Ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka palapala honua o ko lākou honua, ua hoʻolālā ka poʻe Mayana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele sophisticated e komo pū ana me nā kakaka me nā kakaka a me ka hope, a me kahi code o nā hōʻailona kūlohelohe a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e lākou e ʻae iā lākou e uhi i nā wahi lōʻihi me ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi.
ʻO ka hoʻokele kahi hana ʻepekema e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike o ke kai, nā makani, nā hōkū a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni e kū nei. Ma hope o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka muliwai ʻo Usumacinta a hele i kai ma kēia pali, ʻike mākou i nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā pilikia o kēia hana nui i hana ʻia e ka poʻe Mayans mai ka wā kahiko. Ua hoʻokumu nā mea hoʻokele Mayan kahiko i nā ala i hāʻawi i ke ola i kahi pūnaewele paʻakikī o ka kamaʻilio a me ka hoʻololi, i hoʻohui i nā ala ʻāina, ka muliwai a me ke kai. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka muliwai a mākou i huakaʻi ai, he laʻana hoʻokolohua wale nō ia i ʻae iā mākou e ʻike i nā pilikia a me nā hāʻawi.
I nā manawa Maya
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sahagún lāua ʻo Bernal Díaz del Castillo i kā lāua mau hana i hiki ke kūʻai ʻia a hoʻolimalima ʻia paha nā waʻa, no laila ua hiki ke hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kā mākou manaʻo. ʻO kahi waʻa ke kumukuai o ka quachtli (kapa) a i ʻole hoʻokahi haneli mauʻu kakaa, a e pili ana i ka hoʻolimalima, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua uku ʻo Jerónimo de Aguilar i nā bila ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka poʻe hoe i lawe iā ia e hui pū me ʻO Hernan Cortes i ka Mokupuni ʻo Cozumel.
No nā pūnaewele archaeological, aia ʻo Pomoná a me Reforma i ka wahi ma lalo o Usumacinta; ʻAʻole maopopo inā kaohi lākou i kekahi ʻāpana o ka muliwai, akā ʻike mākou, mahalo i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā palapala, ua komo lākou i loko o nā paio o nā hui politika i hoʻokūkū e loaʻa ka kaohi o nā ʻāina ʻelua a me nā huahana i hāʻawi i kona kūpaʻa a me kona ulu ʻana.
Ma ke ala e hele aku ai mai Boca del Cerro a i kahi i kuʻi ai ka muliwai ma Ka muliwai Palizada, nui a hewahewa nā pūnaewele archaeological i hapa o nā kaiāulu e pili ana i nā kapena kūloko i hōʻea i ko lākou piko ma waena o 600-800 AD.
ʻO ke ala i ke awāwa
I ka Ka pilina o nā mea o Yucatan, e ka pīhopa Sepania ʻo Diego de Landa (1524-1579), ua ʻōlelo ʻia mai ke kaona ʻo Xonutla (Jonuta) he mea mau ke hele ma ka waʻa i ke panalāʻau o Yucatán, e hoʻokele nei i nā kahawai ʻo San Pedro a me San Pablo a mai laila a i ka Laguna de ʻO nā huaʻōlelo, e hele ana ma nā awa like ʻole i ke kai kū hoʻokahi a i ke kaona ʻo Tixchel, mai kahi i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai nā waʻa i Xonutla. Hōʻoia kēia ʻaʻole wale i ke ala o ka muliwai-kai ma mua o ka wā Hispanic, akā ua lawe ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, i uka a kūʻē i kēia au.
Ma o ka Usumacinta hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mekiko ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ma o ka waha o ka muliwai Grijalva, ma o nā kahawai ʻo San Pedro a me San Pablo, a i ʻole ma o ka muliwai Palizada e hiki aku ai i ka Laguna de Terminos. ʻO nā mea kālepa i ukali i ke ala mai Petén a i ke awāwa ʻo Mexico ma ke kahawai ʻo Candelaria i hiki ke hiki i laila.
Na "Poenikia o ʻAmelika"
ʻOiai ua hoʻokele ʻia a kūʻai ʻia mai ka makahiki 1000 BC, ma o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai o ka Lowlands o Tabasco a me Campeche, ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka hala ʻana o 900 AD, i ka wā i lilo ai ke kālepa ma kai i mea nui, ke kaʻapuni ʻana i ka Yucatan Peninsula. , ka mea i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā hui pili Chontal, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Putunes a i ʻole Itzáes.
