou waiwai, polile nā holoholona a ʻaʻole hakakā me ka wikiwiki e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou iho, ʻaʻole nahu lākou, noho ʻoluʻolu wale lākou i ka poho o ka lima. Ma ka ʻāina i loaʻa i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ka inoa maʻamau o "chameleons" a noho lākou mai ka hema o Chiapas a i ka palena me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika Hema. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ʻehiku o kēia mau ʻano i USA a hiki aku kekahi i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o kēlā ʻāina a me ka hema o Kanada. I loko o kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana e noho kēia mau holoholona i nā wahi maloʻo, nā wao akua, nā wahi semi-wao akua, a me nā wahi mauna maloʻo.
Hiki ke hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia nā inoa maʻamau, a huikau paha i kekahi holoholona no kekahi; ʻO kēia ka hihia o ka huaʻōlelo "chameleon", no ka mea aia wale nō ia ma ʻApelika, hema o ʻEulopa a me ka Hikina Waena. Maʻaneʻi e hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o "chameleon" i kahi hui o nā moʻo o ka ʻohana Chamaeleontidae, hiki ke hoʻololi i ko lākou kala ʻana me ka maʻalahi hiki ʻole i nā kekona kekona. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hana nā "chameleons" ʻo Mexico i nā loli kala nui. ʻO kekahi laʻana ka inoa maʻamau a lākou e loaʻa ai ma ka ʻāina kokoke i ka ʻākau: toads orny, a "ʻaʻole ia he toad akā he mea kolo. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Chameleons i kahi ʻohana moʻo ʻepekema i kapa ʻia ʻo Phrynosomatidae, kahi e komo pū ana me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e noho ana i nā wahi like.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka hapanui o mākou, ʻai nā moʻo i nā ʻeleka i ka nui. ʻO kā Chameleons, no kā lākou ʻāpana, he papaʻai kūikawā iki, no ka mea, ʻai lākou i nā lūlū, a me nā ʻano mea nahu a ʻeha hoʻi; ʻAi lākou i nā haneli he haneli i ka manawa like, noho pinepine, aneane neʻe ʻole i kahi kihi a i ke ala o ka wehe o kahi anthill lalo honua; hopu lākou i nā nahenahe ma ka hoʻolaha koke ʻana i kā lākou mau alelo palapū. He hiʻohiʻona maʻamau kēia ma waena o nā chameleons ʻAmelika a me Old World. ʻAi pū kekahi mau ʻano i nā ʻelala a me nā coleopterans, ʻoiai ʻo nā ants ka mea kokoke i pau ʻole o ka meaʻai i ka wao akua. Aia kekahi pilikia i kāna ʻai ʻana, no ka mea aia kekahi ʻano nematode e parasitizes chameleons, noho i loko o ko lākou ʻōpū a hiki ke hele aʻe mai kahi moʻo a i kekahi aʻe e ka ʻai ʻana i nā naonao, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokipa ʻelua. ʻO ka manawa pinepine i nā moʻo he nui nui o nā parasite i hōʻino ʻole ʻia i ke kanaka a i kekahi mammal ʻē aʻe.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka poepoe honua kahi moʻo e hoʻopau ana i nā naonao, e like loa me ka chameleon. ʻO ia ka "daimonio pepeiaohao" o Nūhōlani, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ka ʻāina nui āpau; e like me ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, uhi ʻia e nā unahi, hoʻololi ʻia i ke ʻano o nā spine, lohi loa ia a he kala cryptic loa ia, akā ʻaʻole pili loa ia, akā ʻo kona like ka hopena o kahi evolution evolution. ʻO kēia daimonio haole Australia o ka genus Moloch a me nā chameleons ʻAmelika e kaʻana like i hoʻokahi mea like: hoʻohana lāua i ko lāua ʻili e hopu i ka wai ua. E noʻonoʻo kākou he moʻo kākou i loaʻa ʻole ka wai no nā mahina. A laila i kekahi lā e heleleʻi kahi ua māmā, akā nele i nā mea hana e hōʻiliʻili i ka wai ua, e koi ʻia mākou e nānā i nā kulu wai e hāʻule i ke one, me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻomāloʻo i ko mākou lehelehe. Ua hoʻonā ʻo Chameleons i kēia pilikia: i ka hoʻomaka o ka ua hoʻonui lākou i ko lākou mau kino i mea e paʻa ai nā kulu wai, ʻoiai ua uhi ʻia ko lākou ʻili e kahi ʻōnaehana o nā kahawai capillary liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui ʻia mai nā palena o nā kaupaona a pau. Hoʻopaʻa ka ikaika o ka capillary hana i ka wai a neʻe iā ia i ka lihi o nā ā, mai kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia ai.
