I ka wā ma hope o ke au o ka noho kolone ʻana ma Mekiko, nui nā huakaʻi mai ka ʻāina nui i hele mai i ko mākou ʻāina i mea e aʻo ai i nā flora, nā holoholona, nā kaona kūlanakauhale, a me nā ʻano a me nā loina o ka lehulehu Mexico.
I kēia manawa, i ka wā a Baron Alejandro de Humboldt i huakaʻi ai, mai ka 1799 a i ka 1804, ma o nā ʻāina ʻAmelika like ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻo Mexico, kahi i manaʻo ai e hoʻokō i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka nānā ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe ʻelua. a me nā kikowaena nui o ke kūlanakauhale. Kuhi nui ʻo Humboldt i ke aʻo ʻana i nā kia hoʻomanaʻo archaeological a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā wahi i kipa ʻia, a i kona hoʻi ʻana i ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kāna mau hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo "Journey to the equinoctial faritra of the New Continent." Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻelua o kāna mau puke nui: "Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain" a me "Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the ʻōiwi people of America", ua hoʻāla i ka hoihoi nui i waena o ka lehulehu o ʻEulopa. No laila, ʻume ʻia e nā moʻolelo maikaʻi loa a Humboldt, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā mea huakaʻi kiʻi e hōʻea i ko mākou ʻāina, kahi e kū nei i waho ka ʻōpio Kelemania Karl Nebel.
Ua kakaʻikahi ka ʻike pilikino a Nebel, ʻike wale mākou ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Malaki 18, 1805, ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Altona, aia ma ke komohana o Hamburg ma ka muliwai ʻo Elbe. Ua make ʻo ia he 50 mau makahiki ma hope ma Palisa, ma ka lā 14 o Iune, 1855. He mea kāla ʻo ia, he mea hoʻolālā a me ka mea pena kiʻi. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi aʻo e like me kona manawa, ua hoʻohuli nui ʻia e ka neoclassical neʻe; Pili kāna hana i ka hana noʻeau i kapa ʻia ʻo Romanticism, kahi neʻe i kona piko i ka 19-kenekulia Farani a ʻike nui ʻia i nā lithographs a Nebel.
ʻO kā Karl Nebel hana i kapa ʻia: "ʻO ka huakaʻi Picturesque a me ka archaeological ma luna o ka ʻāpana nui o ka Repubalika ʻo Mekiko, i nā makahiki ma waena o 1829 a me 1834", ua haku ʻia e 50 mau lithograph i kaha ʻia, ka hapa nui i ke kala a he kakaikahi wale nō i keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele .. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau hana e Nebel ponoʻī, akā ua hoʻokō ʻia lākou i loko o ʻelua mau kahua aʻo Parisian like ʻole: Lithography Lemercier, Bernard a me Company, aia ma Rue de Seine SG gg., a ʻo ka lua, ʻo Lithography na Federico Mialhe a me nā hoahānau. , Alanui Saint Honoré 35. Ua papa inoa ʻia kekahi mau papa e Arnould a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e Emile Lasalle, ka mea i hana ma ka hale hana ʻo Bernard a me Frey, a i kekahi, a ʻelua mau mea kākau puke i komo mai: ʻo Cuvillier, no Architecture a me Lehnert, no nā kiʻi.
Ua paʻi ʻia ka paʻi Farani o kā Nebel hana ma 1836 a ʻehā mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua puka ka paʻi Sepania. I kāna mau moʻolelo, kākau ʻia me ke kumu o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī, i wehewehe ʻia i kahi ʻōlelo maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi, kona ʻike i nā puke i kākau ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo Sepania mua o ka 16th kenekulia e like me Torquemada, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻōlelo kokoke kona manawa, e like me nā ʻōlelo a Alejandro de Humboldt lāua ʻo Antonio de León y Gama.
Ma hope o ka huakaʻi ʻana ma nā wahi kai, ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ʻāina, ʻo Bajío, nā kūlanakauhale o Mekiko a me Puebla, ua hoʻi ʻo Nebel i Palisa, ma laila ua hui ʻo ia me ka Baron de Humboldt, e noi iā ia e hoʻomaka i kāna puke, āna i hana ai me ka pōmaikaʻi. I kāna moʻolelo, hōʻike ka Baron i ke ʻano kūlohelohe nui, ke ʻano hoʻokalakupua a me ka hoihoi ʻepekema archaeological nui o kā Nebel hana. Mahalo pū ʻo ia i ka hoʻolaʻa nui loa o ka mea noiʻi Kelemania, i hōʻike ʻia i nā wehewehe ʻana o nā kia hoʻomanaʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea i loaʻa i ka manaʻo o Humboldt nā lithograph kupaianaha e hana i ka hana.
