ʻO Fray Bernardino de Sahagún hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he noiʻi kiʻekiʻe loa no nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu Nahua, e hoʻolaʻa nei i kona ola holoʻokoʻa i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana a me ke kākau ʻana o nā loina, nā ala, nā wahi, nā loina, nā akua, nā ʻōlelo, nā ʻepekema, nā hana, nā meaʻai, hui kaiaulu, etc. o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Mekiko.
Inā ʻaʻole nā noiʻi a Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ua nalowale mākou i kahi ʻāpana nui o kā mākou hoʻoilina moʻomeheu.
KE OLA O FRAY BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Fray Bernardino ma Sahagún, ke aupuni o León, Sepania ma waena o 1499 a me 1500, ua make ʻo ia ma Mekiko City (New Spain) i ka makahiki 1590. ʻO Ribeira kona inoa a ua hoʻololi ʻo ia iā ia no ke kaona hānau. Ua aʻo ʻo ia ma Salamanca a hōʻea i New Spain ma 1529 me Friar Antonio de Ciudad Rodrigo a me 19 mau hoahānau ʻē aʻe mai ke Kauoha o Kapalakiko.
He helehelena maikaʻi loa kona, e like me ka mea i haʻi ʻia e Fray Juan de Torquemada nāna i ʻōlelo "ua hūnā ka haipule ʻelemakule iā ia mai nā maka o nā wahine."
ʻO nā makahiki mua o kona noho ʻana i hoʻolilo ʻia ma Tlalmanalco (1530-1532) a laila ʻo ia ke kiaʻi o ka hale ʻaha Xochimilco a, mai ka mea i kuhi ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu (1535).
Ua aʻo ʻo ia iā Latinidad ma ke Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco no ʻelima mau makahiki mai kona hoʻokumu ʻana, ma Ianuali 6, 1536; a i ka 1539 he mea heluhelu ʻo ia i ka hale ʻahamele i pili i ke kula. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hana like ʻole o kāna Kauoha, ua hele ʻo ia ma waena o ke awāwa ʻo Puebla a me ka ʻāina o nā lua pele (1540-1545). Ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Tlatelolco, noho ʻo ia ma ka hale konikona mai 1545 a 1550. Aia ʻo ia ma Tula ma 1550 a me 1557. He definer ʻo ia (1552) a me ka malihini kipa o ka ʻEuanelio Hemolele, ma Michoacán (1558). Ua lawe ʻia i ke kaona ʻo Tepepulco i ka makahiki 1558, ua hoʻomau ʻia ma laila a hiki i ka makahiki 1560, a hala i ka makahiki 1561 i Tlatelolco. Ma laila ka lōʻihi a hiki i ka 1585, ka makahiki āna i hele ai e noho i ka hale pule ʻo Grande de San Francisco ma Mekiko City, kahi i noho ai a hiki i ka makahiki 1571 e hoʻi hou ai i Tlatelolco. Ma 1573 ua haʻi ʻo ia ma Tlalmanalco. ʻO ia ka definer o ka panalāʻau mai 1585 a 1589. Ua make ʻo ia i ka makahiki 90 a ʻoi iki paha, ma ka Convent o San Francisco de México.
SAHAGÚN A ME KETNA HANA HOU
Me ke kūlana maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he kanaka olakino, ikaika, hana ikaika, kuoo, akahele a aloha hoʻi me nā Indians, ʻelua mau memo e pono ai i kāna ʻano: ikaika, i hōʻike ʻia i loko o 12 mau makahiki o ka hana nui i makemake ʻia i kāna mau manaʻo a me kāna hana; a me ka pessimism, ka mea e pouli ai ke kāʻei o kāna mōʻaukala me nā ʻano ʻawaʻawa.