ʻO nā kūlana kūlana o nā wao nahele ua hoʻonāukiuki i nā loiloi evolutionary he nui e hōʻoia i ke ola o kēia mau ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Mekiko, kahi ma kahi o 45% o kāna kaona e hōʻike nei i kēia mau ʻano.
No kahi moʻo liʻiliʻi, lohi, nā mea lele i ka lewa, nā mea e kolo, a i ʻole nā mea e ʻimi wale nei i kā lākou pāʻina aʻe, hiki ke make. Me ke kanalua ʻole ʻo ka pale maikaʻi loa a ka chameleon ʻo ia kona ʻano cryptic kupaianaha a me kāna ʻano hana, i hoʻoikaika ʻia me kahi ʻano immobility maikaʻi ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia. Inā hele mākou ma waena o nā mauna ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike a neʻe lākou. No laila holo lākou i loko o kekahi mānoanoa a hoʻokumu i kā lākou crypticism, a ma hope e pono mākou e ʻike hou iā lākou, a he mea paʻakikī paha kēia.
Eia naʻe, loaʻa nā mea ʻino iā lākou a mālama i kekahi manawa e pepehi a hoʻopau iā lākou. Aia kēia hanana i ka mākaukau o ka poʻe ʻimi holoholona a me ka nui a me ka dexterity o ka chameleon. ʻO kekahi o nā mea ʻaihue ʻike ʻia: ʻo nā ʻio, nā ʻaka, nā mea hoʻokō, nā mea hele i ke alanui, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻāhiu, nā screecher, nā iole ʻūhau, nā coyote, a me nā ʻalopeke ʻO ka nahesa e ale i kahi chameleon e holo i ka makaʻu o ka make, no ka mea inā nui ia, hiki iā ia ke hou i kona puʻu me kona mau pepeiaohao. ʻO nā moʻo pōloli pōloli wale nō ke lawe i kēia makaʻu. Hiki i nā kukini ke ale i nā pio a pau, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke ʻeha i kekahi perforation. I pale aku iā lākou iho i ka mea hiki wawe ka manu, e pālahalaha nā chameleons i ka honua, e hāpai iki i kahi ʻaoʻao, a ma kēia ʻano e hana i kahi pale pālahalaha spiny, i hiki ai iā lākou ke neʻe i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻouka o ka predator. ʻAʻole holo kēia i nā manawa āpau, akā inā hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ka predator he nui a spiny ia e hoʻokomo ʻia, e mālama ka chameleon i kēia hui.
Koi aku kekahi mau mea ʻaihue i nā pale pale loea hou aʻe. Inā hiki i kahi coyote a i ʻole fox, a i ʻole mammal like ke nui, hiki ke hopu i kahi chameleon, hiki iā lākou ke pāʻani me ia no kekahi mau minuke ma mua o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o kāna mau ā ma luna o ke poʻo, e hāʻawi i ka hahau hope loa. I kēlā manawa e loaʻa paha i ka mea ʻino ka mea haohao maoli nāna e hoʻokū a hoʻokuʻu i ka moʻo mai kona waha. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka ʻono kolohe o ka chameleon. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia kēia ʻono ʻoluʻolu ʻole e ka nahu ʻana i kou ʻiʻo, akā na ke koko i kī ʻia e nā kahe waimaka ma nā kaʻe o nā lihilihi maka. Kipaku pololei ʻia ke koko o ka moʻo i loko o ka waha o ka predator. ʻOiai ua moemoeā ka moʻo i kahi kumuwaiwai waiwai, hoʻopakele ia i kona ola. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu kekahi o nā kemika o ka chameleon i kona koko i nā mea ʻino. ʻO kēia, e aʻo maoli mai kēia ʻike a ʻaʻole e alualu hou i kahi chameleon hou aʻe.
