E aʻo e pili ana i nā mele antecedents a me nā hāʻawi o ke mele Mekiko i kēia ʻano hōʻike ākea a koʻikoʻi nui.
Ua hala ka moʻolelo o nā mele mele mele Mekiko ma waena o nā wā like ʻole, nā ʻauana nani a me nā kaila mele i loko o ka 20 mau kenekulia. Hoʻomaka ia me kahi wā aloha ma waena o 1900 a 1920, a hoʻomau me kahi wā o ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka lahui (1920-1950), nā mea ʻelua i ke alo o kekahi mau mele mele like like; I ka hapalua o ke kenekulia, ua hui like nā ʻano hoʻokolohua a me nā avant-garde (mai 1960 ma).
ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā mea haku mele Mekiko o ka 20 kenekulia ka mea nui loa i kā mākou moʻolelo mele, a hōʻike i kahi laulā o nā hana mele, nā noi a me nā waiwai haku mele. No ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka like ʻole a me ka nui o nā mele mele mele Mekiko ma ke kenekulia 20, he maʻalahi ke nānā aku i nā wā mōʻaukala ʻekolu (1870-1910, 1910-1960 a me 1960-2000).
Ke hoʻololi: 1870-1910
Wahi a ka moʻolelo kuʻuna kuʻuna, aia ʻelua mau Mexicos: ʻo ka mea ma mua o ka Revolution a me ka mea i hānau ʻia mai. Akā, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi mōʻaukala i hala iho nei, ma kekahi mau ʻano, ua hoʻomaka e puka aʻe kahi ʻāina hou ma mua o ka hakakā kaua o 1910. ʻO ka wā mōʻaukala lōʻihi i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau makahiki i hoʻomalu ʻia e Porfirio Díaz, ʻoiai nā hakakā a me nā kuhi hewa, kahi pae o ka hoʻomohala waiwai, nohona kanaka a me ka moʻomeheu i hoʻokumu i nā kumu no ka puka ʻana mai o Mekiko i kēia manawa, i pili i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika. ʻO kēia wehe ākea kahi kumu o kahi hoʻomohala moʻomeheu a me nā mele i hānai ʻia e nā hanana cosmopolitan hou a hoʻomaka e lanakila i ka inertia o stagnation.
Nui nā hōʻike o ka mōʻaukala e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka loli ʻana o ke mele mele ma hope o 1870. ʻOiai ʻo ka hui aloha ʻana a me ka lumi hoʻomaha e hoʻomau i nā wahi maikaʻi no nā mele pili, a ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka ʻono a me ka pilikanaka no nā mele o ke kahua (opera, zarzuela, operetta, etc.), aia kahi hoʻololi lohi i nā kuʻuna o ka haku mele ʻana, ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mele. I ka hapahā hope loa o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka moʻomeheu piano Mekiko (ʻo kekahi o nā mea kahiko o ʻAmelika), ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka orkestra a me nā mele o ke keʻena, ua hoʻohui hou ʻia nā mele mele a me nā mele i nā mele ʻahamele ʻoihana, a nā mea repertoires hou i makemake nui i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano (e transcend i nā hulahula a me nā ʻāpana pōkole o ka lumi). Ua hoʻokokoke nā mea haku mele i nā mea estetika hou o ʻEulopa e hoʻohou hou i kā lākou mau ʻōlelo (Palani a me Kelemania), a ua hoʻomaka a hoʻomau ʻia ka hana ʻana i kahi hanana mele o kēia au e lohe ʻia ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā hale hoʻokani pila, nā hale mele, nā kula mele, a pēlā aku.
Ua ala mai ka ʻōiwi mele mele Mekiko mai ka hopena o ka nohona a me ka moʻomeheu o ka Revolution. I nā ʻāina like ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻokolokolo ka poʻe haku mele i kahi kaila lāhui i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19. Hoʻomaka ka ʻimi no ka ʻike aupuni i ka mele me kahi neʻe ʻōiwi o ke aloha i Peru, Argentina, Brazil a me Mexico, e pili ana i nā hōʻailona mua o ka Hispanic i hoihoi ʻia i ka opera. ʻO ka haku mele Mekiko Aniceto Ortega (1823-1875) premiered kona keaka mele ʻO Guatimotzin i 1871, ma kahi libretto e hōʻike ana iā Cuauhtémoc ma ke ʻano he koa aloha.