Ua noho ʻo ia i kahi manawa o ka hoʻololi ma waena o nā moʻomeheu ʻelua, a ua hiki iā ia ke ʻike e nalowale ana ka Mexica, komo i loko o ka Europa. Ua komo ʻo ia i loko o nā paʻakikī o ka honua ʻōiwi me ka paʻa paʻa, kaohi a me ka ʻike. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo ia e kona ʻeleu ma ke ʻano he euanelio, no ka mea i ka loaʻa ʻana o ia ʻike ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hakakā maikaʻi aku i ka hoʻomana pegana ʻōiwi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohuli i nā kamaʻāina i ka manaʻoʻiʻo o Kristo. I kāna mau hana i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano he euanelio, mea mōʻaukala a me nā mea kākau ʻōlelo, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā ʻano like ʻole, hoʻoponopono, hoʻonui a kākau ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he mau puke kaʻawale. Ua kākau ʻo ia ma Nahuatl, kahi ʻōlelo i loaʻa iā ia me ka hemolele, a ma ka Paniolo, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Lākina iā ia. Mai ka makahiki 1547, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noiʻi a ʻohiʻohi i nā ʻike e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu, nā manaʻoʻiʻo, nā hana noʻeau a me nā loina o ka poʻe Mekiko kahiko. I mea e hoʻokō pono ai i kāna hana, ua haku ʻo ia a hoʻomaka i kahi ʻano hoʻokolokolo hou, ʻo ia hoʻi:
a) Ua hana ʻo ia i nā nīnau nīnau ma Nahuatl, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haumāna o ka Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco i holomua i ka "romance", ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka Lākina a me ka Paniolo, ʻoiai he loea lākou i ka ʻōlelo Nahuatl, kā lākou ʻōlelo makuahine.
b) Ua heluhelu ʻo ia i kēia mau nīnau nīnau i nā ʻInia nāna i alakaʻi i nā kaiāulu a i ʻole nā hapa, nāna i hoʻouna iā ia i nā ʻInia ʻelemakule nāna i hāʻawi iā ia i ke kōkua nui a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia nā Informant Sahagún.
ʻO kēia mau mea haʻiʻike mai nā wahi ʻekolu: Tepepulco (1558-1560), kahi a lākou i hana ai i nā Memo mua; Tlatelolco (15641565), kahi a lākou e hana ai i nā Memo me nā skolia (ʻike ʻia nā mana ʻelua me nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Matritenses Codices); a me La Ciudad de México (1566-1571), kahi a Sahagún i hana ai i kahi mana hou, i ʻoi aku ka piha ma mua o nā mea ma mua, kōkua mau ʻia e kāna hui o nā haumāna mai Tlatelolco. ʻO kēia huaʻōlelo kikoʻī kikoʻī ʻo ka ʻO ka mōʻaukala laulā o nā mea o Sepania Hou.
NA OLELO KUPONO O KANA HANA
I ka 1570, no nā kumu waiwai, ua hōʻoki ʻo ia i kāna hana, kaohi ʻia e kākau i kahi hōʻuluʻulu o kāna Mōʻaukala, āna i hoʻouna ai i ka ʻAha Kūkā o nā Indies. Lilo kēia huaʻōlelo. Ua hoʻouna ʻia kahi synthesly iā Pope Pius V, a mālama ʻia ia i loko o ka Vatican Secret Archives. Loaʻa iā ia kahi Compendium pōkole o nā lā hoʻomana kiʻi a nā Indians o New Spain i hoʻohana ai i nā manawa o ko lākou moekolohe ʻole.
Ma muli o nā mea hoʻopūʻiwa o ka poʻe pule o ke Kauoha like, ua kauoha ka Mōʻī Felipe II e ʻohiʻohi, i ka makahiki 1577, nā mana āpau a me nā kope o kā Sahagún hana, hopohopo e hoʻomau ka poʻe ʻōiwi i kā lākou mau manaʻoʻiʻo inā mālama ʻia lākou i kā lākou ʻōlelo. . I ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia kauoha hope loa, ua hāʻawi ʻo Sahagún i kāna luna ʻo Fray Rodrigo de Sequera, kahi mana ma nā ʻōlelo Sepania a me Mekiko. Ua lawe ʻia kēia mana i ʻEulopa e ka Makua Sequera ma 1580, ka mea i ʻike ʻia me ka Manuscript a i ʻole kope o Sequeray a ua ʻike ʻia me ka Florentine Codex.
