I kāna hana ʻana, hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano i nā moemoeā nui. ʻO ia ka hopena o kahi hana kupaianaha o ka hānau ʻana, hānau, molts a me ka metamorphosis o ka Bombyx mori, ka mea wale nō ma ka honua e hiki ke hana i nā pae maikaʻi o ka siliki.
I kāna hana ʻana, hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano i nā moemoeā nui. ʻO ia kahi hopena o kahi hana kupaianaha o ka hānau ʻana, hānau, molts a me ka metamorphosis o ka Bombyx mori, ʻo ia wale nō ma ka honua hiki ke hana i nā wili maikaʻi o ka siliki.
No nā makahiki he nui, ua mālama ka Pākē i ka hūnā o ka hana silika ma o nā hana koʻikoʻi loa, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi make i kēlā me kēia mea e ʻaʻa e hemo i nā hua, nā ilo a me nā butterflies o nā laha mai kā lākou ʻāina.
ʻO Sericulture ka hui pū ʻana o ka mālama kanaka a me ka hana a kahi ʻenuhe nona ka mana kūpono e hana ai, me nā aʻa salivary, he mau kaukani mika o ka pae maikaʻi loa. Me ia e hana ai ʻo ia i kāna cocoon a hūnā i ka wā o ka metamorphosis e alakaʻi iā ia e lilo i butterfly nani.
ʻAʻole koi ka Sericulture i ka waiwai nui a i ʻole ka ikaika o ke kino, akā koi ia i ka hoʻolaʻa a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ka manawa a me ka maʻemaʻe o nā holoholona a me ka mulberry. Hāʻawi kēia mea kanu iā lākou i ka meaʻai i ko lākou ola pōkole a hāʻawi iā lākou i ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi pae, a hiki i 1,500 mau mika ka lōʻihi i kēlā me kēia cocoon. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaneʻane e kaupaona ʻia he 500 mau mika o ke kaula he 130 milligrams o ka siliki; no laila kēlā me kēia mika, hoʻololi ʻia i milligram, lilo i mea pipiʻi loa i ka waiwai kālā a me ka hana.
ʻO Silk kahi huahana kūlohelohe i loaʻa nā ʻano kū hoʻokahi, a me ke kāne, makehewa, ua hoʻāʻo e loaʻa iā ia ma o nā hana hana a me nā ʻoihana. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Kepanī kahi ala e hoʻonā ai ia e hana hou i ka pae, akā ʻaʻole kōkua ka loaʻa ʻana o lākou. Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana gelatin lahilahi, ʻano kūʻē i ka insolubilization me formaldehyde, akā ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā e pili ai i ka wai, pehu lākou a nalowale nā ʻano o ke kino.
Ma ʻEulopa, ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me ka aniani, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i kahi pae o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi akā kūlike ʻole. ʻO ka hope loa, ma hope o ka ʻimi nui ʻana, ua loaʻa nā pae o nā ʻano lahilahi a ʻōlinolino hoʻi, i kapa ʻia he silika hana, e like me artela, silika a me rayon. ʻAʻole i hiki i kekahi o lākou ke kū i ke kūʻē o ka wana ʻo Bombyx mori, ʻo ia ka 8 gram, kahi kaumaha i hiki iā ia ke kākoʻo ma mua o ka haki ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻi i kūlike i kāna elastis, no ka mea hiki i hoʻokahi mika ke hoʻonui i 10 mau kenimika hou aʻe, me ka haki ʻole; a, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻoi aku i kona kūlike, ka lōʻihi a me ka maikaʻi.
ʻO Silk hoʻi ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela maoli, ʻoiai ke hoʻohālike ʻia nei, kahi huahana synthetic, anuanu loa. Ma waena o kāna papa inoa lōʻihi o nā ʻano, pono mākou e hoʻohui i ka nui o ka wai no ka wai, nā kinoea a me nā kala; A e hoʻopau me kahi pua, lawa ia e ʻōlelo ai he mea nani ia e hoʻopili i nā kaula hao.
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka nani o kāna hana ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke laulima pū me ia a ʻae i ka ʻōlelo: "ʻAʻole hiki ke kūlike i ke kūlohelohe."
