(...) a mai ko mākou hōʻea ʻana i ke kahua nui, i kapa ʻia ʻo Tatelulcu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kēlā mea, ua pīhoihoi mākou i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe a me nā mea kūʻai aku i loko o laila a me ka ʻaha mele a me ka regiment nui i loaʻa iā lākou i nā mea āpau. .. kū kēlā me kēia ʻano o nā mea kālepa a kū i kahi a kau ʻia nā noho.
Pēlā e hoʻomaka ai ʻo Bernal Díaz del Castillo, ke koa mōʻaukala, ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mākeke kaulana o Tlatelolco, e waiho ana i nā moʻolelo i kākau ʻia wale nō o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāono a mākou e pili ana i kā mākou kumuhana. I kāna moʻolelo, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā kālepa a me nā kālepa o nā hulu, nā ʻili, nā lole. , ke gula, ka paʻakai a me ka koko, a me nā holoholona ola a luku ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana, nā mea kanu, nā hua a me nā lāʻau, me ka nalo ʻole o ka poʻe apidarians i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hemo ʻana i nā lau obsidian maikaʻi loa, i ka pōkole, nā huahana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea āpau no ka ʻo ka hui mua-Hispanic paʻakikī o ke kapikala nui o ka honua Mesoamerican i kēlā manawa ke ʻike nei i nā lā hope loa, nā lā o kona nani a me ka hanohano.
Ua lawe pio ʻia ʻo Moctezuma II i ka hui o Itzcuauhtzin - ke kiaʻāina pūʻali koa o Tlatelolco-, ua pani ʻia ka mākeke nui e hoʻolako i nā mea komo hewa, no laila ke hoʻomaka nei ke kūʻē ʻana i kahi hoʻāʻo hope loa e hoʻopakele i ka lāhui a me kāna moʻomeheu, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia e make. ʻO ke ʻano o ke pani ʻana i ka mākeke i ke kūʻē a i ʻole kaomi ua hana hou ʻia me nā hopena maikaʻi i loko o kā mākou mōʻaukala.
I ka manawa i luku ʻia ai ke kūlanakauhale, ua emi nā ala kalepa kuʻuna i hiki aku i Tenochtitlan mai nā palena mamao loa, akā ʻo kēlā kanaka nāna ka hana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wehe o ka mākeke, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka mea kaulana "In Tianquiz in Tecpoyotl" me kāna hoʻolaha, a mākou e hoʻomau nei ke hoʻolohe nei, akā ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa, a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO nā aupuni a me nā haku aliʻi ʻaʻole i waiho ʻia e 1521, e like me Michoacán, ka ʻāina Huasteca nui a me ke aupuni Mixtec, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻomau i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i kā lākou mau mākeke kuʻuna a hiki i ka manawa i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā wahi āpau o New Spain ia manawa i loko o ka pāpale aliʻi Sepania. Akā ʻo ke kumu o kēlā mau noʻonoʻo nui, a hiki i kēia manawa e hele i waho o ka pono maʻalahi e hoʻolako iā lākou iho i ka meaʻai, ke hoʻomau nei e pani no nā kaiāulu ʻōiwi a me nā kaiāulu i kahi pilina pilikino e hoʻoikaika ai nā pilina pili, nā hanana civila a me nā haipule. kahi e hoʻoholo nui ai i kēlā mau kaiāulu.
He loulou SOCIAL
ʻO ke aʻo anthropological piha loa e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana a kahi mākeke ma waena o 1938 a me 1939 e Kauka Bronislaw Malinowsky, a laila he mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Tulene, a me ka Meikoiko ʻo Julio de la Fuente. Ua kālailai wale kēia noiʻi i ke ʻano o ka mākeke ma Oaxaca City a me kona pilina me nā kaiāulu kaiāulu o ke awāwa e hoʻopuni ana i ke kapikala o kēlā mokuʻāina. I kēlā mau makahiki, ʻo ka heluna kanaka o ke awāwa ʻo Oaxacan a me kāna launa ʻana me ka mākeke waena nui ka mea kokoke loa i kā lākou hana i ka ʻōnaehana Hispanic mua. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻoiai ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano komo āpau he mea nui ia, aia kahi pilina nui a me nā loulou kaiaulu o nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻAʻole kāhea e kāhāhā iā mākou no ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana o nā mea noiʻi ʻelua i ka noho ʻana o nā mākeke ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka nui e like me ka Oaxacan, akā mālama ʻia nā ʻano koʻikoʻi, e like me ka ʻōnaehana barter. Maliʻa paha ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike ʻia ma muli o ke kaʻawale kahi a lākou e noho ai, no ka mea he mau makahiki i hala e hala ma hope o ka make ʻana o nā ʻepekema ʻelua no ka wehe ʻana i nā puka komo ma waena o nā wahi hoihoi hou aʻe ma muli o kā lākou ʻōnaehana mākeke, e like me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Puebla.
