ʻO Michoacán, ka "wahi e nui ai ka iʻa," ʻo ia kekahi o nā aupuni nui a waiwai loa hoʻi ma mua o ka honua Hispanic Mesoamerican; kona wahi hulihonua a me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia o kāna panalāʻau i hāʻawi ʻia i nā wahi like ʻole o ke kanaka, kahi i ʻike ʻia e ko ka poʻe archaeologists loea ma ke komohana o Mekiko.
ʻO nā noiʻi multidisciplinary mau e ʻae ai i ka mea kipa e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike piha o ka moʻokūʻauhau e pili ana i nā noho kanaka mua a me nā mea hope i hoʻokumu i ke Aupuni Purépecha kaʻao.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ka ʻaihue a me ka nele o ka noiʻi multidisciplinary e pono ai i kēia wahi nui, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike piha e hōʻike pono ana i ka wā kūpono e pili ana i nā noho kanaka mua a me nā mea ma hope, e hoʻokumu nei ke aupuni kaulana ʻo Purépecha. ʻO nā lā i ʻike ʻia me kekahi kikoʻī e pili ana i kahi wā lohi, ma mua o ke kaʻina o ka Naʻi Aupuni, akā naʻe, mahalo i nā palapala i kākau ʻia e nā ʻeuanelio mua a ʻike mākou i ka inoa o "Ka pilina o nā hana a me nā hana a me nā lehulehu. a me ke aupuni o nā Indians o ka Panalāʻau o Michoacán ", ua hiki ke kūkulu hou i kahi puʻupuʻu gigantic, kahi mōʻaukala e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo, mai ka waena o ke kenekulia 15, kahi moʻomeheu i lilo ka hui politika a me ka nohona kanaka i like ka nui. , ka mea i hiki ke mālama i ke aupuni mōʻī ʻo Mexico.
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia e loaʻa ka ʻike piha o ka moʻomeheu Michoacan e noho nei i ka ʻōlelo Tarasse, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kūlike ia me nā ʻohana ʻōlelo o Mesoamerica; ʻO kona kumu, e like me ka mea noiʻi hanohano, pili pili loa iā Quechua, kekahi o nā ʻōlelo nui ʻelua ma ka ʻĀpana ʻAmelika Hema. E hoʻomaka ana ka pilina ma kahi o kahi mau makahiki he ʻehā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i hiki ai iā mākou ke hōʻole koke i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka poʻe Tarasse, e hele mai ana mai ka ʻohana Andes i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāhā o ko mākou au.
Ma kahi o 1300 AD, noho ka poʻe Tarasans ma ka hema o ke kahawai ʻo Zacapu a ma ke kahawai ʻo Pátzcuaro, e hana i nā ʻano hoʻololi nui i kā lākou mau ʻano hoʻonohonoho e hōʻike ana i ke kū mai o nā kai eʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele i noho ʻia no ka wā lōʻihi. ma hope. Ua kapa ʻia lākou e nā Nahuas ʻo Cuaochpanme a ʻo Michhuaque hoʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi "kēlā me ke ala ākea i ke poʻo" (nā mea i kahi ʻia), a me nā "mea nona ka iʻa." ʻO Michuacan ka inoa a lākou i hāʻawi ai i ke kaona ʻo Tzintzuntzan wale nō.
He poʻe mahiʻai a lawaiʻa ka poʻe kamaʻāina kahiko o Taraszan, a ʻo ko lākou akua kiʻekiʻe ʻo ke akua wahine ʻo Xarátanga, ʻoiai nā malihini i kū mai i ke kenekulia 13 he mau hōʻuluʻulu a he poʻe ʻimi holoholona i hoʻomana iā Curicaueri. He ʻokoʻa kēia mau mahiʻai ma Mesoamerica, ma muli o ka hoʻohana o ka mea kila - keleawe - i kā lākou mau mea mahiʻai. Ua hoʻohana ka hui o Chichimeca-Uacúsechas hunter hōʻiliʻili i ke kūlike o ka hoʻomana i kū ma waena o nā akua i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei e hoʻohui i loko o kahi manawa e hoʻololi ana i kā lākou mau kumu ola a me kā lākou pae o ka mana politika, a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kahua o Tzacapu-Hamúcutin-Pátzcuaro , kahua kapu kahi o Curicaueri ke kikowaena o ka honua.