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāina Chontal mai ka muliwai Cupilco, kokoke i Comalcalco, a hiki i ke kapakai ma nā wana o ke kahawai ʻo Grijalva, San Pedro a me San Pablo, ke kahawai o Candelaria, ka Laguna de Terminos, a i Potonchán paha, kahi kaona ma ka kapakai o Campeche. I ka ʻaoʻao i loko, ma o ka Usumacinta lalo, hiki i Tenosique a me nā kuʻina wāwae o ke sierra. Wahi a ka archaeologist ʻAmelika ʻo Edward Thompson (1857-1935), ua lilo ka Itza i mau ipu wai o nā kahawai Chixoy a me Cancuén, me ka hoʻohui ʻia o nā enclave kalepa ma ke awa o Naco ma kahi kokoke i ka muliwai ʻo Chalmalecón, ma Honduras a me ke awa o Nito. , i ka Golfo Dulce.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻāina o ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e nā Chontales, makemake nui ʻia i ka lilo ʻana i mau hoʻokele hoʻokele a ua hoʻohana lākou i nā ʻōnaehana muliwai e ʻae ai i ke kamaʻilio me nā wahi ma ʻō aku o ko lākou mau palena; ma hope ua lanakila lākou i nā panalāʻau a hana i nā wahi a kau i nā ʻauhau, no laila hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i ka kaohi ma ke ala kalepa lōʻihi. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā awa i waiho ʻia ma nā kiko rautaki ma ke ala a hoʻomohala pū ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele moana holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike kēia i kekahi mau holomua e like me: ka hana ʻana i nā moku kūpono aʻe; nā hōʻailona ma nā ala e kiʻi pono i ke ala (mai nā māka lāʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia e Fray Diego de Landa, a i nā hale kūkulu hale); ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōkuhi, ʻoiai ma ka canvas (e like me ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia iā Hernán Cortés); a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pāʻālua o nā hōʻailona i hoʻoilina ʻia ʻelua e ka neʻe ʻana o nā lepa a i ʻole nā ahi ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona.
Ma loko o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia moʻomeheu, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ala kalepa e nā ala wai, a me nā hoihoi a me nā mea hana keaka iā lākou; ʻo nā mea i ʻoi aku i kahi mamao, nā mea i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka Classic e ka nui ʻŌnaehana fluvial ʻo Grijalva-Usumacinta a no ka wā Postclassic, nā mea e pili ana i ka peninsula, i hoʻomaka mai nā pūnaewele ma ke kahakai ʻo Gulf a hōʻea i Honduras.
Ma ka ʻāina a mākou i huakaʻi ai, ua loaʻa iā mākou he mau awa.
• ʻO Potonchán ma ka delta Grijalva, i ʻae i ka kamaʻilio ʻana me nā awa kū ʻākau a me ka hema hoʻi.
• ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mea hōʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o kekahi o nā mea nui loa, manaʻo ʻia ʻo Xicalango, ma ka peni o ka inoa like, ua hele mai nā mea kālepa mai waena o Mexico, Yucatan a me Honduras ma o nā ala like ʻole.
• Aia kekahi mau awa koʻikoʻi o ka pili o Chontal: ʻo Tixchel ma ka lua wai ʻo Sabancuy, a ʻo Itzamkanac ma ke kahawai ʻo Candelaria, e kūlike ana me ka kahua archaeological o El Tigre. Ua haʻalele nā mea kālepa mai lākou āpau i nā wahi like ʻole o Mesoamerica.
• No ke kapakai ʻo Campeche, hōʻike nā kumuwaiwai iā Champotón ma ke ʻano he kūlanakauhale me 8,000 mau hale noho maukū a i kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 2000 mau waʻa i hele aku i ka iʻa i hoʻi mai i ka auwina la, ʻo ia ke kumu i lilo ai ia i kulanakauhale kulanakauhale, ʻoiai ʻo kona piko i kū i kēlā lā. ma hope o nā awa i ʻōlelo ʻia.
Kaohi mai luna
ʻO nā mea kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina i hana ʻia e ke kanaka, me ka ʻole o nā mea kūkulu hale, kahi e piʻi ai i kahi kiʻekiʻe a aia ma nā kapa o ka muliwai, i nā kūlana pae. Aia ma waena o nā mea nui loa nā kaona o Zapata a me Jonuta, ʻoiai mai laila kahi ʻāpana maikaʻi o ka muliwai e hoʻomalu ʻia.
ʻO Ceramics, kahi waiwai waiwai
ʻO ka moku ʻo Jonuta i ka hapa lua o ka wā kahiko a me ka wā Postclassic (600-1200 AD), kahi mea hana i ka ipu lepo pālahalaha, hoʻolaha nui ʻia, ma ka Usumacinta a me ka Campeche Coast. Ua loaʻa kā lākou ipu lepo ma nā wahi e like me Uaymil a me ka mokupuni ʻo Jaina ma Campeche, nā wahi nui ma ke ala kalepa moana mamao loa a nā Mayana i hana ai a lana ko mākou manaʻo e kipa i kā mākou huakaʻi hou.