MAI KINA A I KA MEKIKO HUASTECA
ʻO ka silkworm Bombyx morio, he kamaʻāina ia no Kina. Hōʻike nā mea mōʻaukala Kina i ka lā o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka moʻomeheu 3 400 mau makahiki ma mua o ko mākou au. ʻO Empress Sihing-Chi, ka wahine a Emperor Housan-Si, ka mea i noho aliʻi i ka 2650 BC, hoʻolaha i kēia ʻoihana i waena o nā aliʻi hanohano o ka mōʻī. Ua manaʻo ʻia ia manawa ma ke ʻano he ʻano laʻa laʻa a laʻa hoʻi, i mālama wale ʻia no nā wahine o ka ʻaha a me ka aristocracy kiʻekiʻe. I kona make ʻana, kūkulu ʻia nā luakini a me nā kuahu ma ke ʻano he "ke akamai o nā ʻenuhe silika."
Mai ka wanaʻao o kā lākou lāhui, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Kina ka serikure a me ka ulana silika ke kumu nui o kā lākou waiwai. Ua kauoha nā ʻemepela mua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia hana a hāʻawi pinepine i nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a me nā kauoha e pale aku a hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻaha i kāna mau kuleana a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka serikultura.
Ua hiki mai ka hana maʻalahi i Iapana 600 mau makahiki ma mua o ko mākou wā, a ma hope, ua laha ʻia i India a me Peresia. I ke kenekulia ʻelua, ua loaʻa i ka Mōʻīwahine Semiramis, ma hope o ke "kaua hauʻoli", nā ʻano makana āpau mai ka mōʻī wahine Kina, nāna i hoʻouna i kāna mau moku i piha i ke silika, nā ilo, a me nā kāne mākaukau i ka noʻeau. Mai ia manawa, hoʻolaha ʻo Iāpana i ka serapyure i loko o kāna panalāʻau, a hiki i ka nui o ka siliki i manaʻo ʻia he mana akua kona. Kākau ka mōʻaukala i ka manawa i komo ai ke aupuni, i ka inoa o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni, no ka mea makemake nā poʻe mahiʻai āpau e hoʻolaʻa iā lākou iho i kēia hana, e poina ana i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka mahiʻai.
Ma kahi o 550 AD, ua hele mai nā mikionali Helene e haʻi i ka hoʻomana Kalikiano i Peresia, kahi a lākou e aʻo ai e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana no ka hāpai ʻana i ka ilo a me ka hana silika. I ka puha o nā ʻohe, ua hoʻolauna nā mōneka i nā hua mulberry a me nā hua, no laila ke mālama nei e lawe i nā laha i ko lākou panalāʻau. Mai Helene mai, hoʻolaha ʻia ka serikehina i nā ʻāina o ʻAsia a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau; ma hope ua hōʻea i ʻEulopa, kahi i loaʻa ai iā Italia, Palani a me Sepania, nā hopena maikaʻi loa, a ʻo wai ka mea i ʻike ʻia, i kēia lā, ka maikaʻi o kā lākou mau silika.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mua o nā ʻenuhe a me nā kumulāʻau i hiki mai i ko mākou ʻāina i ka wā o ka Kolone. I nā moʻolelo o ka manawa ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hāʻawi ka lei Sepania i ka ʻae e kanu i 100,000 mau lāʻau mulberry ma Tepexi, Oaxaca, a ua hoʻonui nā mikionali Dominican i kēia hana ma o ka wahi mehana o Oaxaca, Michoacán a me ka Huasteca de San Luis Potosí.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻike o ka Pepania ua ulu ka ʻelima i ʻelima mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o Andalusia, ua hiki ke hiki ke hānau ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki, a ua loaʻa nā silika maikaʻi maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka serapyure i ko mākou ʻāina, no ka ʻO ka mea nui i ka boom mining, i ka haunaele kaiaulu, akā ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mea āpau, no ka mea, he hana lahilahi loa ia e pono ai ka hoʻonohonoho, palekana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke aupuni.