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 a me ka hoʻomaka o ka 20, ua ʻike mua ʻia kahi nationalism mele maopopo ma Mexico a me kona mau kaikuahine, nā mea i hoʻohuli ʻia e nā kaʻi ʻōiwi ʻEulopa. ʻO kēia lāhui aloha aloha ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana o "creolization" a i ʻole miscegenation mele ma waena o nā hulahula ballroom ʻEulopa (waltz, polka, mazurka, a pēlā aku), nā ʻano vernacular ʻAmelika (habanera, hulahula, mele, a pēlā aku) a me ka hoʻohui ʻia o nā mea mele kūloko, i hōʻike ʻia ma o ka ʻōlelo aloha aloha ʻEulopa. Aia ma waena o nā keaka mele aloha aloha aloha ʻo El rey poeta (1900) na Gustavo E. Campa (1863-1934) a me Atzimba (1901) na Ricardo Castro (1864-1907).
ʻO nā manaʻo nani o nā haku mele aloha ʻāina aloha i hōʻike i nā waiwai o ka papa waena a me luna o ka manawa, e like me nā manaʻo o ka romantika ʻEulopa (e hoʻokiʻekiʻe nei i nā mele o ka poʻe i ka pae o ke kiʻi). ʻO ia e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻopakele ʻana i kekahi mau mea o nā mele kaulana a uhi ʻia iā lākou me nā kumuwaiwai o nā mele mele. ʻO nā mele salon lehulehu i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa i hōʻike ʻia i nā hoʻonohonoho virtuosic a me nā mana (no ka piano a me ke kika) o nā "airs" kaulana a me nā "hula ʻāina", kahi e hoʻolauna ʻia ai nā mele vernacular i nā hale ʻahamele. ʻaha mele a me ka lumi ʻohana, ke nānā aku i kūpono no nā papa waena. Ma waena o nā mea haku mele Mekiko o ke kenekulia 19 nāna i kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mele aupuni ʻO Tomás León (1826-1893), Julio Ituarte (1845-1905), Juventino Rosas (1864-1894), Ernesto Elorduy (1853-1912), Felipe Villanueva (1863-1893) a me Ricardo Castro. Ua kaulana kaulana ʻo Rosas ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me kāna waltz (I ka nalu, 1891), ʻoiai ʻo Elorduy, Villanueva a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i mahi i ka hula Mekiko ʻoluʻolu, e pili ana i ka mele synopated o ka Cuban contradanza, ke kumu o ka habanera a me ka danzón.
Eclecticism: 1910-1960
Inā kuhi kekahi mea i ke mele mele mele Mekiko i loko o nā makahiki he ʻeono i hala o ka 20 kenekulia, he eclecticism ia, i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻimi ʻana i nā hopena waena ma ʻō aku o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a i ʻole kahi kuhikuhi nani. ʻO ke mele eclecticism ke kiko o ka hui ʻana o nā kaila like ʻole a me nā loina i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea haku mele Mekiko, nā mea i mahi i nā ʻano mele a i ʻole ka nani i kēia manawa i kā lākou hana hana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻimi nā mea haku mele he nui i kā lākou ʻano mele ponoʻī ma o ka hybridization a i ʻole ke kāwili ʻia ʻana o ka stylistic, e pili ana i nā ʻano kū i ke ʻano a lākou i lawe ai mai nā mele ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika.
I kēia wā, mahalo ʻia ka hapanui o nā mea haku mele Mekiko i ukali i kahi ala eclectic, i ʻae iā lākou e hoʻokokoke i nā kaila like ʻole e hui pū ana i nā mele mele a i ʻole nā mele ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hana nui i mahi ʻia i loko o ka wā 1910-1960 i, a i hoʻohui ʻia me ka lahui, kia-pilialoha a neo-pilialoha paha, impressionist, expressionist, a me neoclassical, me ka hoʻohui i nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia microtonalism.
I loko o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 20, ʻaʻole pale ka mele a me nā hana noʻeau i ka mana nui i hoʻokau ʻia e ka lāhui, kahi mana ideological i kōkua i ka politika a me ka nohona piliwaiwai o nā ʻāina Lākina ʻAmelika e ʻimi nei i ko lākou ʻike moʻomeheu ponoʻī. ʻOiai ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi ka nui o ka moʻomeheu mele ma ʻEulopa ma kahi o 1930, ma Latin America ua hoʻomau ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea nui a hiki i ka hala ʻana o 1950. Ua makemake ʻo Post-Revolutionary Mexico i ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o ka nationalism mele e pili ana i ke kulekele moʻomeheu i noi ʻia e ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Mekiko ma nā ʻāina āpau. Nā Hana Hana. Kau ʻia i loko o ka moʻomeheu aloha ʻāina, ua kākoʻo ka ʻaoʻao moʻomeheu a me nā ʻoihana aʻo i ka hana a nā mea pena kiʻi a me nā haku mele, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi hanana hoʻokalakupua hou e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana.
