ʻO ia ka makahiki 900. I ka wela o kahi umu ahi make, ua haʻi kahi mea gula kahiko i kāna mau hoa ʻōpio pehea ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mea kila ma waena o nā Mixtecs.
Ua ʻike ʻo ia mai kona mau kūpuna mai nā mea kālepa mai nā ʻāina mamao i lawe ʻia mai e nā mea kālepa. ʻO kēia mau makahiki i hala aku nei, no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻomanaʻo hou ʻia kekahi. ʻO kēia mau mea kālepa, e kipa aku nei i nā kahakai, lawe mai i nā mea he nui e kūkaʻi; Ua hele mai lākou e ʻimi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, o nā pūpū bivalve ʻulaʻula a me nā nīno, i mahalo nui ʻia i kā lākou ʻano hoʻomana.
I ka hoʻomaka, ua hana ʻia ka hao me ka hāmare; ma hope, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke anuanu, ua hoʻokau ʻia ia i ke ahi i ʻole ia e palapū. Ma hope mai, ua aʻo mai nā mea kālepa haole iā mākou i nā mea hana gula e hana i nā mould a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia: lawe mai lākou i nā ʻāpana nani i ʻālohilohi e like me ka lā. Ua lawa kā lākou manawa e hana ai, no ka mea ke huhū ke kai ua noho lōʻihi lākou i ko mākou mau ʻāina. Mai ia manawa, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke gula mai nā kahawai i nā moku kūikawā, a ma hope lawe i ka hale hana, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai kahi ʻāpana i ke ʻano o nā kile a ʻo kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, waiho ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia ai nā kīʻaha.
ʻO ka manawa koke, nā mea āpau a nā haole kalepa i aʻo aku ai iā lākou, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hana gula Mixtec me ko lākou ʻike ponoʻī: ʻo lākou ka mea i hoʻomaka e hoʻohana i ke keʻokeʻo (dai ñuhu cuisi) keu, ke kālā, ka hao o ka Moon, hui pū me ka gula, a ma kēia ʻano ua hoʻokele lākou i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a hiki ke hana i nā hana kikoʻī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaula gula lahilahi a maikaʻi, i loaʻa iā lākou i ka hoʻolei like ʻana o ka ʻāpana.
ʻO ka ʻenehana gilding, ka mea i aʻo ʻia mai nā mea kālepa haole, ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā mea tumbaga - kahi mea i piha i ke gula a me ka nui o ke keleawe - e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi hoʻopau e like me "gula maikaʻi": hoʻomehana ʻia ka mea a hiki i ke keleawe ua hana ia i kahi papa ma ka ʻili, a ma hope iho ua noi ʻia ka wai waikawa o kekahi mau mea kanu - a i ʻole ka mimi kahiko a i ʻole alum paha e wehe iā ia. Hiki ke kiʻi pololei ʻia ka hopena like me kahi "plating gula". ʻAʻole like me nā haole, ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā mea hana gula Mixtec i kēia hana i ka manawa pinepine, no ka mea ua hoʻohui lākou i ke keleawe liʻiliʻi i kā lākou mau mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā.
I ka wā i hele aku ai ka mea hana gula ma ka hale hana e aʻo i ke kālepa a kona makuakāne, ua pūʻiwa loa ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hama, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mallet pōhaku mana a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā anvil maʻalahi o nā ʻano like ʻole, i hana ʻia i mau ʻāpana o ka mānoanoa like ʻole. e hoʻāʻo e hana i nā apo ihu, nā peʻe pepeiao, nā apo, nā ʻaoʻao mua a i ʻole nā moku; Me nā mea lahilahi loa, ua uhi ʻia nā lei lanahu a me nā pālolo, a me nā mea mānoanoa lākou i hana ai i nā pāpaʻi o ke akua lā, kahi e ukali nei i nā ʻōlelo a nā kahuna, hana lākou i nā hoʻolālā hōʻailona paʻakikī me kahi chisel.
He mau manaʻo ko kēlā me kēia hōʻailona. No kēia kumu, ʻo nā ʻōwili, nā meanders, nā laina pōkole wavy, nā spirals, nā palaoa a me nā lei, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kikowaena gula, mālama i nā hiʻohiʻona like. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kahi mea gula Mixtec e kekahi mau mea, e like me nā wīwī lahilahi e like me ka lace-me ia, me ka hulu a me nā pua, hoʻolālā nā mea pena kiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā akua - a me nā bele sonorous i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopau i nā ʻāpana.
Haʻaheo loa mākou ʻo Mixtecs i kā mākou mau ʻāpana gula; ʻO mākou mau nā mea nona ka melemele hou, ka ʻōpala o ka Sun God Yaa Yusi, nāna i waiho i loko o kā mākou mau muliwai; ʻo mākou ka mea waiwai loa i kēia metala, a kāohi mākou iā ia. ʻAe ʻia nā mea hana gula e hana me ke gula, akā ʻo nā aliʻi, nā luna, nā kāhuna a me nā koa wale nō ke hoʻohana i nā mea i hana ʻia me kēia metala, no ka mea, manaʻo ʻia ia he mea laʻa.