ʻO kāna hui o nā haumāna ʻōlelo ʻelua (Lākina, Paniolo a me Nahuatl) ʻo Antonio Valeriano, no Azcapotzalco; ʻO Martín Jacobita, mai ke kaiāulu ʻo Santa Ana a i ʻole Tlatelolco; ʻO Pedro de San Buenaventura, mai Cuautitlán; lāua ʻo Andrés Leonardo.
ʻO kāna mau mea kope a i ʻole pendolistas ʻo Diego de Grado, mai ke kaiāulu ʻo San Martín; ʻO Mateo Severino, mai ke kaiāulu ʻo Utlac, Xochimilco; a ʻo Bonifacio Maximiliano, no Tlatelolco, a me kekahi mau mea paha, ua nalo ko lākou mau inoa.
ʻO Sahagún ka mea nāna i hana i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea mua, ʻoiai ʻo Fray Andrés de Olmos i mua o ia i ka manawa o kāna mau nīnau, ʻo ia ka ʻepekema ʻoi loa, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka makuakāne o ka noiʻi etnohistorical a me ka pilikanaka. ʻO ʻAmelika, ke kakali nei i ka Makua Lafitan e nā kenekulia ʻelua a me ka hapa, i manaʻo nui ʻia no kāna aʻo ʻana i ka Iroquois ma ke ʻano he lāhui nui mua. Ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻiliʻili i kahi mea kaua nui o ka nūhou mai ka waha o kāna mea nāna i haʻi mai, e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu Mekiko.
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻekolu: ʻo ke akua, ke kanaka a me ka maʻamau, o ka moʻomeheu medieval hohonu i loko o ka ʻike o ka mōʻaukala, aia ma kā Sahagún hana. No laila, aia kahi pilina pili loa i ke ala o ka hāpai ʻana a kākau ʻana i kāna Mōʻaukala me ka hana o, ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻo Bartholomeus Anglicus i kapa ʻia ʻo De proprietatibus rerum ... i ke aloha (Toledo, 1529), kahi puke i ulu nui ʻia i kona manawa, a me nā hana pū kekahi. na Plinio ka ʻelemakule a me Albertoel Magno.
ʻO SuHistoria, kahi puke wehewehe puke waena, i hoʻololi ʻia e ka ʻike Renaissance a me nā moʻomeheu Nahuatl, e hōʻike nei i ka hana o nā lima like ʻole a me nā kaila like ʻole, no ka mea, ua komo ka hui o nā haumāna mai 1558, ma ka liʻiliʻi, a hiki i 1585 I loko o ia mea, kona pilina, me kahi ʻano pictographic, i ke kula i kapa ʻia ʻo Kula ʻo Mexico-Tenochtitlan, mai ka waena o ke kenekulia 16, me ka "Aztec revive" style i ʻike ʻia me ka maopopo meridian.
Ua waiho ʻia kēia ʻike nui a hanohano hoʻi i ka ʻike, a hiki i ka wā o Francisco del Paso y Troncoso - he loea hohonu o Nahuatl a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui - paʻi ʻia nā mea kumu i mālama ʻia ma Madrid a me Florence ma lalo o ke poʻo inoa o Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Hoʻopuka hapa facsimile o nā Codices matritenses (5 vols, Madrid, 1905-1907). ʻO ka lima o ka leo, ʻo ka mea mua i ka moʻo, lawe mai i nā pā he 157 o nā puke he 12 o ka Florentine Codex i mālama ʻia ma ka waihona ma Laurentian Library ma Florence.
ʻO nā mana i hana ʻia e Carlos María de Bustamante (3 vols, 1825-1839), Irineo Paz (4.vols., 1890-1895) hele mai kahi kope o ka theHistoriade Sahagún, aia ma ka hale ʻaina ʻo San Francisco de Tolosa, Sepania. ) a me Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas (5 vols., 1938).
ʻO ka paʻi piha loa ma ka Paniolo ʻo ia ʻo Father Ángel María Garibay K., me ke poʻo inoa Ka mōʻaukala laulā o nā mea o Sepania Hou, i kākau ʻia e Bernardino de Sahagún a ma muli o nā palapala i ka ʻōlelo Mekiko i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā kamaʻāina (5 vol., 1956).
