ʻO wai ʻo Rosario de la Peña y Llerena maoli, a he aha nā ʻano maikaʻi a me nā kūlana pilikino i ʻae iā ia e lilo i axis o kahi kāne a me-ʻoi aku ka nui-eminently patriarchal group, i kūlike me nā canons social and moral i hoʻohana ʻia.
Mahalo ʻia e nā kukui pō
Ke minoʻaka nā mauna a me nā kai ma luna ona
A he mea hoʻokūkū ia o ka lā,
ʻO ka paʻi o kona wāwae, phosphorescent,
Lei lei ma ka lae haʻaheo
ʻAʻole mai ka ʻānela, mai ke akua.
Pēlā i wehewehe ai ka mea naʻaupō ʻo Ignacio Ramírez i ka makahiki 1874 i hui pū ʻia ai ka wahine e pili ana i ka mea ʻoi loa o ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa kenekulia i ʻike ʻia: nā haku mele, nā mea kākau prosa, nā mea nūpepa a me nā mea haʻi ʻōlelo nāna i koho iā ia ma ke ʻano he "muse kūhelu" o ka neʻe moʻokalaleo waiwai o kēlā poʻe. makahiki, ka mea like i kēia lā mākou e ʻike ai i loko o ka mōʻaukala moʻokalaleo ka lā ma hope o ke aloha.
Akā ʻo wai ʻo Rosario de la Peña y Llerena maoli, a he aha nā ʻano pilikino a me nā kūlana i ʻae iā ia e lilo i axis o kahi hui kāne kāne a ʻoi aku ka patriarchal, e like me nā canons social and moral i hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻIke ʻia ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia i loko o kahi hale ma Calle Santa Isabel, helu 10, ma Mexico City, ma ʻApelila 24, 1847, a ʻo ia ke kaikamahine a Don Juan de Ia Peña, he ʻona ʻāina waiwai, a ʻo Doña Margarita Llerena, ka mea Ua aʻo lākou iā ia me kona mau kaikaina a me nā kaikuahine i ke kaiapili o ka pili kaiaulu a me ka moʻomeheu hou, no ka mea, pili lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole me ka pilikino o nā puke a me nā politika o ka manawa, e like me ka mea kākau Sepania ʻo Pedro Gómez de la Serna a me ka ʻO Marshal Bazaine, o ka Emepaea o Maximilian.
Pēlā nō, ke hoʻi mākou i nā ʻaoʻao i kākau ʻia ma Mekiko i ka hapakolu hope loa o ke kenekulia i hala, he mea kupanaha ka loaʻa ʻana o ke alapine - i kēia lā e ʻōlelo ʻia he kaulike ʻole ʻole - me kahi kiʻi o Rosario e hōʻike nei i ka hana a nā haku mele aupuni maikaʻi loa o ia manawa, i hoʻolaha mau ai "ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka hōʻailona o ka wahine, akā ma ke ʻano he kemika maemae o ka nani ”.
Me ke kanalua ʻole, he wahine maikaʻi loa ʻo Rosario, akā inā mākou e hoʻohui i kēia mau makana o ke tālena, ʻono maikaʻi, kuhikuhi pono, mālama maikaʻi a me ka lokomaikaʻi pilikino i ʻike ʻia e kāna mea mahalo a me nā hoaaloha, a me ka ʻike e pili ana i kāna kūlana socioeconomic pili. o kona ʻohana, eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa kēia, no ka mea he mea ʻokoʻa, e hōʻoia i ka kaulana o kēia wahine ʻōpio nona ka inoa, me ka ʻole o ka mea kākau, ua pili pili ʻole i ka moʻolelo o nā leka aupuni o ka 19 kenekulia.
