100 mau makahiki ma hope o kona kōmike ʻana, hoʻomau ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka laina alahao ʻo Mekiko-Oaxaca i ke alanui hao kahiko o Mekiko e hāʻawi i ke kanaka me kahi lawelawe nui a pīhoihoi iā mākou i ka mea i hana ʻia i kēlā manawa i kēia manawa: ke hele nei i ka pali mauna Mixteca.
Ma nā kaiāulu ʻo Vértiz Narvarte lāua ʻo Del Valle ma Mekiko City, ua kapa ʻia kahi alanui ma hope o Matías Romero. ʻOi aku a hapa iki paha o ke ala kaʻaahi ma waena o Salina a me Cruz a me Coatzacoalcos aia kekahi kūlanakauhale ʻo Oaxacan i kapa ʻia ʻo ia.
Ma Ciudad Satélite hoʻohanohano ka nomenclature kulanakauhale iā ia i ke ala like. A me kahi keʻena no nā noiʻi kūwaho a me ka noiʻi o ke Kuhina o ko nā ʻāina ʻē haʻaheo e paʻa haʻaheo nei i ka inoa like. ʻO wai ke ʻano i kūpono e ʻike ʻia pēlā? He aha ka pilina i loaʻa iā ia me ke alahao ʻo Puebla-Oaxaca i hoʻomaka e kūkulu ʻia i hoʻokahi kenekulia i hala.
HE MANUAHI LAHUI A ME KAUAHI
Hoʻomaopopo ka hapa nui iā Matías Romero ma ke ʻano he lunamakaʻāinana pili aupuni mau loa o Mekiko ma Wakinekona, kahi i noho ai ʻo ia ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki. Ma laila ʻo ia i pale ai i ka pono o ka ʻāina i ka wā o nā aupuni o ʻekolu mau pelekikena: Benito Juárez, Manuel González a me Porfirio Díaz. He hoa aloha ʻo ia no ka mua a me ke kolu, a ʻo General Ulises S. Grant, he koa i ke Kaua Kivila a ma hope Pelekikena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO Romero ke Kākauʻōlelo o ka Waihona ma nā manawa he nui, kahi mea hoʻolaha i nā hana mahiʻai ma ka hema hikina o Mekiko a me kahi mea hoʻolaha paʻa i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā alahao ma o ka hoʻokomo kālā haole. No nā makahiki 40 a ʻoi aku ʻo ia i ka lawelawe lehulehu. Ua make ʻo ia ma Nu Ioka i ka makahiki 1898, i ka makahiki 61, e waiho ana i kahi hana nui i kākau ʻia ma nā pilikia pili aupuni, pili waiwai a me nā ʻoihana kalepa.
Maliʻa paha he kakaikahi ka poʻe e ʻike he huakaʻi huakaʻi ʻole ʻo Matías Romero. I nā manawa ke hele ka 818729 i nā koa o ka heroism, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kokoke i nā ala, nā hale hoʻokipa a me nā kaʻa ʻoluʻolu i ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina, ua haʻalele kēia ʻano lehulehu i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mexico a hōʻea i Quetzaltenango, ma Guatemala. Ma kahi o 6 mau mahina e neʻe ana ʻo ia. Ma ka wāwae, ma ke kaʻaahi, ma luna o ka lio, ma ka hoki a me ka moku, ua huakaʻi ʻo ia ma mua o 6,300 km. Ua hele ʻo ia mai Mekiko a i Puebla ma ke kaʻaahi. Ua ukali ʻo ia iā Veracruz ma ke kaʻaahi a ma luna o ka lio. Aia ʻo ia ma San Cristóbal, Palenque, Tuxtla, Tonalá a me Tapachula. A laila hele ʻo ia i Gyatenakam kahi i hana ai i ka ʻaelike me ke alakaʻi o kēlā ʻāina. ʻO Rufino Barrios. Ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Mekiko City ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i kāna mau mahiʻai a me kāna ʻoihana: ka mahi ʻana o ke kope a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie a me ka laholio. I Malaki 1873, aia ʻo ia ma Guatemala hou, kēia manawa ma ke kapitala, kahi i hui pinepine ai ʻo ia me Pelekikena García Granados i loko o nā mahina ʻeono i noho ai ʻo ia i kēlā kūlanakauhale.
