Ua puka mai kā lākou uwō mai ka pō lōʻihi o ka manawa, kahi paha i pūʻiwa a makaʻu hoʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi. ʻO kona ikaika, kona ʻeleu, kona ʻili i hoʻohuehui ʻia, kāna ʻaihue a weliweli hoʻi i ka ulu ʻana ma waena o nā ululāʻau Mesoamerican, pono e hoʻokomo i loko o ka poʻe kahiko i ka manaʻo i ke akua, i kahi mea laʻa e pili ana i nā ikaika Telluric a me ka momona. o ke ano.
ʻO ka Olmecs, nona ka helehelena enigmatic ma Guerrero ʻaʻole i wehewehe pono ʻia, hōʻike ʻia ia i nā kiʻi o nā ana, nā monoliths a me nā hōʻike ceramic a me nā pōhaku he nui. Kuhi ʻia kona ʻano kaʻao a hiki i kēia lā, ke hana ʻia kāna kiʻi i kekahi o nā hana masquerade i hana nui ʻia ma ka ʻāina, i nā hulahula, i nā ʻāpana mahiʻai ma kekahi mau kaona, ma ka moku ʻo La Montaña, ma nā inoa o kekahi kanaka, i nā kuʻuna a me nā kaʻao. ʻO ka jaguar (panther onca) no laila, me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, lilo i hōʻailona hōʻailona o ka poʻe o Guerrero.
NA OLELO OLMEC
He millennium ma mua o ko mākou au, no ka manawa like i ulu ai ka moʻomeheu makuahine i ka metropolitan (Veracruz a me Tabasco), ua like ka hana ma nā ʻāina ʻo Guerrero. ʻO ka loaʻa, ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei, o ke kahua o Teopantecuanitlan (Kahi o ka luakini o nā tigika), ma ke kulanakauhale o Copalillo, i hōʻoia i ka pili a me ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hele ʻana o Olmec ma Guerrero, e pili ana i nā hopena. nā pūnaewele ʻelua i hala me ka pena ʻana o ke ana: ke ana ʻo Juxtlahuaca i ke kaona ʻo Mochitlán, a me ke ana o Oxtotitlan i ke kaona ʻo Chilapa. I kēia mau wahi āpau e ʻike maka ʻia ke alo o ka jaguar. I ka mua, ʻehā monolith nui i loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona kapu o ke kaila Olmec i hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia; I nā pūnaewele ʻelua me ke pena ana o ke ana ʻike mākou i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ke kiʻi o ka jaguar. Ma Juxtlahuaca, ma kahi 1,200 m mai ka puka komo i ke ana, pena ʻia kahi kiʻi jaguar e pili ana me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i koʻikoʻi nui i ka cosmogony Mesoamerican: ka nahesa. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pā like, kahi mea nui i ʻaʻahu ʻia i ka ʻili jaguar ma kona mau lima, nā pūlima a me nā wāwae, a me kāna ʻahuʻula a me ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai ka malo, e kū pono ana, e kau ana, ma mua o kekahi e kukuli ana i mua ona.
Ma Oxtotitlan, ka mea nui, e hōʻike ana i kahi kanaka nui, e noho ana ma luna o kahi noho aliʻi i ke ʻano o ka waha o ka Tiga a i ʻole ka moʻo nui o ka honua, i loko o kahi hui e hōʻike nei i ka pilina o nā aliʻi a me nā kāhuna pule me nā mea kaʻao, nā mea laʻa. No ka mea hulihonua ʻo David Grove, nāna i hōʻike mai kēia mau koena, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka ua, ka wai, a me ka momona. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo l-D, ma loko o ka pūnaewele like, he mea nui ia i ka iconography o kēia hui mua Hispanic: kahi ʻano me nā hiʻohiʻona Olmec maʻamau, ke kū nei, kū ma hope o kahi jaguar, i ke ʻano o ka copula. Hōʻike kēia peʻa, e like me ka mea kākau i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei, ka manaʻo o ka hui moekolohe ma waena o ke kāne a me jaguar, i loko o kahi moʻolelo hohonu o nā kumu kaʻao o kēlā poʻe.