E ka kenekulia 15, ua lilo ka poʻe i komo hewa ʻē i mau kahuna-nui a hoʻomohala i kahi moʻomeheu noho. hoʻolaha ʻia ka mana ma nā wahi ʻekolu: Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio a me Pátzcuaro. ʻO kekahi hanauna ma hope mai, pili ka mana i ka lima o Tzitzipandácure, me ke ʻano o ka haku hoʻokahi a kiʻekiʻe loa e hoʻolilo iā Tzintzuntzan i kapikala o ke aupuni, nona ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i helu ʻia ma 70 tausani km²; uhi ia ka hapa o nā panalāʻau o nā mokuʻāina ʻo Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, México a me Querétaro.
Ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ka waiwai o ka ʻāina i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka paʻakai, ka iʻa, ka obsidian, ka pulupulu; nā metala e like me keleawe, gula, a me cinnabar; nā ʻūlino, nā hulu maikaʻi, nā pōhaku ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kaʻu koko, ka lāʻau, ka mū a me ka meli, nona ka hana i makemake ʻia e ka Mekiko a me kā lākou kuʻikahi tripartite ikaika, i hoʻomaka ʻia mai ka Tlatoani Axayácatl (1476-1477) a me kona mau hope ʻo Ahuizotl (1480 ) a me Moctezuma II (1517-1518), ua hana i nā hoʻoili kaua ikaika i nā lā i hōʻike ʻia, e hoʻomalule ana i ke aupuni o Michoacán.
ʻO nā pio i kūleʻa ʻia e ka poʻe Mekiko i loko o kēia mau hana i hōʻike aku ai he mana ʻoi aku ka mana o ka Cazonci ma mua o nā mōʻī mana nui o Mexico-Tenochtitlan, akā naʻe i ka wā i hāʻule ai ke kapikala o ke aupuni Aztec i ka lima o ka Paniolo, a ʻoiai kēlā mau Ua lanakila nā kāne hou i ka ʻenemi inaina akā mahalo ʻia, a ua makaʻala e ka hopena o ka lāhui Mekiko, ua hoʻokumu ke aupuni Purépecha i kahi kuʻikahi kuikahi me Hernán Cortés e pale aku ai i kona luku ʻia; ʻOiai ʻo kēia, ʻo ka hope loa o kāna mōʻī mōʻī, ʻo Tzimtzincha-Tangaxuan II pōʻino, ka mea i bapetizo ʻia i loaʻa ka inoa o Kapalakiko, ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia a pepehi ʻia e ka pelekikena o nā hālāwai mua o Mekiko, ʻo Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán kaulana loa. .
I ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka lua o nā anaina i koho ʻia no New Spain, ua kauoha ʻia kāna loea kaulana ʻo Oidor, ka loio ʻo Vasco de Quiroga, i ka makahiki 1533 e hoʻoponopono i nā pono a me nā pono i hana ʻia ma Michoacán a hiki i kēlā manawa. Ua ʻae ʻo Don Vasco me ka ʻāpana a me nā kamaʻāina e hoʻololi i ka toga a ka luna nui no ke kauoha kahuna a ma 1536 ua hoʻopukapuka ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he episekopo, e hoʻokomo ana no ka manawa mua ma ka honua i kahi ala maoli a maikaʻi hoʻi, ka moemoeā a Santo Tomás Moro i manaʻo ai. , i ʻike ʻia e ka inoa ʻo Utopia. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Tata Vasco - hoʻolālā i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻōiwi- me ke kākoʻo o Fray Juan de San Miguel lāua ʻo Fray Jacobo Daciano, i hoʻonohonoho i nā lehulehu e kū nei, ua hoʻokumu i nā haukapila, nā kula a me nā kauhale, e ʻimi ana i ko lākou wahi kūpono loa no lākou a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā mākeke holoʻokoʻa. nā mea hana lima.
I loko o ke au o ka noho kolone, ua hōʻea ʻo Michoacán i kahi ulu pono i ka ʻāina nui i noho ʻia e ia ma loko o New Spain, no laila ʻo kāna hana noʻeau, hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona kaiāulu kahi hopena pololei i kekahi mau mokuʻāina o ka ʻāpana. ʻO ka hana koloneial i ulu i Mekiko he ʻano like ʻole a waiwai hoʻi i hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā puke palena ʻole e kālailai iā ia ma ka laulā a me ka kikoʻī. ʻo ka mea i ulu ma Michoacán i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā hana loea he lehulehu. Hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia memo ʻo “Unknown Mexico”, he “maka maka manu” kēia e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ka waiwai moʻomeheu maikaʻi i hōʻike ʻia e kekahi o kāna mau hanana noʻeau i kū mai i ka wā viceregal.
