Aia ʻo Alto Amajac ma kahi ʻāpana o ke kaona ʻo Atotonilco el Grande, nona ke poʻo, me ka inoa like, e kau ana ma kahi pālahalaha lōʻihi e pili ana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e nā awāwa ʻelua: ʻo Rio Grande de Tulancingo a me Amajac.
ʻO Hidalgo kahi mokuʻāina ʻokoʻa. Ke hele nei mākou mai kahi a kahi ʻē aʻe ʻike mākou i kēia mau ʻāina i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole, nā aniau a me nā mea kanu, waiwai ʻia e nā kahawai, nā waipuna a me nā kahawai. ʻO kēia mea, ʻoiai ʻo ia ma waenakonu o ka ʻāina, ka ʻāina i noho nui ʻia a me ke ala ʻoi loa o ka kamaʻilio ʻana, mālama nō naʻe ia i nā wahi hūnā, ʻike iki ʻole ʻia, kahi kokoke loa i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe me ka nui o ka lehulehu: ka Pāka Aupuni.
Ma waena o nā pali kiʻekiʻe o El Chico National Park, ma waenakonu o nā ulu lāʻau paina a me ka limu e uhi ana iā lākou, hoʻomaka kahi kahawai e holo. Hoʻohui ʻia e nā lālā liʻiliʻi ma ka lalo o nā awawa, ʻike maopopo ʻia mai ka piko o ka pōhaku Escondida, aia ma 140 m ma luna aʻe o ke kahawai ʻo Los Cedros, i ʻike ʻia ma kēia wahi. Hāʻule kona wai i loko o ka wailele ʻo Bandola nani, kokoke i ke kuʻina o ke ala kuʻi e hoʻohui i ke ala nui pekelala ma o ka pōkole i Tampico me nā kaona ʻo Carboneras a me Mineral del Chico Ma hope e lawe ke kahe i ke ala o ka ʻākau, i kēia manawa ka Bandola muliwai, kahi e hoʻomaka ai i kahi awāwa e lilo i kahawai, akā ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka lua ua loaʻa iā ia kona inoa maoli: Amajac.
Aia ʻo Alto Amajac ma kahi ʻāpana o ke kaona ʻo Atotonilco el Grande, nona ke poʻo, me ka inoa like, e kau ana ma kahi pālahalaha lōʻihi e pili ana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e nā awāwa ʻelua: ʻo Rio Grande de Tulancingo a me Amajac. Hana ʻia ka pā ma luna o nā pōhaku igneous mai ke au Tertiary, i haku ʻia i ka basalt, kahi pōhaku i hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia a hiki ʻole ke komo i ka wai mai ka ua. Aia nā lepo Permeable ma ka ʻākau o ka Atotonilco Plateau, kahi e waiho ai ka mahiʻai ʻo El Zoquital. ʻOiai ʻike ʻole ʻia nā basalts pale ʻole me ka papa pālolo, he pilikia maoli nā lepo permeable no nā mahiʻai ma El Zoquital ke pono lākou e mālama i ka wai i nā dam e hoʻoinu i kā lākou mea kanu.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kūkulu nā mea nona kēia mahiʻai i kahi pani, akā ma hope o ka ua a me ke ʻano o kahi kahawai hānai, lawe ka lepo i ka wai me ka waiho ʻole o kahi kulu i loko o ka waihona wai. I kēia manawa aia he ʻāina mahi me nā ʻauwai a me nā ʻauwaha, ʻoiai ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ia hoʻohana he manawa pōkole ia. ʻO Hernán Cortés, i loko o kāna Letters of Relationship, i hoʻopaʻa i kahi hanana e like me ka ʻepekema i hana ʻia ma nā pāpū o ka Plateau Atotonilco.
