I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ua hiki mai ka poʻe Mayans e hoʻomakaʻu i nā consciences. ʻO kā lākou moʻomeheu, ke ola nei, ua hiki ke makaʻu i ke kūpaʻa o kahi lāhui.
ʻO nā hanana hou i hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka noho ʻana o nā Indians, nā mea i manaʻo ʻia o nā moʻolelo kahiko, nā mea hana i nā hana lima a i ʻole nā mamo i hōʻemi ʻia o kahi wā hanohano. Pēlā nō, ua hoʻolaha nā lāhui Maya i ka manaʻo o ka ʻōiwi e like me ke ʻano he malihini ʻole i ke komohana, akā ʻokoʻa loa; Ua hoʻomālamalama a hōʻino hoʻi lākou i nā kenekulia mau makahiki i hoʻokau ʻia ai lākou a ua hōʻike he hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka mestizo a me nā poʻe Creole e hoʻopuni iā lākou e wehe i kahi demokala hou, kahi e waiho ai ka makemake o ka hapa nui i kahi hanohano no ka makemake o ka hapa liʻiliʻi. .
ʻO ka nani o ka hala o ka poʻe Mayans a me kā lākou mōʻaukala kūʻē i alakaʻi ai i nā mea noiʻi e hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou lā i kēia manawa a me ko lākou wā i hala, i hōʻike ʻia i kahi ʻano o ke ʻano kanaka i piha i ka ikaika, ka ikaika a me nā waiwai i hiki ke aʻo i ke kanaka; e like me ka noho ʻana me ke kūlike me nā kāne ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole ka manaʻo hui like o lākou i ka nohona like.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ka National Autonomous University of Mexico i nā hopohopo o kekahi mau mea noiʻi e mahalo i kēia moʻomeheu millenary a ua hōʻuluʻulu iā mākou ma ka Center for Mayan Studies no 26 mau makahiki. ʻO ka Seminar Culture Mayan a me ke Komisina no ke aʻo ʻana i ka Mayan Writing nā kumu o ka Center for Mayan Studies; lāua ʻelua me nā ola like i hui pū ʻia e hana i ke Kikowaena hou, i kūkala kū kānāwai ʻia i ke kau o ka ʻaha aʻoaʻo ʻenehana o Humanities o Iune 15, 1970.
ʻO Kauka Alberto Ruz, ka mea i ʻike i ka hale kupapaʻu o ka Luakini o nā ʻAkalakala ma Palenque, i hui pū me ka UNAM ma ke ʻano he mea noiʻi ma ka Institute of Historical Research i ka makahiki 1959, ʻoiai, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua pili ʻo ia i ka Nahuatl Culture Seminary, ʻo ia ka manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia e Angel. Maria Garibay. I ka makahiki aʻe, me ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ke Kākauʻōlelo Nui o ka UNAM a Kauka Efrén del Pozo, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Seminar o ka Mayan Culture ma loko o ke keʻena like, a ua hoʻohuli ʻia mai kēlā kula i ke Kula o Philosophy a me nā Letters.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Seminar me kahi alakaʻi, ke kumu ʻo Alberto Ruz, a me kekahi mau aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo hanohano: ʻelua mau ʻAmelika ʻAkau a ʻelua mau Mekiko: Spinden lāua ʻo Kidder, Caso a me Rubín de la Borbolla. Ua ʻike ʻia nā kānaka noiʻi i hoʻolimalima ʻia i ko lākou manawa, e like me Kauka Calixta Guiteras a me Kumu ʻO Barrera Vásquez lāua ʻo Lizardi Ramos, a ʻo Kauka Villa Rojas, ʻo ia wale nō ke koena o ka hui kumu.
ʻO nā pahuhopu o ka seminar ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka moʻomeheu Maya, e nā poʻe loea i ka papa o ka mōʻaukala, archeology, ethnology a me ka ʻōlelo.