HE MEA KUPANAHA E IKE AI NA MAKA KANAKA ME KA HIKI
E kiʻi i ka manawa hauʻoli o ka strand mua, kahi hiki ke hele mai hoʻokahi haneli a i kanakolu tausani o ka millimeter, ke kaukaʻi ʻia i kona ʻano, pono pono ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka maikaʻi. ʻO kēia ilo, ma mua o ka loli ʻana i loko o ka butterfly a i ka pulelehua paha, hoʻopuni iā ia iho i kahi kōpena e hana ai e hoʻonani iā ia iho ma kahi o iwakālua mau lā, ma ka awelika, ka manawa i metamorphoses ai ia mai ka ilo i ka chrysalis, kahi moku waena ma waena o ka hope a me ka chrysalis. pulelehua e hele hope mai ana mai ka cocoon.
Ke waiho ka pepelu wahine i nā hua a hua paha o ka ilo, make koke ia a hemo ʻole. ʻO ke kāne kekahi manawa i kekahi mau lā keu. Hiki i nā hua i kahi nui o hoʻokahi millimeter, ʻo kā lākou liʻiliʻi ka mea i loaʻa i hoʻokahi gram mai hoʻokahi tausani a 1500 mau hua momona. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pūpū hua manu e kahi membrane o nā mea chitinous, perforated ma loko o kona ʻili me nā kahawai microscopic e ʻae ai i ka embryo e hanu. I loko o kēia wā, ʻike ʻia he incubation, mālama ʻia ka hua manu ma ka awelika mahana o 25ºC. ʻO ke kaʻina hana ma kahi o ʻumikūmālima mau lā. Hōʻike ʻia ke kokoke o ka hatch e kahi hoʻololi o ke kala o ka pūpū, mai ka hina hina a i ka hina hina.
I ka wā hānau, ʻekolu mile ka lōʻihi o ka ilo, hoʻokahi milimita ka mānoanoa, a hoʻopuka i kāna pae silika mua e kāpae iā ia iho a hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho mai ka pūpū. Mai kēlā manawa e alakaʻi kona ʻano iā ia e ʻai, no laila pono e lawa mau ka lau mulberry, ʻo ia kāna ʻai i nā wā ʻelima o kona ola. Mai ia manawa, mālama ʻia lākou me ka mahana, pono e kaʻapuni ma 20ºC, me ka ʻole o nā loli, i oʻo ai ka ʻōpū i loko o 25 mau lā, akā hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kaʻina hana makua e ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka mahana, e like me ka nā mea hana nui, ma 45ºC. He ʻumikūmālima mau lā wale nō ka worm ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hana i kāna kōpena.
Hoʻololi ʻia ke ola o ka ilo ma o nā metamorphoses a i ʻole molts. I ke ono o ka lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, kū ʻo ia i ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻāla i kona poʻo a noho i kēlā kūlana no 24 mau hola. Ua haehae lōʻihi ʻia ka ʻili o ka worm ma ke poʻo a puka aʻe ka larva ma o kēia wahi, a waiho i kona ʻili ma mua. Hana hou ʻia kēia molt i ʻekolu mau manawa a hana ka ilo i kahi hou o kāna mau mea āpau. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana ʻekolu mau manawa.
Ma 25 mau lā, ua hiki ka larva i ka lōʻihi o ʻewalu kenimika, mai kēlā me kēia lā ʻelua pālua ka nui a me ke kaupaona. ʻIke ʻia nā apo he ʻumikūmālua, me ka helu ʻole ʻana i ke poʻo, a ua like ia me ka paukū elongated e like me ka pohā. I ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻelima, ʻaʻole ia e māʻona i kāna makemake a ke neʻe ia i kahi nui o ka pahu wai, e hōʻike ana e hoʻomaka koke ana ia e hana i kāna kōpena.