ʻO nā kūlana ʻē aʻe ʻelua - kekahi o ke ʻano mōʻaukala-moʻokalaleo a me kahi anecdotal ʻē aʻe - ke kī o kona kaulana. ʻO ka mea mua, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia mai ka noʻonoʻo socio-aesthetic e hōʻike ana i ka romantism, hānai i ka fusion o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka moemoeā, a me kēlā ʻano hoʻomana kiʻi e pili ana i ke kiʻi wahine, kahi i kau ʻia ai ka mea maikaʻi i ka mea maoli i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ʻano kanaka. o ka nani. A ʻo ka lua, ua loaʻa ia i ka manawa o ka pepehi kanaka ʻana o ka mea kākau kaulana i kēia manawa ʻo Manu Acuña, i loko o ka lumi ʻo ia, ma ke ʻano he intern, noho i loko o ka hale i kēlā manawa no ke Kula Lapaʻau. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka nūhou o kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka lā aʻe, Kekemapa 8, 1873, me ka paʻi mua o kāna mele "Nocturno", ke mele kaulana loa e hoʻohoka i ke aloha e pili ana nā mele Mekiko i kēia lā, a i a kona mea kākau, e like me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana, hōʻike i nā kikoʻī o ka pilina aloha i manaʻo ʻia ma waena ona a me Rosario de la Peña. Ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku kēia moʻolelo ma mua o kahi wili kūkala nūhou wale nō, akā i hoʻonui ʻia e ka halo weliweli o ka make ʻana o ka mea haku mele ʻōpio, ua lilo ia i wahi wela i nā kamaʻilio āpau. Eia kekahi, e like me kā José López-Portillo, ua lilo ia mea i metropolitan, aupuni, a ua kamaʻilio ʻia e pili ana i ka Repubalika holoʻokoʻa, mai North a South a mai Ocean a Ocean. A ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō, akā, ʻoi aku ka nui i nā palena o ko mākou panalāʻau, ua pālahalaha ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻōlelo Paniolo a pau o kēia ʻāina. A me he mea lā ʻaʻole lawa kēlā, ua hele ʻo ia i ka wai o ʻAkelanika, a hōʻea i ʻEulopa ponoʻī, kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka hanana e nā nūpepa e pili ana i nā hana Paniolo-ʻAmelika i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka Homeland Illustrated o kēia kūlanakauhale i hoʻopuka hou i kahi ʻatikala lōʻihi i paʻi ʻia ma ka Paris Charmant, o ke kapikala Palani (...) kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ʻo ka hopena kaumaha o ka haku mele mai Coahuila ma muli o ka infidelity aloha ʻole a kāna ipo. ʻO Acuña, e like me ka mea kākau kolamu, i loko o nā pilina aloha me Rosario a kokoke e mare iā ia, i ka wā i koi ʻia ai ʻo ia e haʻalele iā Mekiko no nā kumu ʻoihana, a me ka makemake ʻole e ʻike iā ia i ka hopena o ka mehameha o ka mehameha, ua haʻalele ʻo ia iā ia i ka mālama. mai kahi hoaaloha hilinaʻi ʻia; a ʻo ia a me ia, ke hana nei i ka mea ʻeleʻele o ka mahalo ʻole, ua hoʻomaopopo kekahi i kekahi e aloha kekahi i kekahi i ka wā o ka ʻole o ka haku mele. No laila, i kona hoʻi ʻana mai kāna huakaʻi maikaʻi ʻole, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka male ʻana o ka poʻe hoʻomaloka, a laila huhū ʻia e ka huhū a me ka ʻeha, ua noi nui ʻo ia e pepehi kanaka.
Ua hāʻawi ka make i kāna mea i hōʻeha ʻia i hōʻaiʻē a me ka laki liʻiliʻi loa i ʻaʻa e hōʻole iā ia. No laila, ʻo Rosario de Ia Peña - mai ia manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo Rosario la de Acuña - ua kahakaha mau ʻia e ka moʻolelo o ka pono a me ka hoʻopunipuni i ʻoi aku i ka palena o kona kenekulia a ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o nā makahiki he kanawalu i hala, ua hoʻi hou i ke ola. mālamalama i ka paʻi hou ʻana o ka ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia e López-Portillo, ka mea - ʻoiai ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana i kēia kiʻi wahine - ua komo hou i ka wehewehe kuhi hewa ʻole o ka inoa "Nocturno" kaulana, a me ia, ka hōʻino ʻia o ka inoa o Rosario ke hōʻoia nei e hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi kuko maikaʻi ʻole i loko o kāna mau paukū, "i kahi manawa pānaʻi, a i ka hopena ʻike ʻole a kumakaia ʻia paha".
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe laina hoʻokahi mai "Nocturno" e hōʻoia i kēia; kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka vate i kāna mau paukū, maopopo leʻa ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kahi hoʻolaha o ke aloha i kahi wahine i ʻike liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole paha, e pili ana i ia mea, i kāna ʻōlelo ʻana iā ia:
ʻO wau
Pono wau
haʻi iā ʻoe aloha wau iā ʻoe,
ʻLelo iā ʻoe aloha wau iā ʻoe
me koʻu naʻau a pau;
ʻEha nui wau,
uē nui wau,
ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke nui hou aku,
a i ka uē aʻu e noi aku ai iā ʻoe,
Nonoi aku wau iā ʻoe a ʻōlelo wau iā ʻoe ma ka ʻaoʻao
o kaʻu hoʻopunipuni hope loa.