Ua uku koke ʻia ka hana a maestro Ruz, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kāna waihona ponoʻī, ua hana ʻo ia i ka hana o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i kahi waihona puke paʻi kiʻi e pili ana i kāna hōʻiliʻili pilikino a hoʻokumu i kahi puke pai manawa ʻo Estudios de Cultura Maya, a me nā mana kūikawā a me ka moʻo “ Puke Memo ". Ua lei aliʻi ʻia kāna hana hoʻoponopono me 10 mau puke o Studies, 10 "Puke Memo" a me 2 mau hana i lilo i mele no ka puke puke Mayan: Hoʻomohala moʻomeheu o ka Mayas a me nā hana Funerary o nā Mayans kahiko, i hoʻopuka hou ʻia.
ʻOiai ikaika ka hana, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hala ʻana o ka Seminar, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 1965 ʻaʻole i hōʻano hou ʻia nā ʻaelike no nā mea noiʻi a ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia nā limahana i ka luna hoʻomalu, kahi kākau ʻōlelo a me ʻelua mau mea hoʻopaʻa kula. I kēlā mau manawa, ua kuhikuhi ʻo Kauka Ruz i kekahi mau theses, i waena o kahi e pono ai mākou e haʻi i kēlā mau inoa ʻo Marta Foncerrada de Molina ma Uxmal a ʻo Beatriz de la Fuente ma Palenque. Mai ka mea mua, makemake wau e hoʻokākala, ʻoiai ʻo ia e ola ana, ua hāʻawi mau ʻo ia i kāna kākoʻo i nā mea noiʻi o ke Kikowaena. Mai ka lua makemake wau e hoʻomanaʻo i kāna ʻoihana akamai i ke aʻo ʻana i nā hana mua o ka Hispanic i alakaʻi iā ia, i waena o nā hanohano ʻē aʻe, e kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kumu emeritus o ka National Autonomous University of Mexico.
ʻO kekahi kumu hoʻoholo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kikowaena ʻo ia ke Komisina no ke aʻo ʻana i ka Mayan Writing, i hānau kū kaʻawale ʻia e ka UNAM, ma ka Circle Hema Hema, i ka makahiki 1963; Ua hoʻākoakoa kēia kōmike i kahi moʻo o nā kānaka noiʻi hoihoi i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana iā lākou iho i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka palapala Maya. Mahalo ʻia e ka holomua o ka ʻepekema haole, ua hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻokumu i kahi hui e hoʻāʻo e wehe i nā mea pohihihi o ke kākau ʻana. Kākoʻo ʻia me nā makana a kau ʻia i ka Electronic Computing Center o ka UNAM, nā ʻoihana i hāʻawi i kekahi hana i nā mea noiʻi a me nā kālā sporadic a me nā kālā kūpono ʻole ʻo ia ka National Institute of Anthropology and History, ke Kulanui o Yucatan, ke Kulanui ʻo Veracruzana, ka Ke Kula Nui o Linguistics o ke kauwela a ʻo ia nō ka UNAM, kikoʻī ka Mayan Culture Seminar, a ʻo ia ka manawa i 3 mau makahiki.
I ke kānāwai kumukānāwai o ke komisina, kū i waho nā pūlima a Mauricio Swadesh lāua ʻo Leonardo Manrique; ʻO nā mea i hoʻohui i kāna mau hana i holomua: Ramón Arzápalo, Otto Schumann, Román Piña Chan a me Daniel Cazés. ʻO kāna pahuhopu "e hōʻuluʻulu i kahi hana maʻamau i nā ʻenehana o ka philology a me nā lawelawe ʻana i nā mea uila me ka pahuhopu o ka hōʻea ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana e wehewehe i ke kākau ʻana o ka Maya kahiko."
ʻO Alberto Ruz, kahi animator paʻa o kēia kōmike, ma 1965 i kono iā Maricela Ayala, a mai ia manawa ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia iho i epigraphy ma ke kikowaena i hōʻike ʻia no Mayan Studies.
