I ko mākou kenekulia ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka moʻomeheu o Mesoamerica i ka naʻauao astronomical, calendrical a me ka makemakika.
Kakaikahi ka poʻe i kālailai i kēia hiʻohiʻona hope loa, a hiki i ka 1992, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka makemakika Monterrey Oliverio Sánchez e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina e pili ana i ka ʻike geometric o ka poʻe Mekiko, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i kēia aʻo. I kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau anamana mua Hispanic i kālailai ʻia ʻia a kahaha nā hopena: i loko o ʻekolu wale nō monolith i kālai ʻia, hiki i ka poʻe Mexico ke hoʻoponopono i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā polygons maʻamau āpau a 20 mau ʻaoʻao (me ka ʻokoʻa o ka nonacaidecagon). o nā ʻaoʻao, me ka hoʻokokoke loa ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻo ia i ka trisection a me ka pentasection o nā ʻaoʻao kikoʻī e hana i nā subdivision he nui o ka pōʻai a waiho i nā mea kuhikuhi e hoʻoponopono i ka hopena o kekahi o nā pilikia paʻakikī i ka geometry: ka squaring o ka pōʻai.
E hoʻomanaʻo kākou i ka wā mua o ko ʻAigupita, ko Kaledea, ko Helene a me ko Roma, a ʻo ka poʻe ʻAlapia ma hope, ua hōʻea i kahi pae moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe a manaʻo ʻia he mau mākua o ka makemakika a me ka geometry. ʻO nā pilikia nui o ka geometry i lawelawe ʻia e nā makemakika o kēlā mau moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a ua hoʻoili ʻia kā lākou naʻi aupuni mai kēlā hanauna i kēia hanauna, mai kekahi kūlanakauhale a i kekahi kaona a mai ke kenekulia a i ke kenekulia a hiki i ko lākou hiki ʻana mai iā mākou. I ke kenekulia ʻekolu BC, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Euclid i nā palena no ka hoʻolālā a me ka hopena o nā pilikia geometry e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā polygons maʻamau me nā helu ʻokoʻa o nā ʻaoʻao me ka waiwai wale nō o ka luna a me ke panana. A, mai Euclid, ʻekolu mau pilikia i loaʻa i ke akamai o nā haku nui o ka geometry a me ka makemakika: ka hana hou ʻana o kahi pahu (ke kūkulu nei i ka lihi o kahi pahu nona ka leo i palua ʻia ma mua o kahi pahu i hāʻawi ʻia), ke trisection o ka huina (ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻaoʻao i like i ka hapakolu o ka ʻaoʻao i hāʻawi ʻia) a me ka squaring i ka pōʻai (ke kūkulu nei i kahi huinahalike nona ka ʻili e like me ka pōʻai i hāʻawi ʻia). ʻO ka mea hope loa, i ke kenekulia XIX o ko mākou au a me ke kōkua o ke "Prince of Matematika", ʻo Carl Friederich Gauss, ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau pilikia ʻekolu me ka waiwai wale nō o ka luna a hoʻokumu ʻia ke panana.
KA MANAʻO INTELLECTUAL PRE-HISPANIC
Ke hoʻomau nei nā ala e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka a me ka nohona kanaka o ka lāhui Hispanic e like me ke kaumaha o nā manaʻo demeriting i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea lanakila, nā pule pule a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo i manaʻo he barbarians, sodomites, cannibals a me nā mea mōhai kanaka. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, pale ka nahele a me nā kuahiwi hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia i nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale piha i nā stelae, nā aniani a me nā frieze sculpted, ka manawa a me ka loli o ke kūlana kanaka i kau i loko o kā mākou hiki no ka loea, loea a me ka loiloi ʻepekema. Eia hou, ua ʻike ʻia nā codices i hoʻopakele ʻia mai ka luku a me nā megalith i kālai nui ʻia, nā encyclopedias pōhaku maoli (ʻaʻole i kākau ʻia no ka hapa nui), i kanu ʻia paha e nā poʻe mua o ka Hispanic ma mua o ka kokoke o ka eo a i kēia manawa he ka hoʻoilina a mākou e laki ai e loaʻa.
