ʻIke paha ʻoe pehea a i ka manawa hea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka mīkini paʻi mua ma Mekiko? ʻIke paha ʻoe ʻo wai ʻo Juan Pablos? E ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia ʻano koʻikoʻi a me kāna hana ma ke ʻano he mīkini paʻi.
ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka mīkini paʻi ma Mekiko ka mea i pono a pono ʻole ka hana no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka manaʻo Karistiano Komohana. Ua koi ʻia i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea like ʻole i pili i ka manaʻo like: e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka makaʻu o kahi hoʻolōʻihi lōʻihi a e lanakila me ka paʻa a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ʻano he poʻe kikoʻī, nā mea kākoʻo a me nā mea hoʻolaha o ka mīkini paʻi ma ko mākou ʻāina, aia iā mākou ʻo Fray Juan de Zumárraga, ka bihopa mua o Mekiko a me Don Antonio de Mendoza, ka ʻelele mua o New Spain.
ʻO nā mea pāʻani i ka hui pū me Juan Cromberger, kahi mīkini paʻi Kelemania i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Seville, ka mea nona kahi hale paʻi paʻi koʻikoʻi me ke kapikala e hoʻokumu i kahi lālā ma New Spain, a ʻo Juan Pablos, ka luna aʻoaʻo ʻo Cromberger, kahi mea hana kope a haku mele paha o nā leka. Mai kahi moʻo, loaʻa iā ia ka hilinaʻi e loaʻa ka mīkini paʻi, a ʻoluʻolu a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi ia i ka manaʻo o ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻāina hou e hoʻokumu i ka hale hana o kāna luna hana. I ka hoʻololi ʻana, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻaelike he ʻumi mau makahiki, ka hapalima o nā loaʻa mai kāna hana a me nā lawelawe a kāna wahine, ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai no ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mīkini paʻi ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mexico.
Ua loaʻa iā Juan Pablos he 120,000 maravedis mai iā Juan Cromberger no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka paipalapala, ka inika, ka pepa a me nā pono hana ʻē aʻe, a me nā lilo o ka huakaʻi e hana ai ʻo ia me kāna wahine a me nā hoa ʻē aʻe ʻelua. ʻO ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka hui ʻo 195,000 maravedís, a i ʻole 520 ducats. ʻO Juan Pablos, no ʻItalia kona inoa, ʻo Giovanni Paoli, ua maopopo iā mākou ma Sepania, ua hōʻea i Mexico City me kāna wahine ʻo Gerónima Gutiérrez, ma waena o Kepakemapa a ʻOkakopa 1539. ʻO Gil Barbero, kahi mea paʻi ma ke kālepa, a me kahi kauā ʻeleʻele.
Me ke kākoʻo o kāna mau kākoʻo, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Juan Pablos i ka hale kula ʻo "Casa de Juan Cromberger" ma ka Casa de las Campanas, nona ʻo Bishop Zumárraga, aia ma ke kihi komohana hema o nā alanui o Moneda a pani ʻia ma Santa Teresa la Antigua, i kēia lā i laikini ʻia ʻOiaʻiʻo, i mua o ka ʻaoʻao o ka archbishopric mua. Ua wehe ka hale hana i nā puka ma kahi o ʻApelila 1540, ʻo Gerónima Gutiérrez ke aliʻi o ka hale me ka lawe ʻole ʻana i kahi uku, ʻo ia wale nō ka mālama ʻana.
ʻO kā Cromberger hui
Na Viceroy Mendoza i hāʻawi aku iā Juan Cromberger ke kuleana kūikawā o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mīkini paʻi ma Mekiko a lawe mai i nā puke mai nā mākau a me nā ʻepekema āpau. ʻo ka uku ʻana i nā manaʻo ma ka helu o ka hapahā o ke kālā no kēlā me kēia pepa, ʻo ia hoʻi, 8,5 maravedís no kēlā me kēia pepa paʻi a me hoʻokahi haneli pākēneka o nā loaʻa kālā ma nā puke aʻu i lawe mai ai mai Sepania. Ua pane ʻole kēia mau kuleana i nā kūlana i kau ʻia e Cromberger nāna, he mea kūʻai aku i ka hana puke ma Sultepec, me ka hui pū ʻana me nā poʻe Kelemania ʻē aʻe, mai ka makahiki 1535. Ua make ʻo Juan Cromberger ma Kepakemapa 8, 1540, kokoke i hoʻokahi makahiki. ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoihana paʻi.