A ke hoʻohui nei nō ia i ka paukū IV:
Maopopo iaʻu nā honi ʻana
ʻaʻole pono iaʻu.
Maopopo iaʻu i kēlā i kou mau maka
ʻAʻole wau e ʻike iaʻu iho,
A aloha wau iā ʻoe, a i koʻu pupule
a me nā lapalapa ahi
Hoʻomaikaʻi au i kāu hōʻino
Hoʻomana au i kou mau ala hele,
A ma kahi o ke aloha liʻiliʻi iā ʻoe,
Aloha 'oi aʻe wau iā' oe.
E pili ana i kēlā paukū VI i kuhikuhi ʻia e López-Portillo e like me ka hōʻike kūpono o ka pilina hoʻopau (A ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kou keʻena kapu, / Kou kukui kukui, / kou pale ma ke kuahu, […]), ʻo ia ka mea haku mele iā ia iho. nāna e haʻi mai iā mākou ʻaʻole kēia he mea ʻē aʻe o ka wehewehe ʻana o kona ʻiʻini i ke aloha, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā inoa āna e hoʻohana ai ma lalo - ka hiamoe, ka pīhoihoi, ka lana, ka hauʻoli, ka leʻaleʻa, ka hana -, hoʻomālamalama wale i kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia , kahi makemake:
IX
Ua ʻike ke Akua kēlā
kaʻu moeʻuhane nani loa,
ʻO koʻu hoihoi a me koʻu manaʻolana,
koʻu hauʻoli a me koʻu leʻaleʻa,
ʻAʻole ʻike ke Akua i kekahi mea
Ua hoʻopunipuni wau i kaʻu hoʻokō,
Akā i ke aloha nui iā ʻoe
ma lalo o ke kapuahi ʻakaʻaka
Hoʻopili kēlā iaʻu i kāna honi
i kona ʻike ʻana iaʻu i hānau!
Eia nō naʻe, i ka pōʻaiapili ma hope o ke aloha (a hiki i ko mākou mau lā), ua hōʻea kahi pōpilikia o nā kumakaia wahine a me ka hewa i ka diffusion maʻalahi ma mua o ka wehewehe ʻana o kahi pepehi kanaka ma muli o ka hyperesthesia pathological; no laila ʻo kēlā mau leo e, e like me ka Peruvian Carlos Amézaga, kū aʻe i ka pale ʻana i ka wahine ʻōpio a, ʻo ka mea nui, kāna hōʻike e pili ana i kona hewa ʻole, ua hūnā ʻia ma lalo o nā leo anatemizing o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo lākou paha ka nā lālā hanohano o ka Liceo Hidalgo - ka mea i hōʻino ākea iā ia i ke kau mua i mālama ʻia no kēia kumuhana ma hope o ko Acuña pepehi kanaka ʻana - a i ʻole kekahi o kāna mea i kapa ʻia he poʻe mahalo, ka mea i hoʻomau i ka sima i ka pōuliuli, a me ke kiʻi demoni o Rosario me kā lākou hana mele a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia. .
Ke maopopo iā mākou i kēia, hiki iā mākou ke kuhi i ka nui o kēlā mele ma hope o Acuña a me ka hōʻaiʻē a kona mau hoa kāne, i hōʻino ai i ka pono maoli a me ka noʻonoʻo i ka Rosario maoli, kekahi o nā wahine maoli i hū ʻole ʻia e ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūkulu i kāna kiʻi ākea. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka ʻike ʻana ma muli o kāna ʻike maopopo, ua lilo ʻo ia i wahine kaumaha, hilinaʻi ʻole, hopohopo a wiwo ʻole hoʻi, e like me kā Martí i wehewehe ai iā ia: "ʻo ʻoe i kou mau kānalua āpau a me kāu mau kānalua āpau a me kou mau manaʻolana āpau i mua oʻu." ʻAʻole nō hoʻi e pīhoihoi i kona ʻano male hoʻokahi - ʻoiai ʻo kāna mau mea makemake he nui - ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka noho aloha ʻana ma mua o ʻumikūmākahi mau makahiki me ka mea haku mele ʻo Manu M. Flores, a pēlā pū ʻia me kona maʻi a make.
