Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā hana nui ʻelua o ke kenekulia 20, ka paio no nā manaʻo kaiāulu o ka Communist Party a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hana no Mexico i hope o ke kipi, ua lilo ka mea paʻi kiʻi ʻo Tina Modotti i ikona o ko mākou kenekulia.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Tina Modotti ma 1896 ma Udine, kahi kūlanakauhale ma ka ʻĀkau hikina o ʻItalia i kēlā manawa he ʻāpana ia o ka Austro-Hungarian Empire a he ʻano kuʻuna ko ka limahana limahana limahana. ʻO Pietro Modotti, kahi mea paʻi kiʻi kaulana a me kona ʻanakala, ʻo ia paha ka mea mua e hoʻolauna iā ia i ka hoʻokalakupua o ka keʻena hoʻokolohua. Akā ma 1913 ua haʻalele ke kanaka ʻōpio no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi a kona makuakāne i neʻe ai, e hana ai ma Kaleponi e like me ka nui o nā poʻe ʻItalia ʻē aʻe i koi aku e haʻalele i ko lākou ʻāina hānau no ka ilihune o ko lākou ʻāina.
Pono ʻo Tina e aʻo i kahi ʻōlelo hou, hui i ka honua o ka hana hale hana a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana - ikaika a heterogeneous - kahi o kona ʻohana i ʻāpana. Ma hope koke iho, ua hālāwai ʻo ia me ka mea haku mele a me ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo Roubaix de LʻAbrie Richey (Robo), ka mea āna i male ai, e launa pū ana me ka honua ʻepekema ʻokoʻa ma hope o WWI Los Angeles. ʻO kāna nani kaʻao e hōʻoia iā ia i ke ʻano he hōkū kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻole e ala ana i ka ʻoihana ʻo Hollywood. Akā e hoʻopili mau ʻo Tina i nā huapalapala e ʻae iā ia e hāhai i ke ala āna e koho ai, a ke hāʻawi nei kahi papa inoa o kāna mau hoa iā mākou i kahi palapala ʻāina maoli o kāna mau makemake.
Ua launa ʻo Robo lāua ʻo Tina me kekahi poʻe ʻepekema Mekiko e like me Ricardo Gómez Robelo, ka poʻe i neʻe aku ma muli o ke kūlana politika ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ʻana ma Mekiko a, ʻo Robo hoʻi, ua hoʻohauʻoli ʻia e nā kaʻao e hoʻomaka ana e lilo i ʻāpana o ka mōʻaukala o Mexico ma 1920s. I loko o kēia wā, ua launa ʻo ia me ka mea paʻi kiʻi ʻAmelika ʻo Edward Weston, kahi mana hoʻoholo ʻē aʻe i kona ola a me kāna ʻoihana.
ʻO Art a me politika, ka hoʻokau like
Ua kipa ʻo Robo iā Mekiko kahi i make ai ʻo ia i 1922. Ua koi ʻia ʻo Tina e hele i ka hoʻolewa a aloha aku ʻo ia i ka papahana noʻeau e hoʻomohala ʻia ana. No laila ma 1923 ua neʻe hou ʻo ia i ka ʻāina ʻo ia ke kumu, hoʻolaha a hōʻike o kāna hana paʻi kiʻi a me kāna hoʻokō politika. Hoʻomaka kēia manawa me Weston a me ka papahana o nā mea ʻelua, aʻo ʻo ia e paʻi kiʻi (me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka haku ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe) a hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi ʻōlelo hou ma o ka pahupaʻikiʻi. Ma ke kapitala ua hui koke lākou i ka hui o nā mea pena kiʻi a me nā mea noʻonoʻo i puni i ka puahiohio ʻo Diego Rivera. Ua ʻike ʻo Weston i ke aniau i kūpono i kāna hana a me Tina e aʻo ai ma ke ʻano he kōkua no ka hana keʻena hoʻokolohua kikoʻī, e lilo ana i mea kōkua nui nona. Ua nui nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ke aniau o kēlā manawa kahi i kūleʻa ʻole ʻia ai ka hana noʻeau a me ka politika, a ma ka ʻōlelo ʻItalia ka manaʻo o ka loulou me ka pāʻina Komunista Mekiko liʻiliʻi akā koʻikoʻi.