KE JAGUAR I NA CODEXES
Mai kēia mau antecedents mua, hoʻomau ka hele ʻana o ka jaguar i nā kiʻi lapidary he nui, me ka maopopo ʻole ʻole, ka mea i alakaʻi iā Miguel Covarrubias e noi iā Guerrero ma ke ʻano he kahua Olmec. ʻO kekahi o nā manawa nui o ka mōʻaukala kahi i paʻa ai ke kiʻi o ka jaguar i ka wā kolone mua, ma loko o nā codices (nā palapala kiʻi pictographic kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu o nā poʻe Guerrero o kēia manawa). ʻO kekahi o nā kuhikuhi mua loa ke kiʻi o ke koa koa tiger e hōʻike ʻia ma Canvas 1 o Chiepetlan, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hakakā ma waena o ka Tlapaneca a me ka Mexico, ʻo ia ka mea ma mua o ko lākou noho aliʻi ʻana o ka moku Tlapa-Tlachinollan. Ma loko nō o kēia pūʻulu codices, helu V, o ka hana kolone (1696), loaʻa kahi kumu heraldic, kope ʻia mai kahi palapala Sepania kūhelu, me ke ʻano o nā liona ʻelua. ʻO ka wehewehe hou ʻana o ka tlacuilo (ka mea e pena ana i nā pāʻālua) i hōʻike ʻia i nā jaguars ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā tigika ma ʻAmelika, ma kahi ʻano ʻōiwi maopopo.
Ma ka folio 26 o ka Azoyú Codex 1 ʻike ʻia kahi kanaka me kahi mask jaguar, e ʻai ana i kahi kumuhana ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano e ka noho aliʻi o Mr. Serquoise Serpent, i ka makahiki 1477.
ʻO kekahi hui o nā codice, mai Cualac, i hōʻike ʻia e Florencia Jacobs Müller ma 1958, i hana ʻia ma ka hopena o ka 16 mau kenekulia. Ma waenakonu o ka pā 4 ʻike mākou i kahi mau. Hāpai ke kāne i kahi koʻokoʻo kauoha a noho ʻo ia ma ke ana, nona kahi ʻano pilina o kahi holoholona, he ʻelele Wahi a ka mea noiʻi, pili ia i ka moho o kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka manor Cototolapan. E like me ka mea maʻamau i loko o kahi moʻomeheu Mesoamerican, ʻike mākou ma laila ka hui o nā ana-jaguar-kumu kumu. Ma ka lalo o ke kahua maʻamau i loko o kēlā palapala ʻike ʻia he ʻelua mau jaguars. Ma ka Lienzo de Aztatepec a me Zitlaltepeco Codex de las Vejaciones, ma kāna ʻaoʻao hema o luna i ʻike ʻia ai nā motive o ka jaguar a me ka nahesa. I ka hopena o ka Palapala ʻāina ʻo Santiago Zapotitlan (kenekulia 18, ma muli o kahi kumu mai 1537), ʻike ʻia kahi jaguar i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka glyph Tecuantepec.
DANCES, MASKA a me TEPONAXTLE
Ma ke ʻano he hopena o kēia mau moʻomeheu moʻomeheu-moʻomeheu, ke hui nei a ke huikau nei ke kiʻi o ka jaguar me ke ʻano o ke Tiga, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai kona ʻano ʻano like ʻole ma hope o kēia feline, ʻoiai ke kiʻi o ka jaguar i lalo o ka hope. I kēia lā, i Guerrero, i loko o nā hōʻike he nui o ka moʻolelo moʻomeheu a me ka moʻomeheu kahi e hōʻike ai ka peline iā ia iho, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā ʻano hulahula kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ke kū mai o ke Tiga, he hōʻailona ia o kēia aʻa.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hulahula o ka tecuani (tiger) ma ka aneane i ka hulihonua holoʻokoʻa o ka mokuʻāina, e loaʻa ana kekahi mau ʻano kūloko a kūloko hoʻi. ʻO ka mea i hana ʻia ma ka moku ʻo La Montaña ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Coatetelco ʻokoʻa. Loaʻa iā ia ka inoa o "Tlacololeros". ʻO ke kahua o kēia hulahula i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā holoholona, a he aʻa ia i Guerrero i nā manawa kolone. Hōʻike ka tiger-jaguar ma ke ʻano he holoholona weliweli i hiki ke hoʻopau i nā holoholona, kahi a Salvador a i ʻole Salvadorche, ka mea nona ka ʻāina, i hāʻawi aku ai i kāna mea kōkua, ʻo Mayeso, me ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pepehi iā ia, hele mai nā mea ʻē aʻe e kōkua iā ia (ka flechero kahiko, ke kanaka ʻelemakule, ka cacahi kahiko a me ka xohuaxclero kahiko). Ke hāʻule ʻole paha kēia, ua kāhea ʻo Mayeso i ka ʻelemakule (me kāna ʻīlio maikaʻi, a ʻo ia ka ʻīlio Maravilla) a me Juan Tirador, ka mea lawe i kāna mea kaua maikaʻi. ʻO ka hope ua hoʻomalu lākou iā ia, a laila averting i ka makaʻu i nā holoholona o ka mea ʻona.