Hoʻomaka ka inimitability o kāu ʻano physiological ke ʻai ʻoe a hoʻolilo i kāu meaʻai i silika. Ma lalo pono o ka lehelehe lalo, aia ke kumu siliki a i ʻole ka lālani, ʻo ia ka lua e puka ai ka pae silika. Ke ale nei, hele kaʻai i loko o ka esophagus a loaʻa i ka wai i hūnā ʻia e nā salivary glands. Ma hope, hoʻololi kēia wai viscous like i ka starch o nā lau mulberry i ka dextrin a me ka wai alkaline i hūnā ʻia e ka ʻōpū e hoʻomau i ka digestion a me ka assimilation. ʻO nā silky glands, kahi e ʻākoakoa ai ka silika, hoʻohālikelike ʻia e like me ʻelua mau aniani lōʻihi a ʻōlinolino hoʻi, aia ma lalo o ka wahi digestive, a hoʻohui ʻia a hiki i kahi pae liʻiliʻi o ka siliki e puka aʻe mai ka lālani.
ʻAʻole hōʻike ka nui o nā lau mulberry i kēlā me kēia larva i kahi pilikia nui, koe wale nō i ka makahiki ʻelima, ke lawa ʻole ka makemake o ka ʻenemi. No kahi brood o 25 mau hua manu, kahi nui kūpono no ka pā hānai kaiāulu, he 786 kilo o ka lau e pono ai no ke kau ʻana. ʻO ka maʻa mau, ua manaʻo ʻia ka sericulture kahi hana home āpau, no ka mea ʻaʻole koi ka mālama ʻana i ka ikaika nui aʻe a hiki ke hāpai ʻia e nā keiki, nā wahine a me nā ʻelemākule. ʻO nā ʻāina kūpono loa no ka hoʻoulu holoholona nā ʻāina i loaʻa i nā wahi pāhana mehana, me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 100 mau mika, ʻoiai ma nā wahi anuanu hiki ke kiʻi ʻia, akā ʻaʻole like ke ʻano.
ʻO KA COCOON HE ENVELOPE E KIʻI I KA MAKIKI MAKAHI
Puka mai ka pae silika mai loko mai o ka wili i uhi ʻia me ka pōhaku, kahi ʻano kāpili melemele, ma hope, palupalu me ka wai wela ke hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻohuli i nā cocoons.
I ka wā i oʻo ai ka ʻenuhe a i ʻole hiki i ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻelima, nānā ia no kahi wahi maloʻo a kūpono e hana ai i kāna koʻo. Kau ka poʻe e hānai iā lākou i kahi kiko o nā lālā maloʻo maloʻo maikaʻi i loko o kā lākou hiki, no ka mea he mea nui ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ʻole maʻi nā ilo. Piʻi nā ilo i ka casing e hana i kahi pūnaewele maʻamau i hoʻopili ʻia i nā lālā, a laila hoʻomaka lākou e ulana i ko lākou hale paʻahao, e hana ana i kahi envelope oval a puni, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i kahi "8" me nā neʻe o ke poʻo. I ka hā o ka lā, ua pau ka hoʻonele ʻana o ka ilo i kāna mau silky a hele i kahi hiamoe hohonu.
Huli ka chrysalis i moth ma hope o iwakālua mau lā. Ke haʻalele nei, e hou i ka cocoon, a haki i nā pae silika. A laila, nānā ke kāne i ka hoa. Ke loaʻa ʻo ia i kāna wahine, hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i kāna mau mākia kope ma luna ona a mau ka hoʻopili ʻana i mau hola e loaʻa ai ka momona o nā hua. Ma hope koke iho o ke kau ʻana i kāu huahana, make ia.
Mai ka lā he ʻumi, hiki i nā mahiʻai ke wehe i nā lau a hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia kōpena, e hemo ana i nā koena a me nā haumia. A hiki i kēlā manawa, ke ola nei ka chrysalis a i ke kaʻina o ka metamorphosis, no laila he mea pono e keʻakeʻa iā ia ma o ka "make ʻana", me ka mahu a i ʻole ka ea wela. Ma hope koke iho, hoʻokō ʻia ka "hoʻomaloʻo", a he mea like like ia e hōʻalo ai i nā koena residual, no ka mea hiki ke pale i nā wili maikaʻi, e nalowale mau ana i ka cocoon. Ke pau ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, hoʻi ka cocoon i kona ʻano o ke kino, me ka nani like akā ʻaʻohe ola.