I nā kūlanakauhale nui o ka ʻāina, a hiki i ke kenekulia iwakālua, ka "lā o ka square" - kahi i maʻa mau i ka Lāpule - hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ma ka zócalo a i ʻole kekahi pākuʻi e pili ana, akā ʻo ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau hanana a me ka "modernization" i paipai ʻia. na ke aupuni Porfirian mai ka hapakolu hope loa o ke kenekulia 19 ua alakaʻi lākou i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale e hāʻawi i kahi mau loa i nā mākeke kūlanakauhale. No laila, ua ala aʻe nā hana o ka nani kuhikuhipuʻuone nui, e like me ka mea ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Toluca, Puebla, ka mākeke kaulana ʻo San Juan de Dios ma Guadalajara, a ʻo kahi hihia like ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Oaxacan, hoʻonui ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia i nā manawa he nui i kona wahi kumu.
I KA MOKUAHI NUI
ʻO nā mākeke nui o ka Apana Pekelala ma mua o ka wahi i loaʻa iā mākou no kā lākou mōʻaukala a me ka mea nui, akā ʻo kā La Merced, ko Sonora, a ʻo ka mea nui ʻole paha o Xochimilco he mau hiʻohiʻona e hoʻomanaʻo maʻalahi i ka mea i haʻi ʻia e Bernal Díaz del ʻO Castillo (…) ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano mea kalepa ʻo ia wale nō a loaʻa ko lākou mau noho a kau ʻia. Hoʻolahalaha kēia kūlana, ma ke ala, i nā mākeke nunui.
I ko mākou mau lā, keu hoʻi i ka panalāʻau, i nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi, hoʻomau ka lā nui ākea ma nā Lāpule wale nō; ʻO ka hopena e hiki ke hana i kahi plaza kūloko e hana nei i loko o ka pule, nui nā laʻana a me ka lōkō lawe wau i ka hihia o Llano en Medio, ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Veracruz, ma kahi o ʻelua mau hola ma ka lio mai ka noho kaona ʻo Ixhuatlán de Madero. ʻĀ, ʻo Llano en Medio a hiki i kēia wā i mālama ʻia ai kāna mākeke hebedoma i ka Pōʻahā, kahi i hele ʻia e nā poʻe ʻōiwi Nahuatl e hāpai ana i nā lole lole i hana ʻia ma ke kua kua, nā ʻāpana, nā pī a me nā kulina, me nā mestizos kuaʻāina i hōʻea i kēlā me kēia Lāpule ma Ixhuatlán i hoʻolako ʻia. e kūʻai i ka berena, ka berena, ka meli a me ka brandy, a me ka pālolo a me nā mea hale paha, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ma laila wale nō.
ʻAʻole nā mākeke āpau i kēia manawa i ka ʻae kaiāulu i manaʻo ʻia e nā luna kūloko; I ka hoʻomanaʻo, hoʻomanaʻo wau i kahi laʻana paʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 40, i ka wā i hoʻolauna ai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Xalapa, Veracruz, i kāna mākeke kūnānā hou loa, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai e pani i ka mākeke Sābati ma ka Plazuela del Carbón kahiko, no laila i kāhea ʻia no ka mea ma laila Ua hōʻea mai nā miula me ka lanahu lāʻau ʻoka, pono i ka hapa nui o nā lumi kuke, ʻoiai he hale kūʻai ke kinoea kūloko i hiki wale i kekahi mau ʻohana. ʻO ka hale hou, ākea no ka manawa, he kūleʻa mua ʻole ia; ʻAʻohe kūʻai aku o nā lanahu, ʻaʻohe mea kanu hoʻonaninani, ʻaʻohe gula mele hīmeni nani, ʻaʻohe pūlima kāpelu, a i ʻole he palena ʻole o nā huahana ʻē aʻe i hōʻea mai Banderilla, Coatepec, Teocelo a. mai Las Vigas mai, a ua lawelawe ia no nā makahiki he nui ma ke ʻano he pilina ma waena o ke kaiāulu a me nā mea kālepa. Ua ʻaneʻane he 15 mau makahiki e ʻae ʻia ka mākeke hou a nalowale mau ke kuʻuna.