I nā makahiki 200 i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā moʻomeheu mua-Hispanic, i hoʻāʻo e hoʻokokoke i ka ʻike ʻike maoli o kēia mau lāhui. Ma ʻAukake 13, 1790, i ka wā e hana hou ʻia ana ka hana ma ka Meia Meia o Mekiko, ua loaʻa ke kiʻi hoʻomanaʻo nui o ka Coatlicue; ʻEhā mau mahina ma hope mai, i ka lā 17 o Kēkēmapa o kēlā makahiki, i kekahi mau mika mai kahi i kanu ʻia ai kēlā pōhaku, ua puka mai ka Pōhaku o ka Lā. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau pōhaku ʻekolu, ua aʻo koke ʻia e ka mea akamai ʻo Antonio León y Gama. Ua ninini ʻia kāna mau hopena i loko o kāna puke Hōʻike moʻolelo a me ka wā o nā pōhaku ʻelua i ka manawa o ka paving hou e hana ʻia nei ma ka Main Square o Mekiko, ua loaʻa lākou ma ia mea i ka makahiki 1790, me kahi mea kōkua hope loa. Mai iā ia a no nā kenekulia ʻelua, ua hoʻomanawanui ka ʻekolu monolith i nā hana he nui o ka wehewehe a me ka unuhi ʻana, kekahi me nā hopena hihiu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me nā mea kupaianaha i loaʻa e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu Aztec. Eia naʻe, ua kālailai iki ʻia mai ka manaʻo o ka makemakika.
I ka makahiki 1928, kuhikuhi mai ʻo Mr. ʻO wau e hoʻoholo nei i ka module a ana paha i kūkulu ʻia ai no kekahi manawa ”. A ma kēia ʻimi ʻana ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia iā ia iho i ke ana ʻana i ka mea i kapa ʻia he Kalena Aztec, ka Pōhaku Tizoc a me ka Luakini ʻo Quetzalcóatl o Xochicalco, ke ʻike nei i nā pilina kamahaʻo iā lākou. Ua paʻi ʻia kāna hana ma ka Ka Nūpepa Mekiko o Archeology.
Iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka 1953, ua hoʻokō ʻo Raúl Noriega i nā kālailai makemakika o ka Piedra del Sol a me 15 "nā kia hoʻomanaʻo hōkū o Mexico kahiko", a ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi kuhiakau e pili ana iā lākou: manawa o nā makahiki he mau kaukani) o ka neʻe ʻana o ka Lā, Venus, ka mahina a me ka Honua, a ʻo ia nō paha ʻo Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn ”. Ma ka Pōhaku o Tizoc, manaʻo ʻo Raul Noriega aia i loko o ia nā "expression o nā phenomena planetary a me nā neʻe e pili ana iā Venus." Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻomau kāna kuhiakau i nā haumāna ʻē aʻe o ka ʻepekema makemakika a me ka astronomy.
HUAKAI O MEXICAN GEOMETRY
I ka 1992, ua hoʻomaka ka makemakika ʻo Oliverio Sánchez e kālailai i ka Pōhaku o ka Lā mai kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻoi loa ʻole: ʻo ka geometric kekahi. I loko o kāna aʻo ʻana, ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi ka haku Sánchez i ka haku mele geometric laulā o ka pōhaku, i hana ʻia mai nā pentagons interrelated, kahi ʻano paʻakikī o nā pōʻai concentric o nā mānoanoa like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻo ia he mau kuhikuhi kekahi e kūkulu pono i nā polygons maʻamau. I kāna kālailai ʻana, ua wehewehe ka makemakika i ka Pōhaku o ka Lā i nā kaʻina hana a ka Mexica i hoʻohana ai e kūkulu, me ka lula a me ke panana, nā polygons maʻamau o nā helu nui o nā ʻaoʻao a ka geometry modern i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka insoluble; ka heptagon a me ka heptacaidecagon (ʻehiku a me 17 ʻaoʻao). Eia hou, ua hōʻemi ʻo ia i ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia e ka Mexica e hoʻoponopono i kekahi o nā pilikia i kuhi ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia i ka geometry Euclidean: ke trisection o kahi ʻaoʻao o 120º, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ka nonagon (polygon maʻamau me ʻeiwa ʻaoʻao) me kahi kaʻina hana. , maʻalahi a nani.
ʻImi TRANSCENDENTAL
I ka makahiki 1988, ma lalo o ka papakū o ka pā o ka hale ex-archdiocese, aia he mau mika mai ka Templo Meia, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi monolith pre-Hispanic i ʻano like me ke ʻano a me ka hoʻolālā i ka Piedra de Tizoc. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Piedra de Moctezuma a ua hoʻohuli ʻia i ka National Museum of Anthropology, kahi i waiho ʻia ai i kahi wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ka lumi ʻo Mexico me kahi inoa pōkole: Cuauhxicalli.