I loko o kēia hoʻolālā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike no ka noho ʻana Sepania a me ka hoʻokau ʻana o nā hui ʻōiwi, ʻoiai ʻo ka tecuani ka mea e hōʻike ana i nā mana "hihiu" o ka naʻi aupuni, ka mea hoʻoweliweli i kekahi o nā hana hoʻokele waiwai he keu ka lanakila o ka naʻi aupuni. Ke hoʻopau nei i ka make o ka manu i ka mana o ka Paniolo ma luna o ka ʻōiwi ke hōʻoia hou ʻia.
Ma loko o ka laulā o ka hulahula ākea o kēia hulahula, e ʻōlelo mākou ma ʻAnoo ʻokoʻa nā whipi a me nā chirriones o nā tlacoleros mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ma Chichihualco, ʻano ʻokoʻa ko lākou lole a uhi ʻia nā pāpale me ka zempalxóchitl. Ma Quechultenango kapa ʻia ka hula ʻo "Capoteros". Ma Chialapa ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa ʻo "Zoyacapoteros", e pili ana i nā kapa zoyate me ka uhi a nā mahiʻai iā lākou iho mai ka ua. Ma Apaxtla de Castrejón "weliweli a wiwo ʻole hoʻi ka hulahula ʻo Tecuán no ka mea pili ia i ka hele ʻana i ke kaula, e like me ka mea hele wāwae strus a me kahi kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ia ka Tecuán e hele i nā kumu waina a me nā kumulāʻau me he mea lā he Tiga ia e hoʻi me ka ʻōpū piha o nā bipi o Salvadochi, ke kanaka waiwai o ka ʻohana ”(Pēlā nō mākou, makahiki 3, No. 62, IV / 15/1994).
Ma Coatepec de los Costales ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Iguala e hulahula ʻia. Ma ka Costa Chica, ua hulahula ʻia kahi hulahula like i waena o ka poʻe Amuzgo a me nā mestizo, kahi e komo pū ai ka tecuani. ʻO kēia ka hulahula i kapa ʻia ʻo "Tlaminques". I loko o ia mea piʻi aʻe ka Tiga i nā kumulāʻau, nā lāʻau pāma a me ka hale kiaʻi o ka hale pule (e like me ka hanana ma Teopancalaquis festival, ma Zitlala). Aia kekahi mau hulahula ʻē aʻe kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka jaguar, i waena o ia mau mea ka hulahula a nā Tejorones, kahi kamaʻāina o Costa Chica, a me ka hulahula a nā Maizos.
Hoʻopili ʻia me ka hulahula taika a me nā ʻōlelo folkloric ʻē aʻe o ka tecuani, aia kahi hana masquerade i waena o nā mea nui loa o ka ʻāina (me Michoacán). I kēia manawa ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi hana hoʻonaninani, kahi e hoʻomau ai ka feline i hoʻokahi o nā kumu hou. ʻO kekahi huaʻōlelo hoihoi e pili ana i ke kiʻi o ka tiger ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka teponaxtli ma ke ʻano he mea kani e hele pū me nā kaʻina hana, nā hana maʻamau, a me nā hanana i hoʻopili ʻia. Ma nā kaona o Zitlala, ke poʻo o ke kaona o ka inoa like, a me Ayahualulco -o ke kaona o Chilapa - kahi kiʻi o ke Tiga e kālai ʻia ma kekahi o kāna mau wēlau, kahi e hōʻoia ai i ka hana hōʻailona o ka tiger-jaguar i nā hanana. pili i loko o ka moʻomeheu a me ka pōʻaiapuni.