E like me kā kāna mea kākau moʻolelo i kākau ai, ua piʻi ʻo Romero i nā kuahiwi, hele i nā wahi kai a me nā mākāhā a hele ma waena o "nā ʻāina wela a me ka wela o Veracruz, Campeche, a me Yucatán i loko o nā mahina kauwela weliweli ... Ua hōʻea ʻo ia i kahi o nā mea lanakila mua i hiki i nā kenekulia ma mua.
ʻAʻole ia kāna huakaʻi mua. I ka makahiki 18, i ʻOkakopa 1855, ua lawe ʻo ia i ke ala kahiko mai Oaxaca a i Tehuacan, a no nā kenekulia i neʻe ai nā ʻeke i lawe i ka huahana kūwaho nui ʻo Oaxacan: ka grana a i ʻole cochineal, kahi waihoʻoluʻu waiwai i makemake nui ʻia e ko ʻEulopa. I loko nō o kēlā makahiki a ka ʻōpio Matías i haʻalele ai i kona ʻāina hānau mau loa, ua hoʻouna ʻia aku he 647 125 paona ʻulaʻula, i ʻoi aku ma mua o 556 tausani pesos.
Ua hōʻea ʻo ia i Mekiko City, ma hope o ka noho ʻana ma Tehuacan, ma luna o kekahi o nā stagecoach o Don Anselmo Zurutuza, ke kālepa ʻoihana hoʻokele nāna i hoʻokomo i ke kapikala o ka Lepupalika e kamaʻilio pū me Puebla a me Veracruz a me nā kūlanakauhale he nui i loko. .
I kēlā manawa, he hōʻailona ka stagecoach o kēia ao. Ua hoʻololi maikaʻi kēia kaʻa i nā kaʻa paila, "kaumaha a lohi hoʻi e like me ka hoʻokolokolo probate," e like me ka ʻōlelo a Ignacio Manuel Altamirano.
Ua mālama ʻia kahi hana hou ʻenehana i kahi hoihoi hoihoi loa iā Matías Romero.Ua hopu koke ʻia ʻo ia e kekahi hōʻailona o ka holomua: ke alahao. No laila, ma hope koke iho o kona hōʻea ʻana i Mexico City, ua hele ʻo ia e ʻike i ka holomua o nā hana o ke kahua kaʻaahi e kūkulu ʻia ana ma Villa de Guadalupe.
A i ʻAukake 1857 ua kau ka maka i ka lokomaikaʻi: ʻo ka Guadalupe (ʻano 4-4-0), kūkulu ʻia e Baldwin ma Piladelapia i ka makahiki 1855, a ua kipaku ʻia i nā ʻāpana mai Veracruz a i nā 2,240 mika o ka Altiplano waena. i nā kaʻa i huki ʻia e nā miula. Ma hope koke iho, ua hele ʻo ia i kāna huakaʻi kaʻaahi mua mai ka Jardin de Santiago ma Tlatelolco a i ka Villa ma 4.5 mau kilomita. ʻO kahi ʻāpana maikaʻi o ke ala i kūlike i ke ala i kau ʻia ma Calzada de los Misterios, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka holo ʻana o nā kaʻa, nā hoʻoholo lio a me nā poʻe hele wāwae.
ʻO nā manawa kūpilikiʻi e hele nei i ka ʻāina ua hoʻokau koke ʻo Matías Romero e hana i nā huakaʻi ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomaka ke Kaua o ka hoʻoponopono hou, ua ukali ia i ke aupuni kūpono i kāna huakaʻi hele weliweli. No laila, aia ʻo ia ma Guanajuato i Pepeluali 1858. I ka mahina aʻe, aia ma Guadalajara, ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia ʻo ia i ka hale paʻahao e nā koa kipi e kokoke ana i ke kī ʻana iā Pelekikena Juárez. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia, akā ʻaʻole ma mua o ka ʻeha o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make, holo ʻo ia i ka Pākīpika ma luna o kahi holoholona a me kahi noho lio i loaʻa iā ia mai kāna ʻeke ponoʻī. I loko o kāna ʻeke ʻeke, ua hāpai ʻo ia i nā kālā liʻiliʻi o ka Waihona Pekelala, kau ʻia ma lalo o kāna mālama. Ua hōʻea ʻo ia i Colima, ma hope o ka hoʻoluhi lio holo lio ʻana, me ka hui hanohano: Benito Juárez, Melchor Ocampo, Kākauʻōlelo o ka pilina, a me General Santos Degollado, ke poʻo o ka pūʻali koa hōʻemi o ka Lepupalika.