I ka makahiki 1643 ua kākau ʻo Fray Alonso de la Rea: "ʻO kekahi (ʻo ka poʻe Tarasse) ka poʻe i hāʻawi i ke Kino o Kristo Ko mākou Haku, ka mea ʻike nui loa i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka." Ua wehewehe ʻia ka prayle pono ma kēia ʻano i nā kiʻi kālai ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kō kō, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka huahana o ka maceration o nā puʻupuʻu o kahi orchid, me kā lākou kāpili i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke keʻa ʻo Kristo, no ka nani a me ka realism nani, nona ka ʻano a me Hāʻawi lākou i ka helehelena o ka porcelain maikaʻi. Ua ola kekahi mau Karistiano a hiki i kēia lā a kūpono i ka ʻike. ʻO kekahi ma kahi hale pule o ka hale pule ʻo Tancítaro; ua hoʻomana ʻia kekahi mai ka 16 mau kenekulia ma Santa Fe de la Laguna; ʻo kekahi mea hou aʻe ma ka Paleali o ka Mokupuni ʻo Janitzio, a i ʻole ia i loko o ka parish o Quiroga, keu no kona nui.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka kaila Plateresque ma Michoacán ma ke ʻano he kula āpana kūloko a mālama i nā kahawai ʻelua: kahi kula a moʻomeheu hoʻi, i loko o nā ʻaha nui a me nā kaona e like me Morelia, Zacapu, Charo, Cuitzeo, Copándaro a me Tzintzuntzan a ʻo kekahi, ʻo ka mea nui loa, aia i palena ʻole o nā hale pule liʻiliʻi, nā hale pule o nā kuahiwi a me nā kauhale liʻiliʻi. Ma waena o nā laʻana kaulana loa i loko o ka hui mua hiki iā mākou ke haʻi i ka Church of San Agustín a me ka Convent o San Francisco (i kēia lā ʻo Casa de las Artesanías de Morelia); ka helehelena o ka Convent Augustinian o Santa Maria Magdalena i kūkulu ʻia ma 1550 i ke kaona ʻo Cuitzeo; ʻo ka hale lole luna o ka hale konikona ʻAukake 1560-1567 ma Copándaro; ka ʻaha Franciscan o Santa Ana mai 1540 ma Zacapu; ʻo ka Augustinian kahi i Charo, mai 1578 a me ka hale Franciscan mai 1597 ma Tzintzuntzan, kahi e kū ai ka hale pule hāmama, ke kahu lāʻau a me nā kaupaku coffered. Inā haʻalele ka kaila Plateresque i kāna kaha kuhi hewa ʻole, ʻaʻole i hoʻokoe ka Baroque iā ia, ʻoiai no ke kānāwai o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka sobriety i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka hale kuhikuhine ka antithesis o ka nui o ka manaʻo i loko o kona mau kuahu a me nā kuahu e ʻālohilohi ana.
Ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka Baroque ʻike mākou i ka uhi 1534 o "La Huatapera" ma Uruapan; ka puka o ka luakini Angahuan; ʻo Colegio de San Nicolás i kūkulu ʻia i 1540 (i kēia lā ka Regional Museum); ka hale pule a me ka hale ʻaha o ka Hui ʻo ia ke Kula Nui Jesuit ʻelua o New Spain, ma Pátzcuaro, a me ka parish nani o San Pedro a me San Pablo, mai 1765 ma Tlalpujahua.
ʻO nā laʻana ʻoi loa o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Morelia: ʻo ka hale Convent o San Agusíin (1566); ka hale pule o La Merced (1604); ka hale kapu o Guadalupe (1708); ka hale pule o nā Capuchinas (1737); ʻo ia ʻo Santa Catarina (1738); Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ʻo La de las Rosas (1777) iā Santa Rosa de Lima a me ka Hale Pule Nui nani, nona ka hale i hoʻomaka ai i ka makahiki 1660. ʻO ka waiwai koloneial o Michoacán nā alfarjes, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau kaupaku ka mea ʻoi loa ma nā Hepanika ʻAmelika āpau ma muli o ke kumu paʻa. ʻike ʻia o ke ʻano hana lima i hoʻomohala ʻia i ke kolone; I loko o lākou he ʻekolu mau hana: kahi hoʻonani, hana a hana hoʻi; ʻo ka mea mua no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻonaninani nui o nā heiau ma luna o ka hale; ʻo ka lua, no ko lākou māmā, ka mea i kahi ōlaʻi e loaʻa nā hopena liʻiliʻi a ʻo ke kolu, no ka mea, he mau haʻawina ʻeuanelio maoli kēia.