Ma muli o ka lilo ʻana o ka enekinia ʻo Barros Sierra i ke keʻena, ma ke ʻano he rector o ka UNAM, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kāna kākoʻo i ke Komisina, a mahalo i ka hoihoi o ka Coordinator Humanities, ʻo Rubén Bonifaz Nuño a me nā luna ʻē aʻe, ua komo ʻo ia i ke Kulanui, me ka inoa Seminary. o Ke aʻo ʻana o Mayan Writing.
I kēlā manawa, ua piha a hui pū ʻia ka hui o nā deciphers o ka Maya Maya kākau, no laila ʻo kāna alakaʻi, ʻo Daniel Cazés, i hāpai i ka moʻo "Notebooks" a ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomaka mua ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ka Semin Culture Seminar. ʻEono o kēia mau paʻi puke i kūlike i kā Cazés mau noiʻi ponoʻī. Hui pū ʻia nā Seminars ʻelua a ma lalo o ka rector o Kauka Pablo González Casanova, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka Center for Mayan Studies e ka ʻaha ʻenehana no nā Humanities, i alakaʻi ʻia e Rubén Bonifaz Nuño.
Mai ka makahiki 1970 ʻo ke panana o nā hana o ke kikowaena no Mayan Studies:
"Ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ala mōʻaukala, nā hana moʻomeheu a me ka poʻe Maya, ma o ka noiʻi ʻana; ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hopena i loaʻa, ma o ka paʻi ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā mea noiʻi hou.
ʻO Alberto Ruz kona alakaʻi mua, a hiki i ka 1977, i ka manawa i koho ʻia ʻo ia i Luna Hoʻokele o ka National Museum of Anthropology and History. Ua ukali ʻia ʻo ia e Mercedes de la Garza, ka mea ma lalo o ka inoa o Coordinator i noho iā ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1990, no 13 mau makahiki.
Ma hope o nā makahiki o ka noiʻi kālaiʻike i ka māla Maya, ua maopopo iā mākou ua hana mau ia e like me nā kumumanaʻo i hoʻokumu mua ʻia, e hana ana i nā hāʻawi e hoʻonui i ka ʻike o ka honua Maya, e alakaʻi i nā wehewehe hou, noi i nā kuhiakau ʻokoʻa a lawe i ka mālamalama. uhi uhi ʻia e ke kūlohelohe.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻimi a hoʻohana ʻia me nā ʻano o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa: nā anthropology a me ka moʻomeheu kaiapili, archeology, epigraphy, history and linguistics. No 9 mau makahiki ua aʻo ʻia ka poʻe Mayans mai ke kuanaʻike o ka anthropology kino.
I kēlā me kēia ʻepekema ʻepekema, ua lawe ʻia kekahi noiʻi a i ʻole hui like ʻia me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kikowaena like, ka Institute of Philological Research a i ʻole nā keʻena ʻē aʻe, mai ka National University a mai nā kula ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa nā limahana he 16 mau kānaka noiʻi, 4 ʻenehana ʻenehana, 3 mau kākau ʻōlelo a me kahi mea kōkua quartermaster.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻoiai ʻaʻole kaukaʻi pono kā lākou hana i ke Kulanui, ʻo ka moʻokūʻauhau Maya i kū i ke kikowaena, me ka Yucatecan Jorge Cocom Pech.
Makemake wau e hoʻomanaʻo pono i kēlā mau hoa hana i hala mua a ua haʻalele iā mākou i ko lākou aloha a me ka ʻike: ka mea haʻi ʻōlelo ʻo María Cristina Alvarez, iā ia mākou e ʻaiʻē ai i ka Ethnolinguistic Dictionary of Colonial Yucatecan Maya, i waena o nā hana ʻē aʻe, a me ka anthropologist ʻo María Montoliu, nāna i kākau iā When ala aʻe nā akua: nā manaʻo cosmological o ka poʻe Maya kahiko.
ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻoikaika o Alberto Ruz i hala ma o Mercedes de la Garza, ka mea i loko o 13 mau makahiki o kona noho paipai ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana o 8 puke Mayan Culture Studies, 10 puke liʻiliʻi a me 15 mau hoʻolaha kūikawā. Makemake wau e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana, na ka poʻe haole i hoʻolaha i kā lākou mau manawaleʻa i loko o kā mākou makasina; Eia nō naʻe, ʻo Mercedes de la Garza ka luna o ka paipai ʻana i ka poʻe noiʻi e lawe i ka puke pai e like me kā lākou pono a e laulima pū me ia i nā manawa āpau. Me kēia, ua hoʻokō ʻia ke kaulike ma waena o nā mea hana o loko a kūwaho hoʻi, inā he ʻāina a haole paha. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Mercedes de la Garza iā Mekiko Mayistas i ka puka aniani i ka honua.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻaiʻē ʻo Mercedes de la Garza i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka moʻo o nā kumuwaiwai no ke aʻo ʻana i ka moʻomeheu Maya i hōʻike ʻia me ka ʻole o ke keakea ʻia mai kona wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai i ka makahiki 1983. me nā kope kope o nā faila mai nā waihona kūloko a me nā haole like ʻole i lilo i kumu o nā hoʻokolokolo nui.
ʻOiai hiki i nā helu ke ʻōlelo iki e pili ana i nā haʻawina kālaiʻike, inā helu mākou i nā puke mānoanoa o nā ʻOihana o nā ʻAhaʻōlelo, hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā hana he 72 ma lalo o ka rubric Center for Mayan Studies.
Ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka huakaʻi holomua he 26 mau makahiki e nā luna ʻekolu o ka Institute: ʻo Doctor Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, Elizabeth Luna a me Fernando Curiel, ka mea a mākou e mahalo ai no kā lākou kākoʻo ikaika.
I kēia lā, i ke kahua o ka epigraphy, ke hoʻopau ʻia nei kahi hoʻokolokolo ma Toniná a me ka papahana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hale waihona glyph e hoʻohui i nā pono hana e hoʻokō i ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kahua o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka kākau ʻana o Mayan. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōlelo noʻeau me nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo Tojolabal a me nā semiotics i ka ʻōlelo Chol.
I ka archeology, no nā makahiki he nui i hana ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana ma ke kaona ʻo Las Margaritas, Chiapas; ʻO ka puke e hoʻopau ana i kahi ʻāpana o kēia mau aʻo ʻana e paʻi koke ʻia ia.
Ma ke kahua o ka mōʻaukala, hoʻolaʻa ʻia kekahi mau mea noiʻi i ka decoding o nā hōʻailona Maya ma ka mālamalama o ka moʻolelo hoʻohālikelike o nā hoʻomana. Ma loko hoʻi o kēia aʻo, ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nei e kūkulu hou i ke kānāwai Mayan Hispanic ma mua i ka manawa o ka launa pū ʻana, ke hana ʻia nei ka hana ma nā aupuni ʻōiwi o nā kuahiwi o Chiapas i ke au o ke kolone, e pili ana i ka hana o ke kauoha o nā mea mālama kālā ma ia wahi. a me ke kūkulu hou ʻana o ka wā i hala o ka Itza i ko lākou wā Hispanic a me nā wā kolone.
I kēia manawa, hoʻonanea ʻia ke Kikowaena e kahi ʻuhane hohonu o ka hoʻopili hana e neʻe a hoʻonui i ka ʻimi no nā pane e pili ana i kahi poʻe e ʻimi nui nei e hana hou i kāna kiʻi mai kahi hui folkloric i kahi hui me ka hiki ke kū i kahi kaiāulu a i moʻolelo ʻāina.
Ana Luisa Izquierdo He Kumu i ka Mōʻaukala ʻo ia i puka mai ka UNAM, ka mea noiʻi a me ka mea hoʻonohonoho o ka Center for Mayan Studies ma UNAM, a ʻo ia ka luna o Mayan Culture Studies.
Puna: Mekiko i ka Manawa Helu 17. 1996.