Ua loaʻa i kāna mau hoʻoilina mai ka mōʻī ka hōʻoia o ka mea i ʻaelike ʻia me Mendoza no kahi makahiki he ʻumi mau makahiki, a ua kau inoa ʻia ka palapala i Talavera ma Pepeluali 2, 1542. I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ma ka lā 17 o kēlā mahina a me kēlā makahiki, ua kūkā ka ʻaha kūkā o ka Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Mekiko City iā Juan Pablos i ka inoa o kona hoalauna, a ma Mei 8, 1543 ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻāina no ke kūkulu ʻana i kona hale ma ke kaiāulu o San Pablo, ma ke alanui e hele pololei aku ana i San Pablo, ma hope o ka haukapila o ke Kahikolu. Hōʻoia kēia mau ʻikepili i ka makemake o Juan Pablos e aʻa a noho i Mekiko me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe o ka ʻoihana paʻi ka makemake e hoʻomohala ʻia, ʻoiai he ʻaelike a me nā kuleana kūikawā i hana i kahi hanana paʻakikī a hoʻopilikia i ka wikiwiki. koi ʻia no ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Juan Pablos ponoʻī i loko o kahi hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka luna aupuni ua ʻilihune ʻo ia a ʻaʻohe ona keʻena, a ua kākoʻo ʻo ia iā ia iho i ke aloha i nā manawaleʻa i loaʻa iā ia.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ka ʻoihana paʻi i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia o ka Crombergers me ke ʻano maikaʻi i loaʻa iā lākou. ʻO Mendoza, me ka manaʻo e ʻae i ka paʻa o ka mīkini paʻi, hāʻawi i nā hāʻawi kālā hou aku e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu i ka hoihoi o nā hoʻoilina o kēia hale paʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka papa hana papa o kona makua kāne ma Mekiko. Ma Iune 7, 1542, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi pūʻali koa holo lio no nā mea kanu a me kahi mahi holoholona i Sultepec. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope (Iune 8, 1543) ua ʻoluʻolu hou ʻia lākou me ʻelua mau kahua wili no ka wili ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mea hao ma ka muliwai ʻo Tascaltitlán, he mineral mai Sultepec.
Eia nō naʻe, me kēia mau pono a me nā hāʻawi, ʻaʻole i lawelawe ka ʻohana Cromberger i ka mīkini paʻi e like me ka manaʻo o nā luna. ʻo Zumárraga lāua ʻo Mendoza, a ma hope ka Audiencia o Mekiko, i namunamu i ka mōʻī e pili ana i ka mālama ʻole i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea pono no ka paʻi ʻana, ka pepa a me ka ʻīnika, a me ka lawe ʻana i nā puke. Ma 1545 ua noi lākou i ka mōʻī e koi aku i ka ʻohana Cromberger e hoʻokō i kēia kuleana ma muli o nā pono i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou. ʻO ka hale paʻi paʻi mua me ka inoa o "House of Juan Cromberger" i hala a hiki i 1548, ʻoiai mai 1546 ua kū ka hōʻike ʻana pēlā. Ua paʻi ʻo Juan Pablos i nā puke a me nā puke liʻiliʻi, ka hapanui o nā haipule, a nona nā poʻomanaʻo 'ewalu i hanaʻia i loko o ka makahiki 1539-44, a meʻeono mau ma waena o 1546 a 1548.
Malia paha ʻo nā hoʻopiʻi a me nā kaomi kūʻē i ka Crombergers i makemake i ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o ka mīkini paʻi iā Juan Pablos. ʻO ka mea nona kēia mai 1548, ʻoiai me ka ʻaiʻē nui ma muli o ke ʻano koʻikoʻi i kū ai ke kūʻai aku, ua loaʻa iā ia mai iā Viceroy Mendoza ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā pono i hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea nona mua a ma hope o Don Luis de Velasco, kona hope.
Ma kēia ʻano ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka laikini kūʻokoʻa a hiki i ʻAukake 1559. Ua ʻike ʻia ka inoa o Juan Pablos ma ke ʻano he mīkini paʻi ma ka ʻlelo Kalikiano ma nā ʻōlelo Sepania a me Mekiko, i hoʻopau ʻia ma Ianuali 17, 1548. Ma kekahi mau manawa ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i ka o kona kumu a me kona kumu: "lumbardo" a i ʻole "bricense" ʻoiai ʻo ia he ʻōiwi o Brescia, Lombardy.
Ua hoʻomaka ka loli o ke kahua hana ma kahi o 1550 ke loaʻa i kā mākou mīkini paʻi ka hōʻaiʻē o 500 ducats gula. Ua noi ʻo ia iā Baltasar Gabiano, kāna mea hāʻawi kālā ma Seville, a me Juan López, kahi hoanoho kolohe mai Mekiko e hele ana i Sepania, e ʻike iā ia i ʻekolu mau kānaka, nā luna paʻi, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kāna ʻoihana ma Mekiko.
