E haʻi mākou iā ʻoe e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā poʻo poʻo Olmec nui na Matthew W. Stirling ma ke kahakai o ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mekiko, ma waena o 1938 a me 1946.
MA KA NOHO ANA I KE POO OLMEC
Mai kona hālāwai ʻana me ke kiʻi o a mask mask loa –ʻO wai i ʻōlelo ʻia e hōʻike ana i kahi "pēpē uē" - Ua ola ʻo Matthew W. Stirling i ka moemoeā o ka ʻike ʻana i ka poʻo nunui, kālai ʻia i ke kaila like me ka mask, ka mea Ua ʻike ʻo José María Melgar i ka 1862.
I kēia manawa ua kokoke ʻo ia e ʻike i kāna moe. I ka lā ma mua, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i ke kūlanakauhale nani o Tlacotalpan, kahi i hui ai ka muliwai ʻo San Juan me Papaloapan, ma ke kahakai hema o Veracruz, a ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻolimalima i alakaʻi, hoʻolimalima lio, a kūʻai i nā lako. No laila, e like me Don Quixote o kēia wā, ua mākaukau ʻo ia e haʻalele no Santiago Tuxtla, e ʻimi nei i ka huakaʻi nui o kona ola. ʻO ia ka lā hope o Ianuali 1938.
Ke hakakā nei i ka hiamoe i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela a me ka lepe o kāna lio, ua manaʻo ʻo Stirling e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻAʻole kūlike ke poʻo o Melgar i kekahi o nā kaila o ka honua ma mua o ColumbianMa ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i maopopo loa o ke poʻo a me ke koʻi votive, no Veracruz kekahi, i paʻi ʻia e Alfredo Chavero, he poʻe ʻeleʻele. Kona hoa aloha Marshall saville, mai ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻAmelika o ka Mōʻaukala Kūlohelohe ma NūIoka, ua hoʻohuli iā ia i nā koʻi e like me Chavero's ʻo ia ka moho akua Aztec ʻo Tezcatlipoca i kona ano jaguar, aka ʻAʻole au i manaʻo ua kālai ʻia lākou e ka Aztecs, akā na kahi hui kai i kapa ʻia ʻo Olmecs, ʻo ia hoʻi, "Nā kupa o ka ʻāina lika". Nāna, ka loaʻa o ʻIgerkika Necaxa na George Vaillant i 1932, i hōʻoia i ko Saville wehewehe ʻana.
I ka lā aʻe, i mua o ke poʻo nui Olmec poʻo o Hueyapan, poina ʻo Stirling i nā hopena o nā hola he 10 o ka huakaʻi ʻana ma luna o ka lio, ʻaʻole maʻa i ka hiamoe ʻana i nā hāmele, nā kani o ka nahele: ʻoiai ua kanu ʻia ka hapalua. ʻoi aku ka nani o ke poʻo Olmec ma mua o nā kiʻi a me nā kiʻi, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hūnā i kona pūʻiwa ke ʻike ʻo ia aia ke kiʻi i waenakonu o kahi kahua archaeological me nā puʻu o ka honua, ʻo kekahi o lākou kokoke 150 mika ka lōʻihi. E hoʻi i Wakinekona, ʻo nā kiʻi i loaʻa iā ia ma ke poʻo ʻo Olmec a me kekahi mau kia hoʻomanaʻo a me nā puʻu i kūpono loa i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kākoʻo kālā no ka ʻeli ʻana o Tres Zapotes, ʻo Stirling i hoʻomaka i Ianuali o ka makahiki aʻe. ʻO ia i ka manawa o ka manawa ʻelua ma Tres Zapotes i hiki ai iā Stirling ke kipa aku i ke poʻo nui kolosal i ʻike ʻia e Frans Blom lāua ʻo Oliver Lafarge i ka makahiki 1926. ʻO Stirling, me kāna wahine, a me ka archaeologist ʻo Philip Druker a me ka mea paʻi kiʻi ʻo Richard Steward, i hoʻomau i ka hikina i kāna kalaiwa ukali. ma ke ala hiki ke hele wale ʻia i ke kau maloʻo. Ma hope o ka hele ʻana i ʻekolu mau alahaka makaʻu loa ua hōʻea lākou i Tonalá, mai kahi a lākou i hoʻomau ai i ka moku i ka nuku o ka muliwai Blasillo, a mai laila aku, ma ka wāwae a hiki i La Venta. Ke hele nei i ka wahi pohō ma waena o ka pūnaewele a me ka waha o ka muliwai ua hālāwai lākou i kahi hui o nā kālaihonua e ʻimi nei i ka aila, a alakaʻi lākou iā lākou i La Venta.