Hana nā mea hana gula i nā kāhiko hōʻailona a me nā hōʻailona. Hāʻawi ka mea mua i ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ka mana i ka mea nāna ia: nā earmuffs, nā lei, nā pale umauma, nā pectorals, nā kūpeʻe lima, nā kūpeʻe lima, nā apo ʻano type maʻalahi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ka pendant, nā kui kuhi hewa ʻole, nā discs maʻamau a me nā motive embossed a me nā inlays o ka turquoise a me nā lamellae e humuhumu ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. nā lole. ʻO ka insignia, no kā lākou ʻāpana, hōʻike i nā kūlana kaiāulu kiʻekiʻe i waena o ka poʻe hanohano iā lākou iho; komo lākou e like me ka moʻokūʻauhau - e like me nā tiara, nā pāpale aliʻi a me nā pāpale aliʻi–, a i ʻole no nā pono koa - e like me nā apo ihu, nā pihi ihu a me nā labia. Ma o kēia mau momi hōʻailona a me nā hōʻailona, ua hōʻike kahi aliʻi he mamo ʻo ia na nā akua; Ua hāʻawi lākou iā ia i ka mana, ʻo ia ke kumu i noho aliʻi ai ʻo ia kāna ʻōlelo he kānāwai.
ʻO nā mea gula makamae a mākou i hana mua ai no nā akua, nā kāhuna, nā koa a me nā luna wale nō mākou; ma hope, ua hoʻomaka mākou e kūʻai aku iā lākou i nā kūlanakauhale nui ʻē aʻe, ma waho o kā mākou ʻāina. Akā ua kūʻai aku wale mākou i nā mea! ʻO ka ʻike e hana ai i kahi ʻāpana he mea hūnā ia e kiaʻi nui ai nā mea gula, e hoʻoili ana iā ia mai ka makuakāne a ke keiki.
ʻO ka mea mua ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka mea me ka wax; ma hope ua hana ʻia ka popo o ka lānahu a me ka pālolo, e waiho ana i kekahi mau "puka" no ka puka ʻana o ka ea i ka ninini ʻana i ka metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. A laila kau ʻia ka popopo i ka bracero, i hoʻoheheʻe ka wō a wehe i nā hakahaka e noho ʻia e ke gula.
ʻAʻole pono e hemo i ka punahelu mai ke ahi, no ka mea, wela a ʻaʻohe mehe o ka wai a wali paha i ka wā e hoʻolei ana i ke gula; ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ma ka manawa like i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ipu hao refactory, ninini mākou iā ia ma o ka waha o ka popopo i mea e kahe ai i nā lua i waiho ʻia e ka wax.
Ua ʻae ʻia ka punahelu e hōʻoluʻolu mālie i ka brazier pio mua; ke anuanu loa, ua haki ka moʻo a ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ʻāpana; Ma hope, ua hoʻokau ʻia i ka hana anai ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe: ʻo ka poli mua loa ka mea e hemo ai nā māka mai nā puka hā; a laila ua kau ʻia kahi ʻauʻau alum i ka ʻāpana a lawe ʻia nā oxides o luna e ka wela; i ka hopena, ma mua o ka poli hou ʻia ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻia i kahi ʻauʻau ʻakika, i mea e hoʻomālamalama ai ke gula.
Loaʻa iā mākou ʻo Mixtecs ka ʻike e hana pono i nā metala: ʻike mākou i ka hana ʻana i nā alloys, pehea e wili ai i ke anuanu a me ka wela, ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopihapiha, e like me nā aniani keleawe a me nā kālā, a i ʻole ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻelua e hui pū, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana. metala ʻē aʻe; Hiki iā mākou ke wili i nā metala ma ka hāmare ʻana. Haʻaheo loa mākou i kā mākou hana ke ʻike mākou ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia! ʻIke mākou i ka forge, stamp, crimp delicate pōhaku a emboss, a ʻike mākou i ka pono hana e hoʻokō i nā angular a i ʻole nā hoʻolālā ākea.
Ua hoʻokō ka poʻe hana gula i ke ʻano akamai a me ka ʻike o ka hana hoʻoheheʻe i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā metala ʻelua - ke gula a me ke kālā - i loko o ka moʻo like e hana i nā mea paʻakikī loa: ninini mua ʻia ke gula, no ka mea ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o kāna kiko hoʻoheheʻe. kiʻekiʻe, a laila i kekahi kekelē o ke anuanu, akā naʻe me ka punahelu wela ma ka brazier, ua hoʻolei ʻia ke kālā.
ʻO nā apo, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi kiʻi manu, koi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa loea, no ka mea, me ka koi ʻana i nā moʻo, pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a ʻāpana ʻia nā ʻāpana āpau e hana i ka ʻāpana.