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana i ka loli o nā loina a me nā kuʻuna i ke kūlanakauhale e like me Xalapa, ke kapikala o ka mokuʻāina - a i ka makahiki 1950 i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea mana loa ma ka ʻāina ʻoihana - akā, ma ka hapa nui o Mekiko, i ka lehulehu. a i ʻole paʻakikī e kiʻi, hoʻomau nā mākeke kaulana i kā lākou kuʻuna a me kā lākou hana a hiki i kēia lā.
HE KUMU MAKEKE KAHIKO
Ua hoʻihoʻi wau i nā laina i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Puebla, kahi nona nā kūlanakauhale nui like ʻole me Teziutlán, ka palena ʻole o nā poʻe liʻiliʻi a hiki i kahi kaʻawale. ʻO kēia wahi hoihoi, i kēia lā e hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka logging ʻōnaehana a me ka indiscriminate, hoʻomau i ka mālama ʻana i kāna ʻōnaehana mākeke kahiko; Eia nō naʻe, kānalua ka mea kupaianaha nui loa i kū ma ke kaona o Cuetzalan, kahi aʻu i hōʻea ai no ka manawa mua ma ka pule Hemolele ma 1955.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia e nā ala āpau e pili ana i kēia heluna kanaka e like me nā puʻu ant ant kanaka nunui, ʻaʻahu ʻia me ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, i hele pū me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā huahana mai nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka pā kahakai a me nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe, i ka lā Sabati a me ka mākeke kahiko.
Ua noho kēlā mea hiʻohiʻo nui me ka hoʻololi ʻole a hiki i ka 1960, i ka manawa i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke alaloa Zacapoaxtla-Cuetzalan a me ka hakahaka e pili ana me La Rivera, kahi palena politika me ka mokuʻāina ʻo Veracruz a kūlohelohe hoʻi me ka muliwai Pantepec, hiki ʻole ke hele a hiki i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. mahina i ke kūlanakauhale kokoke iā Papantla, Veracruz.
Ma ka mākeke Sābati ma Cuetzalan, he hana maʻamau ka ʻōnaehana barter i kēlā manawa, no laila he mea maʻamau no nā mea hana lima potala o San Miguel Tenextatiloya e hoʻololi i kā lākou ʻiʻo, nā ipuhao a me nā ʻelimaxtle no nā huaʻai tropical, vanilla a me kokoleka i hana ʻia i ka wai ʻona metate a kō paha. ʻO nā huahana hope i kūʻai aku ʻia no nā avokado, nā peach, nā ʻāpala a me nā plum i hele mai mai ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o Zacapoaxtla.
Ua kūʻai liʻiliʻi ʻia aku ka kaulana o kēlā mākeke kahi i kūʻai ʻia ai nā lole nani i hana ʻia ma ke kua o ke kua, kahi i komo ai nā wahine ʻōiwi i ko lākou lole keu maikaʻi loa a kūʻai aku me nā huahana o nā ʻano like ʻole, pālahalaha a nui hou aku ke ʻike nei ka helu nui o nā mākaʻikaʻi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma Mekiko.
I kēlā mau wahi hoihoi a pau i hoʻopili ʻia a laila i nā mea ulu nui i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hoʻomaka o nā ʻimi ʻimi i ke kikowaena o Yohualichan, nona ka like me ke kūlanakauhale Hispanic ma mua o Tajín, he mea kupaianaha a no laila ua hoihoi ka poʻe malihini kipa.