ʻO ka mea kupaianaha o kēia mau kaupoku coffered a pau i mālama ʻia ma ke kaona ʻo Santiago Tupátaro, pena ʻia i ka tempera i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 18 e hoʻomana i ka Haku Hemolele o ka Pine. ʻO La Asunción Naranja a i ʻole Naranján, ʻo San Pedro Zacán a me San Miguel Tonaquillo, he mau pūnaewele ʻē aʻe e mālama i nā laʻana o kēia ʻano hana keu. Ma waena o nā hōʻike o nā hana koloneial kahi e hōʻike pono ʻia ai ka mana ʻōiwi, aia iā mākou nā keʻa i kāhea ʻia i ulu mai ka makahiki 16, ua hoʻonani ʻia kekahi me nā inlays obsidian, i hōʻike hou ʻia i nā maka o ka mea i hoʻohuli hou ʻia, ka ʻano kapu o ka mea. ʻO kā lākou ʻāpana a me kā lākou hoʻonaninani ʻokoʻa loa e like me ka loea o ka poʻe loea i ka hana kolone i manaʻo ai he kiʻi kālai ʻia o ke ʻano "pilikino", kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo e ʻike ʻia i nā mea i kau inoa ʻokoʻa. Malia paha nā hiʻohiʻona nani loa o kēia mau keʻa i mālama ʻia ma Huandacareo, Tarecuato, Uruapan a me San José Taximaroa, i kēia lā ʻo Ciudad Hidalgo.
I kēia hiʻohiʻona nani o ka hana syncretic art pono pū mākou e hoʻohui i nā kinona bapetizo, nā kia hoʻomanaʻo maoli o nā kiʻi laʻa e hōʻike maikaʻi loa i kā Santa Fe de la Laguna, Tatzicuaro, San Nicolás Obispo a me Ciudad Hidalgo. Me ka hālāwai o nā ao ʻelua, ua waiho ka kenekulia ʻumikūmāono i kāna māka pau ʻole i nā moʻomeheu i hoʻomalu ʻia, akā ʻo kēlā kaʻina hana ʻehaʻeha ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hānau ʻana o kahi viceroyalty momona a hanohano hoʻi o ʻAmelika, nona ka syncretism moʻomeheu i hoʻopiha wale i kāna mau hana noʻeau. ʻĀpana nui, akā ʻo ia ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hanana i kū i ko mākou kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa haneli. Me ka kipaku ʻia ʻana o ka Jesuits, hoʻoholo ʻia e Carlos III o Sepania i ka makahiki 1767, ua hoʻomaka nā kūlana politika o nā aupuni ʻē aʻe i nā loli e hōʻike ana i ko lākou hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i nā hana i hana ʻia e ka Metropolis, akā ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua Napoleonic o ka Iberian Peninsula. , i hoʻokumu i nā hōʻailona mua o ke kūʻokoʻa i hoʻomaka i ke kūlanakauhale o Valladolid -now Morelia-, a 43 mau makahiki ma hope, ma ʻOkakopa 19, 1810, ʻo ia ke keʻena nui no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka kauā.
I kēia hanana koʻikoʻi i kā mākou moʻolelo, nā inoa o José Maria Morelos y Pavón, Ignacio López Rayón, Mariano Matamoros a me Agustín de Iturbide, nā keikikāne hanohano a ka pīhopa a Michoacán, i waiho i ko lākou māka, mahalo i kā lākou mōhai. ua loaʻa ke kūʻokoʻa i makemake ʻia. I ka pau ʻana o kēia, pono ke alo o ka ʻāina hānau i nā hanana weliweli e hiki mai ana ma hope o 26 mau makahiki ma hope. ʻO ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka Repubalika i kākau hou ʻia i waena o nā meʻe o ka ʻāina nā inoa o Michoacanos hanohano: Melchor Ocampo, Santos Degollado a me Epitacio Huerta, i hoʻomanaʻo a hiki i kēia lā no kā lākou hana maikaʻi loa.
Mai ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia i hala a me nā makahiki he 10 o kēia manawa, ʻo ka mokuʻāina ʻo Michoacán ka wahi o nā mea nui, e hoʻoholo ana i nā mea i ka hoʻohui ʻia o Mekiko o kēia manawa: nā ʻepekema, nā humanista, nā diplomats, nā kālaiʻāina, nā koa, nā mea pena kiʻi, a me kahi prelate hoʻi. ka mea nona ka hana canonization i ka ikaika ma ka See Hemolele. He papa inoa kupaianaha o ka poʻe i hānau ʻia ma Michoacán, i kōkua nui i ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka homeland.