ʻOiai nā hoʻolaha kūikawā (nā anthropology bullets a me nā makasina) i hoʻolaha mua i nā wehewehe mua o nā hōʻailona o ka Pōhaku Moctezuma, e pili ana iā lākou i ka "hoʻomana lā", a me nā poʻe kahi o nā koa i kū i nā glyph toponymic. Me lākou pū nō, ʻo kēia monolith, e like me nā kakini ʻē aʻe he ʻumikūmālua me nā hoʻolālā geometric like, e mālama mau nei i kahi mea huna ʻole i hala ma mua o ka hana o "ka mea loaʻa naʻau i ka mōhai kanaka."
Ke hoʻāʻo nei e kiʻi i kahi kokoke i ka ʻike makemakika o nā monument mua o ka Hispanic, ua alo wau i nā pōhaku o Moctezuma, Tizoc a me ka Lā e kālailai i kā lākou laulā geometric e like me ka ʻōnaehana i hoʻokau ʻia e ka makemakika ʻo Oliverio Sánchez. Ua hōʻoia wau he ʻokoʻa ka haku mele a me ka hoʻolālā maʻamau o kēlā me kēia monolith, a he ʻano kūkulu geometric kōkua kekahi. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Pōhaku o ka Lā ma hope o ke kaʻina hana o nā polygons maʻamau me ka helu nui o nā ʻaoʻao e like me nā ʻelima, ʻehiku a me 17 mau ʻaoʻao, a me nā mea ʻehā, ʻeono, ʻeiwa a me nā nui, akā ʻaʻole ia he hopena no nā 11, 13 a 15 ʻaoʻao, aia ma nā pōhaku ʻelua mua. I ka Moctezuma Pōhaku, nā ʻōnaehana hana geometric o ka undecagon (ʻo ia kona ʻano a koʻikoʻi ʻia i nā paneli he ʻumikūmākahi me nā kiʻi kanaka pālua i kālai ʻia ma kona lihi) a ʻike maopopo ʻia ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa. No kāna ʻāpana, ʻike ʻia ka Piedra de Tizoc e ka pentacaidecagon, ma o kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā kiʻi pālua he 15 o kāna mele. Eia hou, i nā pōhaku ʻelua (ʻo Moctezuma a me Tizoc) aia kekahi mau hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā polygons maʻamau me kahi helu kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻaoʻao (40, 48, 64, 128, 192, 240 a hiki i 480).
ʻO ka hemolele geometric o nā pōhaku i kālailai ʻia ʻekolu e ʻae e hoʻokumu i nā helu makemakika paʻakikī. Eia kekahi laʻana, aia i ka Pōhaku Moctezuma nā hōʻailona e hoʻonā, me kahi ʻano akamai a maʻalahi hoʻi, ʻo ka pilikia insoluble a me ka maikaʻi o ka geometry: He kanalua ʻole ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā makemakika o ka poʻe Aztec i ka hopena i kēia pilikia kahiko o ka geometric Euclidean. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka polygon ʻaoʻao 13 mau, ua hoʻoponopono akamai nā geometricians ma mua o ka Hispanic, a me ka hoʻokokoke maikaʻi o 35 he ʻumi kaukani, ka huinahā o ka pōʻai.
Me ke kanalua ʻole, ʻo nā monoliths mua ʻekolu Hispanic a mākou i kūkākūkā ai, a me 12 mau kia hoʻomanaʻo o ka hoʻolālā like e kū nei i nā hale hōʻikeʻike, he eniplopedia o ka geometry a me ka makemakika kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole kēlā me kēia pōhaku kahi moʻolelo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia; Hōʻike kona mau ana, nā modula, nā kiʻi a me nā haku mele i nā loulou lithic o kahi mea ʻepekema paʻakikī i ʻae i nā poʻe Mesoamerican e hauʻoli i kahi ola o ka hui pū ʻana a me ke kūlike me ke ʻano, i ʻōlelo iki ʻia i nā moʻolelo a me nā moʻolelo e ua hele mai iā mākou.
E hoʻomālamalama i kēia panorama a hoʻomaopopo i ka pae noʻonoʻo o nā moʻomeheu pre-Hispanic o Mesoamerica, kahi ala hou a malia paha he loiloi haʻahaʻa o nā ala i hoʻokumu a ʻae ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa e pono.
Puna: ʻIke ʻia ʻo Mexico No. 219 / Mei 1995