Ma 1522, ʻo ka Otomi o Meztitlán, ma hope o ka ʻae maluhia ʻana e hoʻokupu i nā Sepania, "ʻaʻole i hoʻopau wale i ka hoʻolohe ʻana a lākou i mōhai ai ma mua, akā ua nui ka hōʻino ʻana i ko lākou ʻāina i ka ʻāina i ʻāpana o kou Aliʻi Katolika. , ke ahi nei i nā kūlanakauhale he nui a luku aku i nā poʻe he nui ... "
Ua hoʻouna aku ʻo Cortés i kahi kāpena me "kanakolu mau hoʻoholo lio a me hoʻokahi haneli pawns, nā poʻe ʻāpana a me nā mea kaua ...", akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke kūlana ma mua o kekahi mau mea make, e like me kā Cortés e kuhikuhi nei: "A ua hauʻoli i ko mākou Haku e hoʻi hou mai ana kekahi o kā lākou makemake a lawe mai nā Haku iaʻu, ka mea aʻu i kala aku ai no ka hiki ʻole ʻana me ka hopu ʻole ʻana iā lākou.
NA HACIENDAS O ATOTONILCO
ʻO ka wahi Atotonilco e leʻaleʻa i ke aniau subhumid me ka awelika o nā mahana ma waena o 14 a 16 ° C, a me nā ua e loli mai 700 a 800 mm i loko o ka makahiki. Ua noho ʻia ka ʻāina e nā poʻe o ka ʻohana o Otomí mai ka wā ma mua o ka Hispanic, ʻoiai i kēia lā ua nalo ka hapa nui o nā hiʻohiʻona moʻomeheu o kēia lāhui. ʻO ka inoa Atotonilco kahi hui o ʻekolu mau huaʻōlelo Nahua e hāʻawi ana i ke ʻano o "kahi o ka wai wela", e pili ana paha i nā punawai wela e kū nei ma kahi kokoke i ke kaona.
Ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka Otomi e nā Chichimecas i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ke awāwa ʻo Mekiko ma muli o ka emi ʻana o Tula. Ma hope o nā kenekulia ʻehā, ʻo ka Chichimecas ka mea i hāʻule i ka Mexico ma lalo o ke kauoha a Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, a ʻo ia ka hopena o kahi hoʻokupu hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i hoʻouna ʻia e nā vassals iā Tenochtitlan. I ka hopena o ka lanakila o ka Paniolo, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻōiwi mai kā lākou hoʻokupu kahiko, akā i ka manawa i hāʻawi aku ai ʻo Hernán Cortés i ke kaona o Atotonilco i kona hoahānau ʻo Pedro de Paz, ua koi hou ʻia lākou e hāʻawi i ka palaoa a me ka meaʻai i kā lākou mea hou. luna hoʻomalu.
I ka make ʻana o Pedro de Paz, ua lilo ka mālama iā Francisca Ferrer; a laila na Pedro Gómez de Cáceres ia i hāʻawi aku i kāna keiki na Andrés de Tapia y Ferrer. Ua hoʻokumu ka mea hope loa i ka Hacienda de San Nicolás Amajac, i kēia lā i māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia ʻo San José a me EL Zoquital. Ua loaʻa iā Tapia y Ferrer kekahi mau makana i hāʻawi ʻia e Viceroy Diego Fernández de Córdoba, ma ke ʻano i 1615 ʻo ia ka mea nona ka 3 511 ha i hoʻohana ʻia no nā holoholona; ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo ia ma mua o 10,000, i waena o nā waiwai liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe.
Ma waena o 1615 a me 1620, ua kūʻai aku ʻo Tapia y Ferrer i kahi ʻāpana nui o kā lākou waiwai iā Francisco Cortés, ka mea i lilo i ʻona ʻona koʻikoʻi ma ia wahi, ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻāina hou mai Miguel Castañeda, a aneane he 26 tausani maueka. Ua hala ka San Nicolás Amajac hacienda mai ka lima a i ka lima a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻoholo ka mea nona ia manawa, ʻo Mrs. María de la Luz Padilla y Cervantes e hoʻokaʻawale i ka 43 hectare o ka ʻili i ʻelua e hana i ʻelua mau mahiʻai, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo San Nicolás Zoquital , a me kekahi San José Zoquital. I ko mākou mau lā ʻo ka mea mua i ʻike ʻia ʻo El Zoquital a ʻo ka lua ʻo San José.