Mai ia kūlanakauhale mai ua hele ʻo ia i Manzanillo, me ka wiwo ʻole i ka makaʻu o ka lagoon Cuyutlán me kāna mau moʻo pōloli e like me "nā kumu ʻeleʻele o nā kumulāʻau lana" o ka nui he nui wale. Ua kali hoʻomanawanui nā saurian no kahi kuhihewa e ka mea holo a i ʻole kahi kuhi hewa o ka hoki e ale iā lāua ʻelua. Maliʻa paha ʻaʻole lākou i māʻona i kāna makemake nui.
Akā, ua hoʻouna ʻia aku nā makika, i hoʻopiha ʻia i nā wai kūpau, me ke aloha ʻole. No kēia kumu, ua ʻōlelo kekahi huakaʻi helehelena hanohano, ʻo Alfredo Chavero, aia i loko o ke kai kū kai kahi "ʻenemi i hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia, hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia a hiki ʻole ke pepehi ʻia: ke kuni." A ua ʻōlelo hou aʻe: "ʻO nā liga he ʻumi o ka lagoon he ʻumi mau liga o ke kuʻi ʻana a me nā miasmas e hoʻōla i ka ʻino i ka hala ʻana."
Ua ola ʻo Matías Romero i kēlā mau hana kūpikipiki a ma Manzanillo ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia no Acapulco a me Panama Ua hele ʻo ia i ka mokulele ma ke kaʻaahi (ʻo ia kāna huakaʻi ʻelua ma ke kaʻaahi) a ma Kolona ua kau ʻo ia i kekahi moku e holo i Havana a me New Orleans, ma hope o ka holo ʻana ma waena o ka mokuna ʻo Mississippi . I ka hopena, ma hope o ka holo moana he ʻekolu mau lā, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i Veracruz ma ka lā 4 o Mei, 1858. I kēlā awa ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke aupuni transhumant o nā Liberals a ma laila ʻo Romero e lawelawe ana, ma ke ʻano he limahana o ke Kuhina o ko nā ʻāina ʻē. Ma Kēkēmapa 10, 1858, ma luna o ka moku like āna i hōʻea mai ai (ka Tennessee), ua haʻalele ʻo ia no ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa e lawe i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he kākau ʻōlelo no ka Legation Mekiko ma Wakinekona. I kēlā ʻāina, ua holo ʻo ia i ka Misisipi i Memphis, kahi i lawe ai ʻo ia i ke kaʻaahi kūloko, "i kū ma nā wahi āpau a piha i nā mea puhipaka, a me kekahi poʻe kauā pelapela a me kekahi mau keikikāne." Ma Grand Junction ua hala ʻo ia i kahi kaʻaahi ʻē aʻe, kaʻa hiamoe, a hoʻomaka hou i ka huakaʻi: Chattanooga, Knoxville, Lynchburg, Richmond, a me Wakinekona, kahi āna i hōʻea ai i ka Mele Kalikimaka. I ke koena o kona ola, ua huakaʻi nui ʻo Matías Romero a ʻike pono i nā ala kaʻaahi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa maikaʻi loa.
KE ALANUI PUEBLA, TEHUACAN A ME OAXACA
Pehea ke ʻano o ka ʻāina ʻo Oaxacan mai kahi mokulele? E ʻike ʻia no ka hapa nui e like me nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia iā ia iho, e like me i loko o kahi pale o nā kuahiwi, nā kuamoʻo, a me nā awāwa. E kū pono nā ʻāina anuanu i nā awāwa mehana ma 1 4000 - 1 600 m kiʻekiʻe. I ka Pākīpika, ma hope o ka pali ʻo Sierra Madre, huli ke kua o kahi kahakai kūiki ma kahi o 500 km i ke awāwa waena a me nā pae mauna a me nā kahawai. ʻO ka Isthmus o Tehuantepec, i pale ʻia e kekahi pā haʻiʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e lilo i wahi ʻokoʻa i kāna kuleana ponoʻī.