Hiki i nā Chameleons ke kipaku i ke koko mai ko lākou mau maka ke ʻohi ʻia, ʻo kēia kahi a mākou e ʻike ai i kēia manaʻo. Ua ʻike maopopo ka poʻe kamaʻāina o ka poʻe Hispanic e pili ana i kēia kaʻina ola, a aia kekahi mau kaʻao o ka "chameleon e hea ana i ke koko". Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka hulihonua nā hiʻohiʻona keramika o kēia mau mea mai ke komohana hema o Colima a i ke komohana ʻākau o ka wao akua Chihuahuan. ʻO nā lehulehu kanaka i kēlā mau wahi i hoʻonāukiuki pinepine ʻia e nā chameleons.
Ma loko o ka moʻo'ōlelo o nā moʻo i nīnau ʻia he ʻāpana ia o ka moʻomeheu a me ka nohona olaola o Mekiko a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma kekahi mau wahi manaʻo ʻia he waiwai ko lākou, he hōʻailona lākou i ka ʻuhane o ka poʻe ʻelemākule a i ʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana e hoʻopau a hoʻopau paha i kahi kilokilo ʻino. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo aʻe ua ʻike kekahi mau ʻōiwi ʻAmelika ʻaʻole i hoʻomoe ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hua. ʻO kēia ʻano chameleons "viviparous" i manaʻo ʻia he mea kōkua i ka hānau hānau.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻohui o ke kaiaolaola ʻoihana kūikawā, pilikia ka chameleons i nā wahi he nui. Ua nalowale lākou i ka nohona ma muli o nā hana a ke kanaka a me ko lākou lehulehu e ulu nei. ʻO nā manawa ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole maopopo ke kumu o ko lākou nalo ʻana. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua pau ka pepeiaohao a me ka chameleon Texas i nā wahi he nui o Texas, waiho wale ʻia nā mokuʻāina ʻo Coahuila, Nuevo León a me Tamaulipas, ma muli paha o ka hoʻokomo wale ʻia ʻana o kahi ant ant exotic e ke kanaka. ʻO kēia mau naonao huhū, me ka inoa maʻamau "ʻula ahi ahi" a me ka inoa ʻepekema ʻo Solenopsis invicta, ua pāhola ma kēia ʻāina no nā makahiki he ʻumi. ʻO nā kumu ʻē aʻe i hōʻemi i nā heluna chameleon he hōʻiliʻili kū kānāwai ʻole ia a me kā lākou hoʻohana lāʻau.
He holoholona maikaʻi ʻole nā Chameleons ma muli o kā lākou meaʻai a me nā koi o ka lā, a ʻaʻole lākou e ola no ka lōʻihi i ke pio ʻana; ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kānalua ka maikaʻi o nā pilikia olakino kanaka ma mua o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana a pōloli paha i kēia mau mea kolo. Ma Mekiko, hoʻolaʻa nui ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe o kēia mau moʻo e pono ai e ʻike i ko lākou puʻunaue a me ka nui o nā laha, i ʻike ʻia ai nā mea hoʻoweliweli a aneane ʻaneʻane pau ʻole. ʻO ka luku mau ʻana o ko lākou wahi noho ka mea paʻa i ko lākou ola. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻike wale ʻia ka ʻano Phrynosoma ditmarsi mai nā wahi ʻekolu ma Sonora, a loaʻa wale ʻo Phrynosoma cerroense ma ka mokupuni ʻo Cedros, ma Baja California Sur. Aia paha kekahi ma kahi ʻano like a ʻoi aku paha o ka makaʻu, akā ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike.
Hiki ke lilo i wahi kikoʻī i mea waiwai nui e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻike o nā ʻano ma Mekiko.
I loko o nā ʻumikūmākolu mau ʻano o nā chameleons e noho nei ma Mekiko, ʻelima mau hopena o P. asio, P. braconnieri, P. cerroense, P. ditmarsi a me P. taurus.
ʻAʻole pono iā mākou ka poʻe Mekiko e poina i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, ʻo ka holoholona hoʻi, he waiwai nui loa no nā kūpuna, no ka mea he nui nā ʻano i manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona no ka hoʻomana a me ka hoʻomana, e hoʻomanaʻo mākou iā Quetzalcóatl, ka nahesa hulu. Ma nā mea kikoʻī, nā poʻe e like me ka Anasazi, Mogollones, Hohokam a me Chalchihuites, i waiho i nā kiʻi a me nā hana lima e hōʻailona ai nā chameleons.
Puna: Un Mexico Mexico No. 271 / Kepakemapa 1999