Ua hoʻi ʻo Weston i Kaleponi no kekahi mau mahina, a Tina i hoʻohana pono ai e kākau i nā leka pōkole a ikaika hoʻi e ʻae iā mākou e huli i kāna mau manaʻo paʻa e ulu nei. I ka hoʻi ʻana o ka ʻAmelika i hōʻike ʻia ma Guadalajara, e loaʻa ana ka mahalo i ka nūpepa kūloko. Pono ʻo Tina e hoʻi i Kapalakiko, i ka hopena o 1925 i ka manawa i make ai kona makuahine. Ma laila ʻo ia e hoʻokūpaʻa ai i kona manaʻo paʻa noʻeau a loaʻa iā ia kahi kāmela hou, kahi Graflex i hoʻohana ʻia e lilo i hoa pono nona no nā makahiki ʻekolu e hiki mai ana ma ke ʻano he paʻi kiʻi.
I ka hoʻi ʻana i Mekiko, i Malaki Malaki 1926, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Weston i ka papahana o ke kiʻi ʻana i nā hana lima, nā hana koloneona a me nā hana noʻeau e hōʻike ai i kā Anita Brenner puke, Nā Idol ma hope o nā kuahu, e ʻae ai iā lākou e huakaʻi i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina (Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla a me Oaxaca) a komo i ka moʻomeheu kaulana. Ma ka hopena o ka makahiki haʻalele ʻo Weston iā Mekiko a hoʻomaka ʻo Tina i kāna pilina me Xavier Guerrero, kahi mea pena a me ka lālā hana o ka PCM. Eia nō naʻe, e mālama ʻo ia i kahi pilina epistolary me ka mea paʻi kiʻi a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o kona noho ʻana ma Moscow. I kēia wā, hoʻohui ʻo ia i kāna hana ma ke ʻano he paʻi paʻi kiʻi me kona komo pū ʻana i nā hana o ka Pāʻina, ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai i kona launa ʻana me kekahi o nā mea hana nui o ka moʻomeheu o ia makahiki he ʻumi, ʻo nā Mekiko a me nā haole i hele mai i Mekiko e ʻike i ka hoʻokalakupua moʻomeheu. ʻO nā mea i haʻi nui ʻia.
Hoʻomaka kāna hana e hōʻike ʻia i nā makasina moʻomeheu e like me Kinona, Makakū Art Y Mekiko Folkways, a ma nā puke pai ʻēheu hema o Mekiko (ʻO ka Machete), Alemania (AIZ) ʻAmelika (Hou Nā nuipaʻa) a me Soviet (Puti Mopra). Pēlā nō, hoʻopaʻa ia i ka hana a Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, Máximo Pacheco a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ʻae iā ia e hoʻopaʻa kikoʻī i nā manaʻo noʻeau a nā muralist o ia manawa. I ka hapa lua o ka makahiki 1928, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna aloha me Julio Antonio Mella, he mea kamaʻilio Cuban i lawe pio ʻia ma Mekiko e hōʻailona ana i kona wā e hiki mai ana, mai Ianuali o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana ua pepehi ʻia ʻo ia a ua pili ʻo Tina i nā noiʻi. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano politika o ka ʻāina a ʻo ka hoʻomāinoino i ka poʻe kūʻē i ke aupuni ke ʻano o ka lā. Noho ʻo Tina a hiki i Pepeluali 1930, ke kipaku ʻia ʻo ia mai ka ʻāina i hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ke komo ʻana i loko o kahi hoʻolālā e pepehi i ka pelekikena hou i koho ʻia, ʻo Pascual Ortiz Rubio.