KA MEA NUI MA RITES MAHIAI
ʻO La Tigrada ma Chilapa
ʻOiai ke hoʻokō ʻia i loko o ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻokō ʻana a me nā hana hoʻohua no ka ʻohi ʻana (fortnight mua o ʻAukake), ʻaʻole pili ka tiger i ka lawena mahiʻai, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i loko o kāna kumu. Pau ia ma ka lā 15, ka lā o ka wahine puʻupaʻa o ka manaʻo, ʻo ia ka mea mālama o Chilapa i ka manawa o ka noho kolone (ua kapa ʻia ke kaona ʻo Santa María de la Asunción Chilapa). Ke hana nei ʻo La tigrada no kahi manawa lōʻihi, no ka mea ua ʻike ka poʻe kahiko o Chilapa i ko lākou wā ʻōpio. He mau makahiki he 10 mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana maʻamau e hāʻule, akā mahalo i ka hoihoi a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o kahi hui o nā keiki ʻoliʻoli, hoihoi i ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou kuʻuna, ua loaʻa i ka tigrada ka ikaika hou. Hoʻomaka ka tigrada ma ka hopena o Iulai a mau a hiki i ʻAukake 15, ke mālama ʻia ka ʻaha o ka Virgen de la Asunción. Aia i loko o ka hanana nā hui o nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻelemakule, ʻaʻahu ʻia e like me nā tigika, e holoholo nei ma nā pūʻā ma nā alanui nui o ke kaona, me ke kanalua ʻole i nā kaikamahine a me ka makaʻu i nā keiki. Iā lākou e hele ana, hoʻopuka lākou i kahi ʻōpala guttural. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi mau tigika i kahi hui, ka ikaika o ko lākou lole a me ko lākou mau pale maka, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia i ko lākou leo a, i nā manawa, huki lākou i kahi kaulahao kaumaha, pono e hoʻokau lawa no nā keiki he nui maoli. ma mua o kona wāwae. ʻO ka poʻe ʻelemākule, hemo wale, lawe wale iā lākou ma ko lākou ʻūhā a hoʻāʻo paha e haʻi iā lākou he kamaʻāina lākou i loko o kahi ʻano huna, akā ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoia i ka wehewehe i ka poʻe liʻiliʻi e hoʻāʻo e heʻe. Me he mea lā he paʻakikī paʻakikī ke kūkae ʻana me nā tigika i hala nā keiki āpau mai Chilapeño. Ua ulu a ʻāwīwī paha, ua "hakakā" nā keiki i nā tigika, e hana ana i kahi hoot me ko lākou lima i ko lākou waha a hoʻonāukiuki iā lākou, e hoʻowalewale iā lākou, me ka uē ʻana: "Tiger melemele, helehelena skunk"; "Tiger meek, alo alo alo keiki"; "ʻO ke Tiga me ka huelo ʻole, ke alo o kou ʻanakē ʻo Bartola"; "ʻAʻole hana kēlā tiger, ʻaʻole hana kēlā tiger." Ke hōʻea nei ka tigrada i kāna kikoʻī ke hoʻokokoke nei i ka 15. Ma nā awakea mehana o ʻAukake, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā pūʻulu tigers e holo ana ma nā alanui o ke kaona, e alualu ana i ka poʻe ʻōpio, e holo ʻāwīwī ana, ke holo nei mai o lākou aku. I kēia lā, ma ʻAukake 15 aia kahi huakaʻi me nā kaʻa alegori (kaʻa i ʻaahu ʻia, kapa ʻia lākou e nā kamaʻāina), me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka Puʻupaʻa o ka manaʻo a me ke alo o nā pūʻulu tigers (tecuanis) e hele mai ana. nā kūlanakauhale kokoke, e hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i mua o ka heluna lehulehu i kahi laulā o nā hōʻike like ʻole o ka tecuani (nā tigers o Zitlala, Quechultenango, etc.).
ʻO kahi ʻano like me ka tigrada ka mea i mālama ʻia i ka wā o ka patronal festival ma Olinalá ma ʻOkakopa 4. Hele nā Tigers i nā alanui e alualu i nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine. ʻO kekahi o nā hanana nui ke kaʻina, kahi e lawe ai ka ʻOlinaltecos i nā mōhai a i ʻole nā hoʻonohonoho kahi e kū ai nā huahana o ka ʻohi (nā līlī, ʻoi loa). ʻOkoʻa ka mask tiger ma Olinalá mai kā Chilapa, a ʻo kēia, ʻokoʻa i ko Zitlala, a i ʻole Acatlán. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e paʻi kēlā me kēia ʻāina a i ʻole kaona i kahi peʻa kikoʻī ma kāna mau huna maka, ʻaʻole ia me ka ʻole o nā hopena kiʻi e pili ana i ke kumu o kēia mau ʻokoʻa.
Puna: ʻO Mexico No 272 / ʻOkakopa 1999