I ka lā aʻe ua loaʻa iā lākou ka makana no ka paʻakikī o ke alanui: pōhaku nui i kālai ʻia i waho o ka honua, a i waena o lākou ua wehe ʻia ke poʻo e Blom a me Lafarge he ʻumikūmālima mau makahiki i hala. Ua hāpai ka hauʻoli i ka ʻuhane a ua hana koke lākou i nā hoʻolālā no ka ʻeli. Ma mua o ka ua ua o 1940 i hoʻomaka ai ka huakaʻi o ʻŌniu aia kahi La Venta ma ʻeli nā lua kia hoʻomanaʻo, e like me nā poʻo poʻo ʻehā Olmec, like nā mea āpau me Melgar's, koe wale nō ka kaila mahiole a me ke ʻano o nā earmuffs. Aia ma kahi e ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka pōhaku. mahalo kēia mau poʻo Olmec no ko lākou nui –ʻO ka nui loa ma 2.41 mau mika a me ka mea liʻiliʻi ma 1.47 mau mika– a no ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Stirling he mau kiʻi lākou no luna olmec a iā ia i wehe ai i kēia mau kia hoʻomanaʻo e kau ana i nā tona he nui, ua lilo ka nīnau o ko lākou kumu a me ka hoʻoili i mea nui loa.
Ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke Kaua Honua II ka Stirlings ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻi i La Venta a hiki i ka makahiki 1942, a aloha hou ka pōmaikaʻi iā lākou, no ka mea ma ʻApelila o kēlā makahiki mea ʻike kupaianaha hana ma La Venta: a sarcophagus me kahi jaguar kālai ʻia a me kahi hale kupapaʻu me nā kia basalt, lāua me nā mōhai nani jade. ʻElua mau lā ma hope o kēia mau mea nui i loaʻa, ua haʻalele ʻo Stirling no Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, e hele i ka papa ʻaina anthropology ma Mayans a me Olmecs e pili nui ana i kāna mea i loaʻa.
Hele pū me kāna wahine a me Philip Drucker, ua ʻike ʻia ka puna o 1946 iā Stirling e kuhikuhi ana i ka ʻeli ʻana a puni nā kaona ʻo San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán a me Potrero Nuevo, ma kapa o ka muliwai ʻo Chiquito, kahi ʻāpana o ka Coatzacoalcos nui loa. Ma laila ua ʻike ʻia he ʻumikūmālima mau kiʻi basalt nunui, ma ke kaila Olmec maʻemaʻe loa, me ʻelima o nā poʻo nui a nani hoʻi o Olmec. ʻO ka mea mahalo nui loa o nā mea āpau, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "El Rey", ana ʻia 2.85 mika ke kiʻekiʻe. Me kēia mau hopena Ua hoʻopau ʻo Stirling i ʻewalu mau makahiki o ka hana ikaika ma ka archeology Olmec. ʻO ka mea i hoʻomaka me ka pīhoihoi o kahi ʻōpio no kahi huna huna pohihihi i kālai ʻia i ke kaila ʻike ʻole ʻia, pau i ka loaʻa o kahi lāhui ʻokoʻa loa ʻo ia, e like me kā Dr. Alfonso Caso, ʻo ia nō "Ka moʻomeheu makuahine" o nā moʻomeheu Mesoamerican āpau e hiki mai ana.