I Kepakemapa o kēlā makahiki nō, ma Seville, hana ʻia kahi kuʻikahi me Tomé Rico, ka mea kī kī (pressmaker), ka haku mele ʻo Juan Muñoz (mea haku mele) a me Antonio de Espinoza, ka mea hoʻokumu leka e lawe iā Diego de Montoya ma ke ʻano he kōkua, inā ua neʻe lākou āpau i Mekiko a hana i ka mīkini paʻi o Juan Pablos no ʻekolu mau makahiki, a e helu ʻia ia mai kona pae ʻana i Veracruz. Hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ke alahele a me nā meaʻai no ka huakaʻi i ke kai a me kahi lio no kā lākou hoʻoili ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mekiko.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hōʻea lākou i ka hopena o 1551; akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1553 i hoʻomohala ai ka hale kūʻai i ka hana ma kahi maʻamau. ʻO ke kū ʻana o Antonio de Espinosa i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā typefaces Roman a me nā cursive a me nā kālai lāʻau hou, e loaʻa ana me kēia mau hana e lanakila ai i ka typography a me ke kaila i nā puke a me nā mea i paʻi ʻia ma mua o kēlā lā.
Mai ka papa mua o ka paʻi ʻana me ka inoa "i ka hale o Cromberger" hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi i nā hana penei: Pōkole a me ka hoʻokiwikā ʻana i ke ʻano Kalikiano ma ka ʻōlelo Mekiko a me Paniolo e loaʻa ana nā mea e pono ai o ko mākou hoʻomana Katolika hemolele no ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau India kūlohelohe. a me ke ola o ko lākou mau ʻuhane.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēia ka hana mua i paʻi ʻia ma Mekiko, ʻo ka Manual Manual nona nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu i ʻike ʻia, i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma 1540 a kauoha ʻia e ka papa pule o 1539, a me The Ka pilina o ke ōlaʻi weliweli i hana hou ʻia ma Paʻi ʻia ʻo Guatemala City ma 1541.
Ua ukali ʻia kēia ma 1544 e ke Kumumanaʻo Pokole o 1543 i manaʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia mea āpau; ʻo ka Tripartite o Juan Gerson kahi hōʻike o ke aʻo ʻana ma luna o nā kauoha a me ka ʻae ʻana, a he ʻano hoʻohui o ke ʻano o ka make maikaʻi ʻana; ka Compendium pōkole e pili ana i ka pehea e hoʻokō ʻia ai ka huakaʻi, i makemake ʻia e hoʻoikaika i nā kapu o nā hula leʻa a me ka hauʻoli i nā ʻahaʻaina haipule, a me ke Kumuhana o Fray Pedro de Córdoba, i kuhikuhi wale ʻia i nā Indians.
ʻO ka puke hope loa i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa o Cromberger, ma ke ʻano he hale paʻi, ʻo ia ke Kumumanaʻo Karistiano pōkole o fray Alonso de Molina, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1546. ʻElua mau hana i paʻi ʻia me ka inoa ʻole o ka mīkini paʻi, ʻo ia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo Karistiano ʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka poʻe me erudition a me nā leka (Kekemapa 1546) a me ka Rula Karistiano pōkole e kauoha i ke ola a me ka manawa o ka Kristiano (i 1547). ʻO kēia pae o ka hoʻololi ma waena o kekahi hale hana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe: ʻO Cromberger-Juan Pablos, ma muli paha o ke kūkākūkā hoʻololi mua a i ʻole ka hoʻokō ʻole o ka ʻaelike i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao.
ʻO Juan Pablos, ke Gutenberg o ʻAmelika
Ma 1548 ua paʻi ʻo Juan Pablos i nā Kauoha a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā kānāwai, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kapa kila o ka Emepera Charles V ma ka uhi a me nā mana like ʻole o ke aʻo Karistiano, ka pale o nā Dominicans. Ma nā paʻi a pau i hana ʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 1553, ua pili ʻo Juan Pablos i ka hoʻohana ʻia o ka leka Gothic a me nā kahakaha heraldic nui ma nā uhi, ke ʻano o nā puke Sepania mai ia wā like.
ʻO ka pae ʻelua o Juan Pablos, me Espinosa ma kona ʻaoʻao (1553-1560) he pōkole a me ka holomua, a no laila lawe mai kahi paio no ka pono o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mīkini paʻi ma Mekiko wale nō. Ma ʻOkakopa 1558, ua hāʻawi ka mōʻī iā Espinosa, a me ʻekolu mau luna paʻi ʻē aʻe, e ʻae iā ia i kāna ʻoihana ponoʻī.