Mai ke kiʻekiʻe o kēlā mea nānā pono, e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau hihia kūikawā ʻelua. Hoʻokahi, ʻo ka Mixteca Baja, kahi kaʻawale mai ka ʻaoʻao waena a ʻoi aku ka hoʻopili ʻia o ka honua i ka pali o ka Pākīpika. ʻO kekahi, ʻo ka Cañada de Quiotepec, a i ʻole ʻo orient Mixteca, kahi haʻahaʻa a pani ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā ʻāina Zapotec mai waenakonu a me ka hikina o ka ʻāina, a no ia kumu ua lilo ia i ala no kekahi o nā ala kuʻuna i hoʻāʻo e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Oaxacan. ʻO kēia ala ke ala ʻo Oaxaca-Teotitlán del Camino-Tehuacán-Puebla.
Hele kekahi ma o Huajuapan de León a me Izucar de Matamoros.
ʻOiai ʻo kona kamaʻāina nui me nā ʻano ʻano like o ka halihali ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki iā Matías Romero ke ʻike iā Oaxaca mai ka lewa. Akā ʻaʻole pono ʻo ia iā ia. Ua hoʻomaopopo koke ʻo ia i ka pono e hakakā i ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hemahema o ke kamaʻilio ʻana o kona ʻāina. No laila, ua lawe ʻo ia i ka hana o ka lawe ʻana i ke ala kaʻaahi i kona kauhale a lilo i mea hoʻolaha hoʻolaha i kēia "haʻi kūkala holomua" ma Mekiko. ʻO kahi hoa aloha o nā pelekikena a me nā mea nui i ka politika a me ke kālā ma kona ʻāina a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona mau pilina e hoʻolaulaha i nā ʻoihana kaʻaahi a me nā hana hoʻomaikaʻi waiwai ʻē aʻe.
Mai ka 1875 a hiki i ka 1880, ua komo ke aupuni o Oaxaca i loko o kekahi mau ʻaelike ʻae e kūkulu i kahi alahao e hoʻohui i ke awa ma ke Kai Kūʻono, me ke kapikala ʻo Oaxacan a me Puerto Ángel a me Huatulco ma ka Pākīpika. Ua nele nā kumuwaiwai a ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia nā hana. ʻO Matías Romero, ka mea e kū ana i kona mokuʻāina, i hoʻoikaika i ka papahana. Ua kōkua ʻo ia i kāna hoa aloha ʻo Ulises S. Grant, ka pelekikena mua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hele mai i Mekiko i ka makahiki 1880. A laila i ka makahiki 1881, alakaʻi ʻo ia i ke kumukānāwai o ka Mexico Southern Railroad Co., ma New York. ʻO ka pelekikena o ka ʻoihana hoʻolilo alahao ʻo Oaxaca ka mea ʻē aʻe o General Grant. Ua komo pū kekahi me nā mea nunui kaʻaahi ʻAmelika.
Ua hoʻokau ʻo Matías Romero i nā manaʻolana nui ma kēia alahao. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hāʻawi ʻo ia i "ke ola, ka holomua a me ka pōmaikaʻi i nā mokuʻāina āpau o ka hikina hema o ko mākou ʻāina. ʻO ia ... ʻo lākou ka waiwai o ko mākou lāhui a aia lākou i kahi kūlana mihi maoli. " Ua holo ʻo kā Grant hui i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a panakalupa koke. Ua luku ʻia ke koa mua o ke kaua kīwila ʻAmelika. I kahi nui a Matías Romero i hāʻawi ai iā ia i hoʻokahi tausani kālā. (I mau makahiki ma mua, ua hāʻawi pū ʻo ia i ke kōkua kālā iā Benito Juárez, ʻo ia ka pelekikena o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻe o ka Lāhui. ʻOiai ʻo ia wale nō ka mea nāna i hōʻaiʻē iā ia i hoʻokahi haneli.)