NO NA MEA HANOHANO A ME NA MEA HOU
ʻO kēia hoʻonui ʻana o ka mākaʻikaʻi i hāʻawi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā huahana ʻaʻole maʻamau a hiki i kēlā manawa i ka mākeke ke hōʻike lohi e hāʻawi aku no ke kūʻai aku, e like me nā shawl multicolored i ulana ʻia i ka hulu hipa i pena ʻia me ka indigo a i humuhumu ʻia i ke komo kea, ke ʻano o nā wahi anuanu o ka ʻāpana. ʻākau o ka sierra poblana.
Minamina hoʻi, ua hele mai ka palekiko e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻeke pālolo kuʻuna a me nā ʻumeke i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he canteens; ua hoʻololi ʻia nā huarach e nā kāmaʻa kāpili a me nā kāmaʻa kāmaʻa o nā hana ʻoihana e hoʻonui, ʻo ka hope me nā hopena kaumaha o nā ʻano mycosis āpau.
Ke hana nei nā luna aupuni a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea kālepa ʻōiwi mai ka uku o ka Lāpule "no ka hoʻohana ʻāina", ʻoiai lākou i kau ai i kahi ʻauhau hou aku i nā mea kūʻai aku mestizo.
I kēia lā, e like me ka wā ma mua, ʻo ka poʻe kūʻai aku i nā pua, nā legume, nā hua a me nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe e hoʻomau i ka noho ʻana i ko lākou wahi maʻamau, e like me ka poʻe hana lima hana i nā lole lole kuʻuna i nā manawa i hala aku nei, i kekahi mau palena palena ʻole, hōʻike i nā huahana me kā lākou hana. mai nā wahi mamao loa e like me Mitla, Oaxaca a me San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas.
ʻO ka mea ʻike ʻole i ka wahi a me nā kuʻuna moʻomeheu e manaʻoʻiʻo paha i nā mea āpau i hōʻike ʻia e hana ʻia ma kahi kūloko. Noho nā mea kālepa mestizo a puni ka zócalo a ma ke ʻano o kā lākou huahana e ʻike maʻalahi ʻia.
VARIABLES AND PERSPECTIVES
Ua ukali wau no nā makahiki he nui i nā hoʻololi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia tianguis kupaianaha; ʻo ka hana kahiko o ke kālepa ʻana ʻaʻole paʻakikī e hana hou ʻia, ma kahi ʻāpana no ka mea i kēia lā ua kamaʻilio ʻia ka hapa nui o nā heluna o ka sierra, kahi e kōkua ai i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i kekahi huahana mahiʻai, a no ka mea ʻo kēia ʻano kalepa kahiko "ʻaʻole o ka poʻe o ke kumu, ”ʻo ka adjective a ka ʻōiwi e kuhikuhi ai i ka mestizo. Ua hoʻokau pinepine nā wahine i ka hana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻoihana kalepa; Mālama lākou i ka huaʻōlelo hope loa e pani i nā kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana a ʻoiai lākou e hoʻonohonoho kino iā lākou iho ma hope iki o kā lākou mau kāne, nīnau pinepine lākou iā lākou ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi ʻoihana kalepa. No kā lākou ʻāpana, nā mea hana lima humuhumu mai ke kaona ʻo Nauzontla, kahi mea hana kuʻuna o ka palule i komo ʻia e nā wahine ʻōiwi āpau o ia wahi, e hele hoʻokahi i ka mākeke a i hele pū ʻia paha me ka hoahānau: ka makuahōnōwai wahine, ka makuahine, kaikuahine, a pēlā aku, a hana pāʻoihana ma ka ʻaoʻao. o ko lākou mau hoahānau kāne.
ʻAʻole hiki ma aneʻi ke wehewehe kikoʻī i nā ʻaoʻao socio-anthropological āpau e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mākeke kaulana, kahi mea nui i koe me nā mea like ʻole o nā kūpuna mahalo i ka mākaʻikaʻi kipa iā ia.
ʻAʻole hīmeni hou ka ciger kūlanakauhale ma mua o ka Hispanic e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻomaka o ka hanana nui; I kēia lā, kani ʻo ia i nā bele o ka hale pule, ala aʻe i ka hubbub o ka lehulehu, a ʻo ka mea nui loa me ka hōʻino kolohe o nā mea hoʻonui leo.
Puna: Un Mexico Mexico No. 323 / Ianuali 2004