Mālama ʻia nā mea gula e nā kāhuna, keu hoʻi ke kuleana lākou e hōʻike i nā akua i nā apo, nā pendants, nā brochhes a me nā pectorals: Toho Ita, ka haku o nā pua a me ke kauwela; ʻO Koo Sau, ka nahesa hulu kapu; ʻO Iha Mahu, ka Mea Hoʻohanohano, ke akua o ka puna a me nā mea gula; ʻO Yaa Dzandaya, ke akua o ka Lalo; ʻO Ñuhu Savi a i ʻole Dazahui, ke akua o ka ua a me ka uila, a ʻo Yaa Nikandii, ke akua o ka lā, i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ke gula ponoʻī. Hōʻike ʻia lākou āpau ma ke ʻano he kāne, e like me ka Lā, kahi i hoʻoulu ʻia i ke ʻano o nā pōʻai paheʻe a i ʻole me nā kukuna lā i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO nā akua he mau hiʻohiʻona zoomorphic: jaguars, aeto, pheasants, butterflies, ʻīlio, coyotes, honu, rana, nahesa, pueo, ʻōpeʻapeʻa, a me nā opossum. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hanana cosmogonic i hopu ʻia i kekahi mau ʻāpana i mālama ʻia e nā kāhuna.
Ua hāʻule ka pō, a ua anuanu loa ke kapuahi ʻena. Pono nā haumāna haumana ʻōpio e hoʻomaha, no ka mea, i ka lā aʻe, me nā kukuna mua o ke kakahiaka, pono lākou e hoʻi i ka hale hana no ka lilo ʻana i mea hoʻonohonoho o ka Lā.
Nānā ka mea gula kahiko a puni nā wahi a puni a kau i kona mau maka i kahi make:
ʻO kahi o kaʻu mau hana mua ka poli ʻana, me ka lole pulupulu palupalu, nā ʻāpana aniani i hoʻonoho ʻia i kēia make.
ʻO ka makahiki 1461. ʻO ka mea gula kahiko ua make ʻo ia, a me kāna mau mea hoʻolohe pono. Ke hoʻomau nei ka mahi ʻana i ka hana gula me ka haku like, ka haʻaheo a me ka ikaika. Ua hoʻokau ʻia ke kaila ʻo Mixtec mahalo i ka ʻike o ka poʻe gula i kā lākou hana i nā hōʻailona a me nā akua i ʻike a hoʻomana ʻia e nā poʻe āpau o ko lākou kaiapuni.
Ua hāʻule ʻo Coixtlahuaca a me nā mea kōkua i lalo o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Mexico; Ma ka liʻiliʻi iki, aia nō nā haku Mixtec ʻē aʻe iā Tenochtitlan; Hiki i nā mea gula he nui i kēlā kapena ke uku ʻia nā hoʻokupu. Ma Tenochtitlan hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā hana i hana ʻia ma nā kikowaena gula Mixtec a ma Azcapotzalco, kahi kūlanakauhale kahi a ka Mexico i hoʻoneʻe ai i kekahi mau papa hana gula Mixtec.
Hala ka manawa. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā Mixtecs: Tututepec e hoʻomau nei i ke kapikala o ka Mixteca de la Costa; ke kūlanakauhale hoʻokahi o ka luna mana nui ʻo 8 Venado Jaguar Claw ʻo ia wale nō ka manor kūʻokoʻa o ka kāʻei ʻo Mexico.
Ua hōʻea mai ka makahiki 1519. Ua ʻike nā Mixes i kekahi mau hale lana; e hele mai ana nā haole ʻē aʻe. E lawe mai paha lākou i nā mea e kūkaʻi? Mahalo lākou. ʻAe, nā peʻa aniani uliuli, no nā ʻāpana gula.
Mai ka manawa a Hernán Cortés i nīnau aku ai iā Moctezuma ma hea ke gula, ua maopopo aia ma Oaxaca. No laila, ua hele mai ka hao o ka Mekiko i loko o nā lima Sepania ma ke ʻano he waiwai pio o ke kaua a ma o ka hao wale ʻia ʻana nō hoʻi o nā hale kupapaʻu.
I ka wā o ka naʻi aupuni, hoʻomau ka Mixtecs i ka uku ʻana i kā lākou hoʻokupu i ke gula: nā mea makamae kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia nā ipu hao. Ua lilo nā akua i ingot, hele aku i nā ʻāina mamao, kahi i hoʻoheheʻe hou a lilo i kālā, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke ʻike iā lākou. ʻO kekahi o lākou, ka poʻe i kanu ʻia, hoʻāʻo e hele i ka nānā ʻole: hāmau, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokuʻu i kahi kukui. Puʻuhonua i ka honua, kali lākou i kā lākou mau keiki maoli e hele mai i ka malamalama me ka makaʻu ʻole i ka ipu hao. Ke kū lākou, e haʻi nā mea gula i kā lākou moʻolelo a pale iā lākou; ʻAʻole e hoʻokuʻu nā Mixtecs i ko lākou hala i hala. He mana ko lākou mau leo, ʻaʻole makehewa lākou e halihali pū me lākou i ka mana o ka Lā.
Puna: Nā Paukū o ka Mōʻaukala Helu 7 Ocho Venado, ka Naʻi Aupuni o ka Mixteca / Kekemapa 2002