ʻO ke kūlana sociopolitical a me ka hoʻokele waiwai i noho aliʻi i loko o nā makahiki ma mua o ke aupuni o Porfirio Díaz i hāʻawi i nā hopena ʻokoʻa loa i kēlā me kēia ʻāina ʻelua. Hāʻule ʻo EL Zoquital i ka panakalupa a waiho ʻia i ka lima o ke aupuni; Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo San José i ka nani a hiki i ka manawa o ka hoʻoili agrarian, ma hope o ke kipi, ke kūʻai ʻia kona ʻāina i ka hōʻaiʻē a me ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai. A laila, ua kūʻai ka poʻe mahiʻai o nā kauhale kokoke i kēia mau waiwai. I kēia manawa, he mau māla kēia mau ʻāina i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka agribusiness, ʻoiai kahi walnut a me ka mea hana hua pinine e hana ana ma ka mahi mua o El Zoquital.
KA HUI KVKAHI O SAN AGUSTÍN
ʻO nā mākua Augustinian mua i hōʻea i Atotonilco el Grande ma 1536 ʻo Alonso de Borja, Gregorio de Salazar a me Juan de San Martín. Ua mālama nā haipule ʻekolu i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo o nā ʻōiwi i mea e kamaʻilio pū ai me lākou a hiki ke aʻo iā lākou i ka hoʻomana hou. Ua hala koke ʻo Alonso de Borja ma hope koke iho o ka hōʻea ʻana i Atotonilco, a ua kū ka Augustinian nāna i haʻi ʻōlelo ma Metztitlán, ʻo Fray Juan de Sevilla. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka luakini nui o ka luakini me kāna waihona a ua kālai ʻia ka pā plateresque i ka lua, kahi i waiho ai ʻo ia i ke kiʻi e kū ana i ka inoa o Atotonilco; kahi ipuhao ma luna o ke ahi e kū mai ana ka mahu.
I kēia wā kūkulu mua, i hana ʻia ma waena o 1540 a me 1550, ua kūkulu ʻia nā papahele luna a me lalo o ka hale konene, ma luna o nā paia i pena ʻia me nā manaʻo haipule a me nā akeakamai, e like me ka mea i loaʻa i ka stairwell, kahi o ke kiʻi o Ua hoʻopuni ʻia ʻo Saint Augustine e nā akeakamai ʻo Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Cicero, Pythagoras a me Seneca. Minamina kekahi mau pena kiʻi i hōʻike i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka deterioration. Pau ka pae ʻelua o ke kūkulu ʻana ma 1586, ka lā i ʻike ʻia i kākau ʻia i loko o ka waihona o ka papa hīmeni. ʻO Fray Juan Pérez ka mea nāna e mālama i ka pau ʻana o ke koena o ka hale pule, i kēia manawa aia ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka pā nui.
ʻO ka Plateau Atotonilco ka mua o kahi panoramas mauna, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā loli i ke kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea kanu ma hope o ka hele ʻana ma kahi o Mineral del Monte. Mai nā pine a me nā ʻoka hele mākou i nā mezauite, huizache a me nā cacti i kahi kikoo o 30 a 40 mau mile paha.
Mai ka 2,080 m o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mesa kahi i noho ai ʻo Atotonilco, keʻa nei nā wai i ka loko o ka honua e ʻike ʻia i nā punawai o nā wai sulphurous, i nā awāwa semi-arid, kēlā mau mea i ka hopena komohana o ka muliwai Amajac, ma 1 700, 1 500, 1 300 m kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa a me lalo. Ma laila, kahi a nā mauna e hoʻoholo ai e hui pū e hana i nā alahaka kūlohelohe ʻia e nā muliwai. kahi e hoʻonui ai ka wela a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma mua o ka ua.
Inā ʻoe e hele i ATOTONILCO KA NUI
Hele ma ke ala nui no. 130 iā Pachuca. Ke hala nei i kēia kūlanakauhale 34 km ke kūlanakauhale o Atotonilco.
I ka māla o San José: hiki i ke ala nui no. 105 i Huejutla, ʻehiku kilomita i mua, huli i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a hiki i ke kauhale o San José Zoquital, kahi e waiho ai ka mahiʻai. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke kipa ʻana, no ka mea, ke noho ʻia nei.
Exhacienda de El Zoquital: Ma ke ala like, e hele i ke ala o Huejutla a 10 km i mua, e haʻalele i ke ala lepo a hiki i ke kaona ʻo El Zoquital, kahi o ka Hacienda San Nicolás Zoquital e noho nei.