I Mei 1885 ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua pau ka ʻae ʻana, me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ka Mexico Rail Rail Co. Co. i hoʻokahi kilomika o ke ala. Me he mea lā ua nalo ka moemoeā o Matías Romero.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi no kona ʻiʻio i ka holomua, ʻaʻole i kū nā mea ma laila. Me ka ʻole o kāna kōkua ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ia i moho hou no Mekiko ma Wakinekona, ua ʻae ʻia kahi franchise no ke alahao ma ka makahiki 1886. Ma hope o nā hanana hoʻokele a me nā hanana kālā like ʻole, ua hoʻomaka kahi hui Pelekane e kūkulu ia ma Kepakemapa 1889. Holomua ka holomua o ka hana. I loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki a me ʻelua mau mahina wale nō ke ala kūiki i waiho ʻia ma waena o Puebla, Tehuacan a me Oaxaca. Ua hele lanakila lanakila ka locomotive ma ka Hikina Mixteca a hele ma waena o ke kahawai ʻo Tomellín. Ua lanakila ʻo ia i nā ālaina o kahi nohona hihiu, a me ka makemake ʻole o ka poʻe hoʻomaloka a me nā kānalua o ka poʻe makaʻu. Mai ka 1893 ka holo pono ʻana o ke Alanui Mekiko Hema. Aia ma laila nā mile he 327. ʻO kāna mau kikowaena 28 hoʻi, 17 mau mokuahi mahu, 24 mau waʻa ohua a me nā kaʻa ukana he 298. Pēlā i ʻike ʻia ai nā moemoeā a Matías Romero, ka mea hoʻolaha hoʻoluhi a huakaʻi ʻole hoʻi.
KA LUPA MATAS ROMERO
"ʻO nā poʻe ohua i lawe ʻoluʻolu ʻia e ke kai, e hele mai ana mai New Orleans a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma ke kahakai ʻo Gulf, iho mai i Coatzacoalcos e hoʻomaka hou i kā lākou huakaʻi wai i kēia manawa ma luna o ka moku hoe waʻa Allegheny Belle (ex-polofesa i lawe ʻia mai ka Misisipi) e piʻi ana i ka muliwai Coatzacoalcos ākea a hiki i kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Súchil, (kokoke i ke kaona o Mátías Romero i kēia manawa;) a mai ʻaneʻi, i nā kaʻa ukali, i ka Pākīpika kahi e holo aku ai i Kapalakiko. " Aloha? aʻole iki. ʻO ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Tehuantepec Railway Company o New Orleans, i ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala.
Ua hoʻokō ka ʻoihana i hoʻokahi keʻa i kēlā me kēia mahina a ua lawe ʻia ka lawelawe e nā haneli gambusino he nui i neʻe i Kaleponi.
I ka makahiki 1907, ua ʻike ʻo Matías Romero i ke kaʻaahi Coatzacoalcos Salina Cruz i hala, ma kahi o 20 mau lā holo i kēlā me kēia lā a me ka loaʻa kālā 5 miliona mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki - no Panamā. Eia nō naʻe, ma Matías Romero (ma mua ʻo Rincón Antonio) ʻaʻole i emi ka hana kaʻaahi, he mau hale aʻo a me kahi ʻano ʻenehana like me ka mea nui i hāpai ʻia e ke alahao hou Pan-American (1909) i holo mai San Jerónimo -Today Ciudad Ixtepec- a i Tapachula, e like me ka hana mau ʻana i kēia lā.
ʻO ke kaona ʻo Matías Romero, ma kahi o 25,000 mau kamaʻāina, me kahi aniau wela a hoʻopuni ʻia e ka ʻāina Isthmus, hāʻawi i ʻelua mau hōkele liʻiliʻi; ʻO El Castillejos lāua ʻo Juan Luis: aia nā hana lima gula a me nā kālā maikaʻi loa mai Ciudad Ixtepec (kokoke iā Juchitán), kahi kahua mokulele pūʻali koa i ke Kaua Honua II.