ʻO ka lahui mele Oia o ka asimilation a i ʻole hoʻokipa ʻana o nā mele kaulana vernacular e nā haku mele o nā mele mele, a i ʻole pololei a pololei ʻole paha, ʻike ʻia a uhi ʻia paha, wehewehe a i ʻole sublimated. Maʻa mau ka hoʻokalakupua mele Mekiko i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o ka stylistic, kahi e wehewehe ai i ka puka ʻana o ʻelua mau lāhui a me nā kaila like ʻole. ʻO ka aloha ʻāina aloha, poʻo ʻia e Manuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) I loko o nā makahiki he iwakālua mua o ke kenekulia, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ia i ka hoʻopakele ʻana o ke mele Mekiko ma ke ʻano he mele mele aupuni. Ma waena o nā haku mele i ukali iā Ponce i kēia ʻano José Rolón (1876-1945), Arnulfo Miramontes (1882-1960) a me Estanislao Mejía (1882-1967). ʻO ka lāhui ʻōiwi he alakaʻi poʻokela kona Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) no nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala aʻe nei (1920 a 1940), ʻO kahi neʻe e ʻimi e hana hou i nā mele ma mua o ka Hispanic ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mele ʻōiwi o kēlā manawa. Ma waena o nā haku mele o kēia pae ʻōiwi a mākou e ʻike ai ʻO Candelario Huízar (1883-1970), Eduardo Hernández Moncada (1899-1995), ʻo Luis Sandi (1905-1996) a me ka mea i kapa ʻia "Pūʻulu o nā mea ʻehā", i hoʻokumu ʻia e Daniel Ayala (1908-1975), Salvador Contreras (1910-1982 ), Blas Galindo (1910-1993) lāua ʻo José Pablo Moncayo (1912-1958).
Ma waena o nā 1920s a me 1950s, ua kū mai kekahi mau ʻano nationalist hybrid e like me ka nationalism impressionist, makana ma kekahi mau hana o Ponce, Rolón, Rafael J. Tello (1872-1946), Antonio Gomezanda (1894-1964) a me Moncayo; ka realistic a expressionist nationalism o José Pomar (1880-1961), Chávez lāua ʻo Silvestre Revueltas (1899-1940), a hiki i ka ʻO ka lāhui Neoclassical nationalism e Ponce, Chávez, Miguel Bernal Jiménez (1910-1956), Rodolfo Halffter (1900-1987) a me Carlos Jiménez Mabarak (1916-1994). I ka hopena o nā kanalima he maopopo luhi o nā mana like ʻole o ka Nationalism mele mele Mekiko, ma muli o ka hāmama a me ka ʻimi ʻana o nā mea haku mele i nā au cosmopolitan hou, ua aʻo ʻia kekahi o lākou ma United States a ma hope o ʻEulopa.
ʻOiai ua lanakila ka nationalism mele a hiki i nā 1950s ma Latin America, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 i kū mai kekahi mau mele ʻē aʻe, kekahi haole a me nā mea ʻē aʻe kokoke i nā estetika aloha ʻāina. Ua huki ʻia kekahi mau mea haku mele i nā mele estetika i kūʻē ʻia i ka lāhui, e ʻike nei i ke ʻano o nā kaila lāhui i alakaʻi iā lākou i lalo i ke ala maʻalahi o ka haʻi ʻōlelo āpana a haʻalele i nā ʻano kūwaho hou. ʻO kahi hihia kūikawā ma Mekiko ʻo ia o ʻO Julián Carrillo (1875-1965), nona ka hana mele nui i hele mai kahi aloha aloha aloha Kelemania i microtonalism (kani ke kani ma mua o ka hapalua leo), a nona ke kumumanaʻo o Kani 13 ua loaʻa iā ia ka kaulana o ka honua. ʻO kekahi hihia kūikawā kekahi o ʻO Carlos Chavez, ʻo ia, ma hope o ka ʻapo ʻana i ka lahui me ka ikaika, hoʻolilo i ke koena o kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he haku mele e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana, e aʻo a hoʻolaha ʻana i nā au holomua o ka cosmopolitan avant-garde mele.