NA NINAU NO NA POO OLMEC
ʻO nā nīnau a Stirling i nīnau ai e pili ana i ke kumu a me ka lawe ʻana o nā pōhaku monolithic ke kumuhana o nā noiʻi ʻepekema na Philip Drucker lāua ʻo Robert Heizer i ka makahiki 1955. Ma o ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina microscopic o nā ʻoki pōhaku lahilahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai nā kia hoʻomanaʻo, ua hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka pōhaku i hele mai mai nā kuahiwi o ka Tuxtlas, ma mua o 100 mau kilomita o La Venta. ʻAe ʻae ʻia ka huki ʻia ʻana o nā poloka nui o ka basaltic volcanic, e kaupaona ana i mau tona, e ka ʻāina no nā mile he 40 a ʻoi, a laila kau ʻia i loko o nā lua a lawe ʻia e nā kahawai o ka muliwai ʻo Coatzacoalcos i kona waha; a laila ma ke kahakai a hiki i ke kahawai ʻo Tonalá, a ma ke kahawai ʻo Blasillo a i La Venta i ka wā ua. I ka manawa i kau ai ka palaka pōhaku ʻokiʻoki loa ʻia kālai ʻia e like me ke ʻano i makemake ʻia, ma ke ʻano he kiʻi monumental o kahi kanaka e noho ana, ma ke ʻano he "kuahu", a i ʻole he poʻo poʻo nui. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā pilikia ʻenekini a me ka logistic e pili ana i ka ʻoki a me ka lawe ʻana i ia mau monoliths - he 18 tone ke kaumaha o ke poʻo i pau - ua hoʻoholo ka nui o nā akeakamai he hiki ke kūleʻa ʻia kēlā hana ma muli o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o nā luna mana i kahi lehulehu. Ma hope o kēia mau manaʻo politika, he nui nā ʻepekema ua ʻae lākou i kā Stirling unuhi ʻo nā poʻo Olmec nui nā kiʻi o nā luna, e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻolālā ma kā lākou pāpale mahiole i hōʻike ʻia iā lākou ma ka inoa. No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā indentation kīʻaha, nā lua, a me nā lua huinahā i kālai ʻia i loko o nā poʻo he nui, ua kuhi ʻia ma hope o ka make ʻana o kahi aliʻi ua kiʻi ʻia paha kāna kiʻi, a i ʻole "pepehi ʻia" ia no kāna hope.
Aia he nui nā nīnau a puni kēia mau unuhi, e like me Stirling's. No kahi kaiāulu i nele i ke kākau ʻana, e kuhi paha ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka inoa o ka luna ma o ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma ka pāpale mahiole e kāpae ʻole i ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea maʻalahi a hōʻike paha i nā kiʻi geometric ʻike ʻole ʻia. E pili ana i nā hōʻailona o ka hana ʻana a me ka luku ʻia ʻana, ʻelua wale nō o nā ʻumikūmāono mau poʻo i hōʻole ʻole e hoʻākāka iā lākou e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau monumona i kapa ʻia ʻo "kuahu". ʻO nā puka, nā kīʻaha kīʻaha a me nā striations i ʻike ʻia ma nā poʻo i loko o nā "kuahu", a ʻo kēia mau ʻelua - kīʻaha a me striae - ʻike ʻia i loko o nā pōhaku o ka hale pule ʻo Olmec o El Manatí, ma ka hikina hema o San Lorenzo, Veracruz.
Wahi a nā noiʻi hou loa e pili ana i nā kiʻi a Olmec a me ka hōʻike, ke poʻo nui Olmec poʻo ʻaʻole nā kiʻi o nā luna, akā o ʻōpio a me nā kānaka makua, i kapa ʻia he alo pēpē e nā ʻepekema, ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka malformation hānau ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Down Syndrome a me nā mea pili ʻē aʻe. Noonoo ʻia paha laʻa e nā OlmecsUa hoʻomana ʻia kēia poʻe helehelena pēpē i nā hana hoʻomana nui. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e nānā ʻia nā māka i ʻike ʻia i kāu mau kiʻi ma ke ʻano he hana o ka mutilation a me ka vandalism, akā ʻo ka hōʻoia o ka hana maʻamau, e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā pono hana me ka mana, hamo pinepine iā lākou i kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo kapu, a i ʻole ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka wili ʻana. ka pōhaku e waiho i nā kahawai a ʻohiʻohi paha i ka "lepo laʻa", e hoʻohana ʻia ai i nā hana maʻamau. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa pau ʻole, kēia mau poʻo Olmec hanohano a pohihihi hoʻi, kū hoʻokahi i ka mōʻaukala o nā civili mua o Columbian, hoʻomau e kahaha a hoʻonāukiuki i ke kanaka.