Maanei e pau ai ka hana a ka mea mahiʻai, e hoʻomaka ana a laila ka hana o ka ʻoihana lole. E wehe i ke koʻo, i hiki i 1,500 mau mika o ka pae, macerated lākou i loko o ka wai wela, ma kahi mahana o 80 a 100 ,C, no laila e palupalu a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka pākeke a i ʻole ka pōhaku e pili pū ana me ia. Kapa ʻia ka wili pākahi o kekahi mau cocoons i silika maka a i moʻa ʻia paha, a i mea e loaʻa ai ke ʻano kaulike, pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā wana maka a hānai ʻia i mea e hiki ai iā lākou ke "wili ʻia" e hāʻawi iā lākou i ke ʻano a me ka maʻalahi o ka neʻe. A laila kī ʻia nā pae i ka wai kopa, e kiola loa i ka pōhaku e hoʻopuni iā lākou. Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana, ʻikea ka silika i kuke ʻia, palupalu i ka hoʻopā, maʻalahi, keʻokeʻo a hinuhinu.
NĀ PALAPALA MAKAHIKI O SERICICULTURE
Ke hele nei i ka Tropic of Cancer, he wahi kūlana kūloko ko Mekiko no ka moʻomeheu a me ka mahalo i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika. Aia ma ka latitu like me nā mea hana silika nui o ka honua, hiki ke lilo i hoʻokahi o lākou. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hiki iā ia ke māʻona i kāna mākeke kūloko ponoʻī.
E hoʻolaulaha i kēia hana i nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina nāwaliwali loa, ʻo ka Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development, i hoʻolālā i ka National Sericulture Project a ua hoʻokumu ʻia, mai 1991, ka National Center for Sericulture, ma ka moku Huasteca o San Luis Potosí.
I kēia manawa ʻo ka hana nui a ka Center ka mālama ʻana i ka hua manu e loaʻa ai nā ʻano hybrids ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi; ka hoʻomaikaʻi genetical o ka worm a me ka mulberry species a e lilo i mea hana e hoʻolako i nā kikowaena ser Sergureure state e like me Oaxaca, Veracruz, Guanajuato, Puebla, Chiapas, Guerrero a me Tabasco i hana ai. ʻO nā hui kūwaho e like me FAO a me The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) i komo pū i loko o kēia Pūnaewele, nā mea kōkua, i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kaʻina adaptation, nā loea loea kūikawā, ʻenehana hōʻoki, hoʻokomo kālā, a me ko lākou ʻike i kēia mea.
Aia ke kikowaena ma kahi o kilomika 12.5 o ke alaloa waena o San Luis Potosí-Matehuala, ma ke kaona ʻo Graciano Sánchez. Wahi a ke kauka holoholona ʻo Romualdo Fudizawa Endo, kona alakaʻi, ma loko o ka Huasteca he mau kūlana maikaʻi loa e loaʻa ai, ma kahi ala mua, nā ilo a me ka siliki o ke ʻano like e like me ka mea i loaʻa i ka National Center me nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻano hana o nā loea Kepanī. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi mai ʻekolu a ʻehā crianza o ka makahiki, kahi e hopena ai i ka loaʻa kālā o nā mea hana. Ma kēia manawa, ʻo ka wahi o La Cañada, Los Remedios a me Santa Anita, ma ke kaona o Aquismón, a me ke kaiāulu o Chupaderos ma San Martín Chalchicuautla. ʻO nā Papa ma Tampacán a me López Mateos, ma Ciudad Valles, nā kaiāulu kahi i hoʻolauna ʻia ai ka serikehina, me nā hopena maikaʻi loa. ʻO Sierra Juárez lāua ʻo Mixteca Alta nā wahi o Oaxacan kahi i hoʻolauna ʻia ai ka hoʻolālā hoʻomohala sergent a ʻimi ʻia e hoʻonui ia i nā wahi o Tuxtepec, ke kahakai a me nā awāwa waena. Wahi a ka papahana SAGAR, hoʻolālā ʻia e lūlū i 600 hectares o mulberry a loaʻa iā 900 tone mau silika maikaʻi loa no ka makahiki ʻeiwa.
Puna: Un Mexico Mexico No. 237 / Nowemapa 1996