ʻO ka (neo / pou) aloha aloha Ua kūleʻa ia mai ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 20, he ʻano laki i waena o ka ʻono o ka lehulehu no kona pono tonal a me ka evimental sentimental, a ma waena o nā mea haku mele no kona mākaukau i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i ka stylistic. Ma waena o nā haku mele neo-aloha mua o ke kenekulia (Tello, Carrasco, Carrillo, Ponce, Rolón, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻo kekahi ma loko o ko lākou ola (Carrasco, Alfonso de Elías), ua hoʻopau kekahi i kekahi ma hope (Carrillo, Rolón) a me kekahi ʻimi lākou i ka hui pū ʻana o kēia kaila me nā kumuwaiwai haku mele ʻē aʻe, inā he aloha ʻāina, impressionist a i ʻole neoclassicist (Tello, Ponce, Rolón, Huízar). ʻO ka mana Pelekane o Impressionism i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia (Ponce, Rolón, Gomezanda) i waiho i kahi kaha hohonu i ka hana a kekahi mau haku mele (Moncayo, Contreras) a hiki i nā 1960s. Ua like kekahi mea e like me nā kahe ʻelua ʻē aʻe i noho pū me ka mea i hala. expressionism (1920-1940), me kāna ʻimi ʻana i ka ikaika e hōʻike ai ma mua o ke kaulike kaulike (Pomar, Chávez, Revueltas), a neoclassicism (1930-1950), me kona hoʻi ʻana i nā ʻano papa a me nā ʻano (Ponce, Chávez, Galindo, Bernal Jiménez, Halffter, Jiménez Mabarak). ʻAe kēia mau kahawai a pau i nā mea haku mele Mekiko o ka wā 1910-1960 e hoʻāʻo ma nā ala o ka eclecticism mele, a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hybridity stylistic i alakaʻi ʻia i ka noho like ʻana o nā ʻike he nui, nā helehelena like ʻole o kā mākou mele Mekiko.
Ka hoʻomau a haki: 1960-2000
I loko o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike ka mele mele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Latin i nā loli o ka hoʻomau a me ka haki i hāpai i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻōlelo mele, nā kaila a me nā aesthetics i ka hana haku mele. Ma waho aʻe o ka plurality a me ka ulu ʻana o nā au ʻokoʻa, aia kekahi ʻano lohi e pili ana i ka cosmopolitanism i loko o nā kūlanakauhale nui, ʻoi aku ka hāmama i nā hopena o nā neʻe mele honua. I ke kaʻina o ka asimilation o ka "mele hou" mai ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hele nā mea haku mele Latina holomua loa ma o ʻehā pae i ka hānai ʻia o nā hiʻohiʻona waho: skoho kūpono, hoʻohālike, hoʻonanea a me ka hoʻololi ʻana (haawina), e like me nā wahi kaiaulu a me nā makemake a i ʻole nā makemake o kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻomaopopo kekahi mau haku mele hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi mai kā lākou mau ʻāina Lākina ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā ʻano mele cosmopolitan.
E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1960, ua ʻike ʻia nā kahe mele hou o kahi ʻano hoʻokolohua i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻAmelika. Ua ʻike koke nā mea haku mele i hui pū i nā hana breakout ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻoia kūhelu e paʻi, hana, a hoʻopaʻa leo i kā lākou mele, e hoʻoneʻe ana i kekahi mau mea hana ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e noho ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me Kanada. Akā ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻano paʻakikī e loli mai nā makahiki kanahiku Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico a me Venezuela, i ka manawa o nā haku mele o "mele hou" Ua loaʻa iā lākou ke kākoʻo mai nā hui kūwaho, hoʻokumu i nā hui aupuni, hana i nā hale hana mele uila, aʻo ʻia i nā kula mele a me nā kula nui, a hoʻomaka ʻia kā lākou mele e hoʻolaha ʻia e nā ʻoliʻoli, nā hālāwai a me nā lekiō. Me kēia mau hoʻolālā, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā haku mele avant-garde, ka mea hiki ke launa pū a ʻoluʻolu i nā kūlana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hana a hoʻolaha i nā mele i kapa ʻia ʻo kēia wā.