Mai kēia wā, hiki i nā hana a Fray Alonso de la Veracruz ke kuhikuhi ʻia: Dialectica resolutio cum textu Aristótelis a me Recognitio Summularum, mai ka 1554; ka Physica speculatio, accessit compendium sphaerae compani o 1557, a me Speculum coniugiorum o 1559. Mai Fray Alonso de Molina ka Huaʻōlelo Huaʻōlelo Paniolo a me Mekiko i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1555, a mai a Fray Maturino Gilberti ke kamaʻilio o ke aʻo Karistiano ma ka ʻōlelo Michoacán, i paʻi ʻia i ka 1559.
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i ka paʻi paʻi o Gutenberg. Lawe ʻia mai ka palapala o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Gutenberg ma Mainz, Col. Juan Pablos Museum of Graphic Arts. ʻO Armando Birlain Schafler Foundation no ka Culture and Arts, A.C. ʻO kēia mau hana i loko o ka hōʻiliʻili i kiaʻi ʻia e ka Waihona Waihona National o Mekiko. ʻO ka paʻi hope loa na Juan Pablos ka Manual Sacramentorum, i hōʻike ʻia i Iulai 1560. Ua pani ka hale paʻi i nā puka o ia makahiki, no ka mea, manaʻo ʻia ua make ka Lombard ma waena o nā mahina ʻo Iulai a ʻAukake. A i ka makahiki 1563 ua hoʻolimalima kāna wahine kāne make i ka mīkini paʻi iā Pedro Ocharte i male iā María de Figueroa, ke kaikamahine a Juan Pablos.
Pili lākou i ka pae mua o ka mīkini paʻi me Cromberger a me Juan Pablos ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻoponopono, 35 poʻo inoa o ka manaʻo 308 a me 320 i paʻi ʻia i ke kenekulia 16, e hōʻike ana i ka boom i loaʻa i ka mīkini paʻi ma ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia.
ʻO nā mea paʻi a me nā mea kūʻai puke i hōʻike ʻia i kēia wā ʻo Antonio de Espinosa (1559-1576), Pedro Balli (1575-1600) a me Antonio Ricardo (1577-1579), akā ua loaʻa iā Juan Pablos ka hanohano o ka mea paʻi mua loa i kā mākou ʻāina
ʻOiai ʻo ka hale paʻi paʻi i kona hoʻomaka ʻana i paʻi ka hapanui o nā primers a me nā aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi e hele i ka Christianization o nā ʻōiwi, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia ua uhi ʻia nā kumuhana o kahi ʻano like ʻole.
Ua kōkua ka huaʻōlelo i paʻi ʻia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke aʻo Karistiano ma waena o nā ʻōiwi a kākoʻo i ka poʻe i lilo i misiona no ke aʻo ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he ʻeuanelio, kumu aʻo a haʻi ʻōlelo. a, i ka manawa like, he ala ia no ka diffusion o nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi a me kā lākou hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana i nā "Arts", a me nā huaʻōlelo o kēia mau ʻano ʻōlelo, i hoʻēmi ʻia e nā ʻohana i nā huapalapala Castilian.
Ua hānai pū ʻia ka mīkini paʻi, ma o nā hana o ke ʻano haipule, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka manaʻoʻiʻo a me nā loina o nā Sepania i hōʻea i ka Honua Hou. Ua komo nui nā mea paʻi i nā pilikia o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā pono o ka ʻekalesia a me nā pono kīwila, nā ʻepekema kūlohelohe, ka hoʻokele, ka mōʻaukala a me ka ʻepekema, e paepae nei i kahi pae moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe kahi i kū ai nā mea nui no kā lākou kōkua i ka ʻike ākea. ʻO kēia hoʻoilina bibliographic kahi hoʻoilina kūpono no kā mākou moʻomeheu o kēia manawa.
ʻO Stella María González Cicero he kauka i ka Mōʻaukala. ʻO ia ke alakaʻi o ka National Library of Anthropology and History.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Encyclopedia o Mekiko, Mekiko, hoʻopuka kūikawā no Encyclopedia Britannica de México, 1993, t.7.
ʻO García Icazbalceta, Joaquín, puke puke Mekiko Mekiko o ke kenekulia 16, ka paʻi ʻana o Agustín Millares Carlo, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1954.
ʻO Griffin Clive, Los Cromberger, ka mōʻaukala o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāono kenekulia ma Seville a me Mexico, Madrid, nā mana o ka Hispanic Culture, 1991.
ʻO Stols Alexandre, A.M. Antonio de Espinosa, ka lua o ka mīkini paʻi Mekiko, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1989.
ʻO Yhmoff Cabrera, Jesús, nā paʻi Mekiko o ke kenekulia 16 ma ka Waihona Puke o Mekiko, Mekiko, Ke Kulanui Autonomous o Mekiko, 1990.
ʻO Zulaica Gárate, Roman, Los Franciscanos a me nā mīkini paʻi ma México, México, UNAM, 1991.