No Nebel, ke kumu nui o kāna hana, i ʻimi ʻia i kahi lehulehu nui, e hōʻike aku i ka lehulehu i nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me nā hana noʻeau o Mekiko i kapa ʻia ʻo "American Attica." No laila, me ka manaʻo ʻole e aʻo i ka mea heluhelu, ua manaʻo ʻo Nebel e hana hou a leʻaleʻa iā ia.
ʻEkolu mau kumuhana i uhi ʻia e kēia mea huakaʻi i kāna puke lithograph waiwai: archeology, urbanism a me nā loina Mekiko. Aia nā papa 20 i loko o ka poʻomanaʻo archaeological, 20 i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā kūlanakauhale, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka ʻāina kūlohelohe i loko o ka hanana āpau a ʻo ke koena 10 e pili ana i nā lole, nā ʻano a me nā loina.
I loko o nā lithograph e pili ana i ka archeology Mekiko, ua hoʻokele ʻo Nebel e hana hou i kahi wahi kahiko a hanohano, kahi e hoʻopili ai nā mea kanu hauʻoli i ka hanana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia ka hihia o ke kiʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo Monte Virgen, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo Nebel iā mākou i nā lāʻau nunui a me nā mea kanu i mea paʻakikī i nā huakaʻi ke hele. I kēia moʻo, ʻo ia ka mea mua e hoʻolaha i ka pyramid o nā Niches o El Tajín, ka mea āna i manaʻo ai ʻo ia ka hōʻike hope loa o kahi lāhui kahiko i nalowale. Hōʻike mai ʻo ia iā mākou i kahi manaʻo maʻamau o ka Cholula pyramid, kahi āna i haʻi mai ai iā mākou ʻo ia ka hale nui loa o ka Anábuac kahiko, hāʻawi iā mākou i nā ana o kona kumu a me kona kiʻekiʻe, e pili ana i nā palapala i kākau ʻia e Torquemada, Betancourt a me Clavijero . I ka pau ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo wehewehe o ke kiʻi, hoʻoholo ʻo ia ua kūkulu maoli ʻia ka pyramid ma ke ʻano he wahi kanu no nā mōʻī a me nā haku nui.
Pīhoihoi ʻia e ka hana pena kiʻi o ka Mexica, a hoʻi iā Don Antonio de León y Gama, hāʻawi ʻo Nebel iā mākou i ka ʻike piha e pili ana i kēia ʻoihana, a me kahi hoʻokokoke ʻana ma ka pā o nā kiʻi nui ʻekolu i loaʻa i kahi manawa pōkole ma mua (i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, i 1790), ka pōhaku Tizoc, ka Coatlicue (huki ʻia me kekahi mau kūpono ʻole) a me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Piedra del Sol. Hōʻike pū kekahi ia iā mākou i kekahi mau mea kani mele mua-Hispanic, hoʻohuihui pūʻulu, ʻohe a me teponaztlis.
Mai kāna mau huakaʻi o loko o ka ʻāina, kipa ʻo Nebel, ma ka ʻākau o Mekiko, ka mokuʻāina ʻo Zacatecas, e hōʻike ana i nā wahi neoneo o La Quemada i nā pā ʻehā; i ka hema, i ka mokuʻāina o Morelos, hana ʻo ia i ʻehā mau lithographs o Xochicalco, kahi e hōʻike ai iā mākou iā mākou i ke kūkulu hou ʻana, ʻaʻole kokoke loa, o ka Pyramid o ka Serpent Feathered a me kāna mau kōkua nui.
No ka lua o ke kumuhana i ʻōlelo ʻia e Nebel, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui i ka ʻāina kaiāulu me ka mea kūlohelohe. Hōʻike nā kaha kiʻi i nā ʻano nui a koʻikoʻi hoʻi o nā kūlanakauhale i kipa ʻia e kēia mea pena kiʻi, ʻo Puebla, San Luis Potosí a me Zacatecas, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o lākou e like me ke kāʻei kua o ka haku mele, nona ke poʻo nui o nā awāwa nui. I nā ʻike kikoʻī, ʻike mākou i nā pā nui a hoʻokau ʻia me nā kia hoʻomanaʻo a me nā hale o kahi ʻano haipule. Hoʻomaopopo pū mākou i nā awa kai nui o ka ʻāina: Veracruz, Tampico a me Acapulco, i hōʻike ʻia iā mākou e pili ana i kā lākou mea nui.
Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Nebel i ʻelima mau papa i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mekiko, ʻoiai ʻo ia kahi kahi e ʻumeʻume ai kona manaʻo, a manaʻo ʻo ia ke kūlanakauhale nui a nani loa ma Sepania ʻAmelika, e like me nā kūlanakauhale nui o ʻEulopa. ʻO ke kuʻi loa o kēia moʻo o nā lithographs: ʻike ʻia ʻo Mexico mai ka Archbishopric o Tacubaya, kahi me Vista de los volcanes de México, i hana i kahi kaʻina kūpono e hiki ai iā Nebel ke uhi i ke awāwa holoʻokoʻa o Mekiko a hoʻokalakupua i ke ʻano nunui a hoʻokau hoʻi o ka kēia kūlanakauhale nui.