I kēia ʻano ʻenemi, lawe ʻo Tina i ʻelua mau papahana nui no kāna hana: hele ʻo ia i Tehuantepec kahi e kiʻi ai i kekahi mau kiʻi paʻi e hōʻailona ana i kahi neʻe o kāna ʻōlelo kūhelu e hele aku ana i kahi ala ʻoi aku ke kaʻawale, a i Kekemapa ua mālama ʻo ia i kāna hōʻike pilikino mua. . Hana ʻia kēia i ka Waihona Waihona Nūleka i ke kākoʻo o ka luna o ka University University, ʻo Ignacio García Téllez lāua ʻo Enrique Fernández Ledesma, ka luna o ka waihona. Ua kāhea ʻo David Alfaro Siqueiros iā ia "Ka hōʻike kipi mua ma Mekiko!" E haʻalele ana i ka ʻāina i kekahi mau lā, kūʻai aku ʻo Tina i ka hapa nui o kāna mau waiwai a waiho i kekahi o kāna mau kiʻi paʻi kiʻi me Lola a me Manu Álvarez Bravo. Pēlā e hoʻomaka ai ka lua o ka pae o ka neʻe ʻana, e pili ana i kāna hana politika e hoʻomahuahua nei i kona ola.
I ʻApelila 1930, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i Pelelina kahi āna i hoʻāʻo ai e hana ma ke ʻano he paʻi paʻi me kahi kāmela hou, ʻo Leica, i ʻae i ka neʻe a me ka spontaneity ʻoi aku ka nui, akā ua ʻike ʻo ia i kūʻē i kāna kaʻina hana hoʻonui. Ua huhū ʻo ia i kāna pilikia i ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he paʻi paʻi kiʻi a hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōlelo politika a Kelemania, ua haʻalele ʻo ia no Moscow i ʻOkakopa a ua hui piha i ka hana ma Socorro Rojo Internacional, kekahi o nā hui kōkua o ka Communist International. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi, haʻalele ʻo ia i ke kiʻi, hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā ia e hoʻopaʻa i nā hanana pilikino, hoʻolaʻa i kona manawa a me kāna hana i ka hana politika. Ma ke kapikala Soviet, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia i kona loulou me Vittorio Vidali, he mea kamaʻilio Italia, kahi āna i hui ai ma Mekiko a me ia e kaʻana like ai ʻo ia i nā makahiki he 10 i hala o kona ola.
I 1936 ʻo ia ma Sepania, e hakakā ana no ka lanakila o ke aupuni repubalika mai ka ʻaoʻao komunista, a hiki i ka 1939 ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e neʻe hou, ma lalo o kahi inoa wahaheʻe, ma mua o ka pio ʻana o ka Repubalika. Ma ke kapikala ʻo Mekiko, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Vidali i kahi ola mai kāna mau hoa pena kiʻi kahiko, a hiki i ka make ʻana o ka make iā ia, ʻo ia wale nō i kahi kaʻa kaʻa, ma Ianuali 5, 1942.
He hana Mekiko
E like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, kaupalena ʻia nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi a Tina Modotti i nā makahiki i noho ʻia ma ka ʻāina ma waena o 1923 a me 1929. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo Mekiko kāna hana, no laila ua hōʻailona ʻia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ola ma Mekiko i kēlā mau makahiki. . ʻO ka mana o kāna hana a me kā Edward Weston ma ke ʻano kiʻi paʻi Mekiko i kēia manawa kahi ʻāpana o ka mōʻaukala paʻi kiʻi i ko mākou ʻāina.
Ua aʻo ʻo Modotti mai Weston i ke ʻano akahele a noʻonoʻo hoʻi i kūpaʻa mau ai ʻo ia. I ka mua ua kuleana ʻo Tina i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea (nā aniani, nā rose, nā ʻohe), ma hope ua kau nui ʻo ia i ka hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻoihana a me ka modern modern. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā hoaaloha a me nā malihini i pono e hōʻike i ke ʻano a me ke kūlana o ka poʻe. Pēlā nō, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i nā hanana politika a hana i nā kaʻina i mea e kūkulu ai i nā hōʻailona o ka hana, ka makuahine, a me ke kipi. Loaʻa i kāna mau kiʻi i kahi kumu ma mua o ka mea maoli a lākou e hōʻike ai; no Modotti ka mea nui e hoʻoili i kahi manaʻo, kahi kūlana o ka noʻonoʻo, kahi noi politika.