Ua hoʻomaka ka haki me nā ʻau kaiāulu ma Mexico i ka hopena o 1950 a alakaʻi ʻia e ʻO Carlos Chávez lāua ʻo Rodolfo Halffter. ʻO ka hanauna o ka haki i hana i nā mea haku mele kaulana o nā hanana lehulehu i kēia lā ua "ʻano mele" nā mele Mekiko hou: ʻO Manu Enríquez (1926-1994), ʻo Joaquín Gutiérrez Heras (1927), ʻo Alicia Urreta (1931-1987), ʻo Héctor Quintanar (1936) a ʻo Manu de Elías (1939). Ua hōʻuluʻulu ka hanauna hou i nā ʻimi hoʻokolohua a me ka ʻoki loa me nā mea hana e like me ka mea nui ʻO Mario Lavista (1943), Julio Estrada (1943), Francisco Núñez (1945), Federico Ibarra (1946) a me Daniel Catán (1949), i waena o kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka wehe ʻana o nā mea kākau i nā makahiki 1950 i nā ʻōlelo hou a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, akā me ke ʻano maopopo i ka hybridity me nā ʻano mele like ʻole. Arturo Márquez (1950), Marcela Rodríguez (1951), Federico álvarez del Toro (1953), Eugenio Toussaint (1954), Eduardo Soto Millán (1956), Javier Álvarez (1956), Antonio Russek (1954) and Roberto Morales (1958) , mawaena o na mea koikoi loa.
ʻO nā kahe a me nā kaila o nā mele Mekiko mai ka manawa 1960-2000 ʻokoʻa a lehulehu, me ka mea i haki me ka nationalism. Nui a hewahewa nā haku mele i hiki ke noho ma waena o kahi ʻano neo-nationalism, ma muli o kā lākou koi i ka mahi ʻana i nā kaila e pili ana i nā mele kaulana i hui pū ʻia me nā hana hou: i waena o lākou ʻO Mario Kuri Aldana (1931) lāua ʻo Leonardo Velázquez (1935). Ua hoʻokokoke kekahi mau mea kākau i kahi neoclassical hou, e like me ka hihia o Gutiérrez Heras, Ibarra a me Catán. Ua hilinaʻi nā haku mele ʻē aʻe i kahi kaila i kapa ʻia "Hoʻoikaika hou", e ʻimi nei i nā mea hiki ke hōʻike hou me nā mea kani mele kuʻuna, nā mea mahi ʻai nui loa ʻO Mario Lavista a me kekahi o kana poe haumana (Graciela Agudelo, 1945; Ana Lara, 1959; Luis Jaime Cortés, 1962, etc.).
Aia kekahi mau mea hana mele i komo i loko o nā au hoʻokolohua hou, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia "Ka paʻakikī hou" (e ʻimi i nā mele paʻakikī a me nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo) āna i ʻoi ai Julio Estrada, a ʻo nā mele uila uila a me ka mana nui o helu mele mai nā makahiki kanawalu (Álvarez, Russek a me Morales). I nā makahiki he 10 i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokolohua kekahi mau haku mele i nā 1950 a me 1960 e hoʻokolohua nei i nā hana hybrid e hoʻohauʻoli nei i nā mele a me nā mele ʻōiwi Mekiko i kahi ala hou. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau helu he mau hiʻohiʻona neotonal a me kahi naʻau pololei i hiki ke hopu i nā lehulehu ākea, mamao loa mai nā hoʻokolohua avant-garde. Ma waena o nā kūlike ʻole loa ʻO Arturo Márquez, Marcela Rodríguez, Eugenio Toussaint, Eduardo Soto Millán, Gabriela Ortiz (1964), Juan Trigos (1965) a me Víctor Rasgado (1956).
ʻO ka moʻomeheu a me ka hou, plurality a me nā mea like ʻole, eclecticism a me ka versatility, ʻike a me ka multiplicity, hoʻomau a rupture, ʻimi a hoʻokolohua: eia kekahi mau huaʻōlelo kūpono e hoʻomaopopo i kahi mōʻaukala mele lōʻihi, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala, ua hoʻomohala i ka hana mele o Mexico a hiki i kahi wahi o ke kuleana i waena o nā ʻāina ʻAmelika, a me ka mahalo nui ʻia o ka honua i nā lekiō he nui (ka lāhui a me ka honua) i kūpono i nā hana a kā mākou haku mele, nā helehelena like ʻole o ke mele kenekulia 20 kenekulia.
Puna: México en el Tiempo No. 38 Kepakemapa / ʻOkakopa 2000