ʻO ke aniani wahaheʻe o ke kukui a me ke aka i kau ʻia ma luna o kāna kiʻi maoli, waiho huna ʻia a hiki i kēia lā nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe e hoʻomālamalama i nā kumu he nui i alakaʻi iā Acuña e pepehi kanaka, ma waena o kāna makemake ʻole - a ʻike ʻole ʻia paha - ʻo ke kuko wale no Rosario kumu hou aku. He mea nui paha ka hopena o ka hoʻoholo ʻōpio o ke kanaka ʻōpio hypersensitive i kona kaʻawale lōʻihi ʻana mai kona home hānau a me ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne i kona wā e hele ʻole ana - e like me ka mahalo nui ʻia i kāna hana-, a me ka hilinaʻi ʻole o ka haku mele ʻo Laura Méndez, me ia mālama ʻia no ia mau makahiki i kahi pilina aloha maikaʻi, a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi keiki me kāna mau mahina ʻelua ma mua o kona pepehi kanaka ʻana.
ʻOiai, ʻo ia ka ipo, i ka wā o kahi huakaʻi a Acuña i waho o ke kūlanakauhale, ua hoʻohuli iā ia i ke aloha e ka mea haku mele ʻo Agustín F. Cuenca, kahi hoa aloha o lāua ʻelua, nāna i hāʻawi i ka maka o kāna mea aloha. pale aku iā ia mai "nā pilikia o ke kaiāulu." Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻikepili e ka mōʻaukala iā Rosario, e like me López-PortiIlo, ʻoiai ke kūpono ʻole e pili ana i ka noho mau ʻana me kona mau mākua a me kona mau kaikaina, ka mea e pono ʻole ai ka hana a Acuña iā Cuenca. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e wehewehe maikaʻi loa ʻia kēia kūlana inā ʻo ia ka mea haku mele i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei, inā e manaʻo kekahi he makuahine hoʻokahi ʻo ia, a ma luna o kēlā, mamao aku ia mai kona ʻāina hānau mai: ke kaona ʻo Amecameca.
Ma kahi o 50 mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka manaʻo paʻa o Rosario de la Peña e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kona hewa ʻole i ka poʻe i makemake e hoʻolohe iā ia, no laila, e hōʻike ana i kahi noʻonoʻo a, me nā mea āpau, ua hoʻokolokolo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā Amézaga, i Nīnauele pilikino, a ma hope ua hōʻike ʻia e ia: "Inā ʻo wau kekahi o nā wahine lapuwale, e koi aku wau i ka mea ʻē aʻe, me nā manaʻo kūmākena o ke kaumaha, e hāʻawi i ka wahie mai ia mea he heroine wau. ʻIke wau no nā puʻuwai aloha ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohihi i ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kuko me nā hopena pōpilikia e like me ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia e Acuña he nui; ʻIke wau i ka haʻalele ʻole, me ka ʻole o ka pololei, me ka pololei ʻole, ka mahalo o ka poʻe lapuwale, akā ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke lilo i mea kōkua i ka hoʻopunipuni e ʻike i nā hoʻomau ma Mexico a me nā helu ʻē aʻe. He ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Acuña i kāna Nocturno iaʻu ma mua o kona pepehi ʻana iā ia iho [...] akā he ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ʻo kēia Nocturno wale nō ka mea a Acuña e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i kona make ʻana; kekahi o nā makemake nui a kekahi mau mea pena kiʻi i ka hopena o ko lākou ola […] E lilo wau i moemoeā a ka mea haku mele i ko lākou pō hope loa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi e komo i kekahi mea o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka moemoeā i hāpai ʻia a me ka nā ʻano pohihihi o kēlā hilahila? ʻAʻohe paha kaʻu Rosario de Acuña iaʻu ma waho o ka inoa! […] ʻO Acuña, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike o ke kauoha mua, me ke ʻano poeta nui, ua hūnā ʻo ia i loko o ka hohonu o kona lilo i ka manaʻo hopohopo ʻole, kēlā makemake nui ʻole i ke ola e hoʻonāukiuki pinepine ai i ka pepehi kanaka, ke hui pū ʻia kekahi mau manaʻo. .
ʻO kēia hōʻike wale nō ke ala i loaʻa iā mākou o kona leo, o kāna mea maoli i ʻike mau ʻia e ka maka o haʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia mau huaʻōlelo - i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei - a me ka hoʻolōʻihi a hiki i kēia lā o kēlā kiʻi hoʻopunipuni o kāna, e haʻi iā mākou ʻaʻole i pau ka moʻolelo o Rosario de la Peña, a ʻo ka hana a ʻo ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i kou maka maoli ma hope o ke aniani he ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hoʻoikaika kino ʻana i ka hoʻopoina.