ʻIke mākou i kāna pono e kaomi i nā ʻike ma o ka leka āna i kākau ai i ka ʻAmelika i Pepeluali 1926: "ʻOiai nā mea aʻu e makemake ai, nā mea paʻa, e hoʻolilo wau iā lākou i kahi metamorphosis, e hoʻolilo wau iā lākou i pōhaku paʻa. nā mea abstract ", He ala e kaohi ai i ka haunaele a me ka" unconsciousness "āu e hālāwai ai i ke ola. ʻO ke koho like ʻana o ke kāmela ka mea maʻalahi iā ʻoe e hoʻolālā i ka hopena hope loa ma ka ʻae ʻana iā ʻoe e ʻike i ke kiʻi i kāna ʻano hope loa. Kuhi ʻia kēlā mau manaʻo i kahi noiʻi kahi e kaohi ʻia ai nā loli āpau, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hana mau ʻo ia i ke alanui inā he kumu nui ka waiwai o nā kiʻi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo kāna mau kiʻi kaha kiʻi ʻole a kiʻi kiʻi hoʻi e hōʻike i ka paʻi mehana o ke alo o ke kanaka. Ma ka hopena o 1929 ua kākau ʻo ia i kahi manifo pōkole, E pili ana i ke paʻi kiʻi, ma muli o ke aniani i koi ʻia ai i ka hanana o kona hōʻike; kahi ʻano o ke kaulike o kona ola noʻeau ma Mekiko ma mua o ka kokoke o kāna haʻalele. ʻO kāna haʻalele ʻana mai nā kumumanaʻo kumumanaʻo e pili ana i kā Edward Weston hana i mahalo ʻia.
Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, hele kāna hana i nā pae ʻē aʻe i hele mai ka abstraction o nā mea o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā i ke kiʻi, i ka papa inoa a i ka hana ʻana o nā hōʻailona. Ma kahi ʻano ākea, hiki ke hoʻopuni ʻia kēia mau manaʻo āpau i loko o ka manaʻo o ka palapala, akā ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo i kēlā me kēia. I kāna mau kiʻi paʻi maikaʻi loa, ua ʻike ʻia kāna mālama pilikino ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā ʻano a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui e hoʻoulu i kahi huakaʻi ʻike. Loaʻa iā ia kēia ma o ke kaulike palupalu a paʻakikī hoʻi e koi ai i ka elaboration ʻike mua, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā hola o ka hana i ka lumi pouli a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kope nāna i māʻona. No ka mea pena kiʻi, he hana ia i ʻae iā ia e hoʻomohala i kona hiki ke hōʻike, akā no laila, ua hōʻemi i nā hola i hoʻolaʻa ʻia e kuhikuhi i ka hana politika. I Iulai Iulai 1929 ua hōʻoia ʻo ia i ka epistolary iā Weston: "Maopopo iā ʻoe ʻo Edward he ʻano maikaʻi koʻu no ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, ʻo ka pilikia ua nele wau i ka leʻaleʻa a me ka maluhia e pono ai ka hana ʻana me ka ʻoluʻolu."
ʻO kahi ola waiwai a paʻakikī hoʻi, a ma hope o ka hoʻopoina ʻia ʻana i mau makahiki he mau makahiki, ua alakaʻi ʻia i kahi helu palena ʻole o nā kākau, nā palapala a me nā hōʻike, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i kā lākou hiki ke kālailai. Akā, ma mua o nā mea āpau, kahi hana ʻana o nā paʻi kiʻi e pono ke ʻike a leʻaleʻa e like me kēlā. I ka makahiki 1979 hāʻawi ʻo Carlos Vidali i 86 mau mea hōʻino o ka mea pena kiʻi i ka National Institute of Anthropology and History ma ka inoa o kona makuakāne, ʻo Vittorio Vidali. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kēia hōʻiliʻili nui i ka National Photo Library o ka INAH ma Pachuca, a laila hoʻokumu wale ʻia, kahi e mālama ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he hoʻoilina kiʻi o ka ʻāina. Ma kēia ala, kahi mahele nui o nā kiʻi a ka mea paʻi kiʻi i hana ai i Mexico, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka papa kuhikuhi kamepiula a kēia ʻoihana e ulu nei.
ʻO ArtDiego Riveraextranjeros en méxicophotografasfridahistory o ka paʻi kiʻi ma mexicointelectuales mexicoorozcotina modottiRosa Casanova