E like me nā ʻike kikoʻī, ua hana kēia mea huakaʻi i ʻelua mau papa o zōcalo o ke kapikala o kēia wā. ʻO ka mea mua o lākou ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Interior de México, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi ʻāpana o ka Metropolitan Cathedral ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ka hale e noho ana ma ka National Monte de Piedad a ma hope ua ʻike mākou i ka hale kaulana kaulana. e like me El Parían, kahi i kūʻai ʻia ai nā ʻano huahana like ʻole mai ʻAsia i ka 19 kenekulia. ʻO ka lithograph lua ka inoa o ka Meia Nui de México, aia mākou ma ka waha o ke alanui Plateros i kēia lā ʻo Madero Avenue a ʻo ka poʻomanaʻo nui ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hale nui nui o ka Hale Pule Nui a me ka Sagrario. mai ke kihi o ka National Palace, i kūkulu ʻia e nā alanui o Seminario a me Moneda e like me ke kāʻei kua o ka hale pule o Santa Teresa.
ʻO ka lithograph hope loa o ka moʻo Mekiko City, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Nebel iā ia ʻo Paseo de la Viga ma Mekiko, he wahi kuʻuna ia e hōʻike ai ʻo Nebel iā mākou i nā hui kaiaulu like ʻole, mai ka haʻahaʻa a i ka poʻe hanohano a leʻaleʻa. kahi hoʻomaha a me ka ʻāina nani a lākou e hoʻopuni nei iā lākou. Ma kēia pā e neʻe mākou i ke kahawai hoʻohui kahiko ma waena o nā loko o Texcoco a me Chalco. Ma nā wēlau o ka haku mele ʻana, ua hōʻike ka mea pena i nā mea kanu o ka chinampas: nā lāʻau i kapa ʻia he ahuejotes. Ma hope ua mahalo mākou iā La Garita, kahi e mākaukau ai ka poʻe e hoʻomaka i kā lākou hele wāwae e ʻākoakoa, ma ka wāwae paha, ma luna o ka lio, i nā kaʻa nani a i ʻole i ka waʻa, a kū ke kuapo kala i hope.
Mai nā kūlanakauhale panalāʻau, ua waiho ʻo Nebel iā mākou i kahi ʻike maʻalahi o Puebla, me nā lua pele ʻo Iztaccíhuatl a me Popocatépetl ma ke ʻano he kua, kahi ʻike nui o Guanajuato a me kekahi o kāna Meia ʻo Plaza. Hōʻike mai iā Zacatecas iā mākou i kahi ʻike panorama, ʻo loko a me ka ʻike o ka mine Veta Grande a me Aguascalientes, nā kikoʻī o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka Meia ʻo Plaza. Aia kekahi o ka Meia Plaza o Guadalajara, kahi ʻike laulā o Jalapa a me kekahi o San Luis Potosí.
ʻO ke kumuhana ʻē aʻe a Nebel i hilinaʻi ai, ʻo ia ka costumbrista, i hoʻohuli nui ʻia e ka hana a ka ʻItalia Claudio Linati, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā puke moʻo'ōlelo ma Mekiko. I loko o kēia mau kiʻi, ua hōʻike ka mea huakaʻi i nā poʻe noho o nā ʻano nohona like ʻole i ʻāpana o ka Repubalika hānau i ʻaʻahu ʻia i ko lākou mau lole ʻano nui, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka manawa. Kupaianaha loa kēia. i loko o ka lithograph e hōʻike ana i kahi hui o nā wahine e komo ana i ka mantilla a kāhiko ʻia i ke ala Paniolo, a i ʻole ia mea ʻē aʻe kahi e ʻike ʻia ai kahi mea waiwai ʻāina me kāna kaikamahine, kahi kauā a me kāna kīʻaha, ʻo lākou a pau i kāhiko ʻia me ka holo lio. Aia ia i loko o kēia mau lithograph o nā poʻomanaʻo o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo Nebel i kāna kaila i hoʻohuli ʻia e Romanticism, kahi i kūlike ʻole ai nā ʻano o nā ʻano i kū i ka maoli, akā i nā ʻano kahiko o nā kiʻi ʻEulopa. Eia nō naʻe, maikaʻi loa kēia mau kiʻi e hoʻomaopopo a kūkulu hou i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke ola ma Mekiko i nā makahiki he 20 o ka 19 kenekulia. ʻO kēia ka mea nui o kēia mea pena kiʻi, me ka hoʻohui i ka maikaʻi nui o kāna mau hana.
